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Full Width Deformable Barrier (FWDB) finite element model is established according to the standard of EEVC-WG15, calibrated using the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) trolley experiment method, and the Moving Progressive Deformable Barrier (MPDB) finite element model that has been calibrated and verified is used to build the MPDB and FWDB crash models of cars and SUVs respectively for the frontal collision compatibility study of vehicles. Compatibility evaluation indexes of MPDB and FWDB models are calculated, the analysis results show that the current MPDB conditions have some limitations on the evaluation of structural compatibility of vehicles, and cannot evaluate the role of the primary energy absorbing structure in the vertical and horizontal directions, and need to be combined with the compatibility evaluation indexes of FWDB conditions, VSI and HSI, to conduct an analysis in order to evaluate the frontal collision compatibility of the vehicle in a more comprehensive way.

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根据欧洲车辆安全委员会工作标准建立全宽可变形壁障(FWDB)有限元模型,采用英国交通研究实验室台车实验方法进行标定,并使用已经标定验证的移动渐变性可变形壁障(MPDB)有限元模型,分别搭建轿车和某SUV的MPDB工况和FWDB工况碰撞模型进行车辆正面碰撞兼容性研究。计算车型MPDB工况和FWDB工况兼容性评价指标,分析结果发现当前MPDB工况对车辆结构兼容性评价尚有一定的局限,无法评价主吸能结构在垂直及水平方向上的作用,需结合FWDB工况的兼容性评价指标垂直结构相互作用系数(VSI)和水平结构相互作用系数(HSI)进行分析,以更加全面地评价车辆正面碰撞兼容性。

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行号 SUV 轿车
1 130.58 174.388
2 84.754 25.985
3 65.56 78.799
4 53.653 36.342
5 190.15 210.387
6 168.26 142.315
7 122.11 21.355
8 79.584 54.056
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碰撞前40 ms测力块峰值力 kN

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行号 SUV 轿车
1 130.58 174.388
2 84.754 25.985
3 65.56 78.799
4 53.653 36.342
5 190.15 210.387
6 168.26 142.315
7 122.11 21.355
8 79.584 54.056
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基于MPDB和FWDB的正面碰撞兼容性研究
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胡远志 1 , 高文凯 1 , 符志 2
汽车技术 | 汽车碰撞多场景下的损伤机制与关键因素研究专题 2025,(8): 28-33
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汽车技术 | 汽车碰撞多场景下的损伤机制与关键因素研究专题 2025, (8): 28-33
基于MPDB和FWDB的正面碰撞兼容性研究
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胡远志1, 高文凯1, 符志2
作者信息
  • 1 重庆理工大学车辆工程学院, 重庆 400054
  • 2 中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司, 重庆 401122
Compatibility Study of Frontal Collision Based on MPDB and FWDB
Yuanzhi Hu1, Wenkai Gao1, Zhi Fu2
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054
  • 2 China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401122
出版时间: 2025-08-24 doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240018
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根据欧洲车辆安全委员会工作标准建立全宽可变形壁障(FWDB)有限元模型,采用英国交通研究实验室台车实验方法进行标定,并使用已经标定验证的移动渐变性可变形壁障(MPDB)有限元模型,分别搭建轿车和某SUV的MPDB工况和FWDB工况碰撞模型进行车辆正面碰撞兼容性研究。计算车型MPDB工况和FWDB工况兼容性评价指标,分析结果发现当前MPDB工况对车辆结构兼容性评价尚有一定的局限,无法评价主吸能结构在垂直及水平方向上的作用,需结合FWDB工况的兼容性评价指标垂直结构相互作用系数(VSI)和水平结构相互作用系数(HSI)进行分析,以更加全面地评价车辆正面碰撞兼容性。

汽车安全  /  碰撞兼容性  /  移动渐变性可变形壁障  /  全宽可变形壁障

Full Width Deformable Barrier (FWDB) finite element model is established according to the standard of EEVC-WG15, calibrated using the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) trolley experiment method, and the Moving Progressive Deformable Barrier (MPDB) finite element model that has been calibrated and verified is used to build the MPDB and FWDB crash models of cars and SUVs respectively for the frontal collision compatibility study of vehicles. Compatibility evaluation indexes of MPDB and FWDB models are calculated, the analysis results show that the current MPDB conditions have some limitations on the evaluation of structural compatibility of vehicles, and cannot evaluate the role of the primary energy absorbing structure in the vertical and horizontal directions, and need to be combined with the compatibility evaluation indexes of FWDB conditions, VSI and HSI, to conduct an analysis in order to evaluate the frontal collision compatibility of the vehicle in a more comprehensive way.

Automotive safety  /  Crash compatibility  /  MPDB  /  FWDB
胡远志, 高文凯, 符志. 基于MPDB和FWDB的正面碰撞兼容性研究. 汽车技术, 2025 , (8) : 28 -33 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240018
Yuanzhi Hu, Wenkai Gao, Zhi Fu. Compatibility Study of Frontal Collision Based on MPDB and FWDB[J]. Automobile Technology, 2025 , (8) : 28 -33 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240018
汽车碰撞兼容性是指在汽车发生碰撞时,保护自身乘员安全的同时尽可能地保护对方车辆乘员安全的能力。调查研究发现,车辆碰撞事故中碰撞兼容性问题是造成乘员伤亡的主要原因之一。道路上行驶的车辆车型、质量、尺寸、结构、前端材料属性均不相同,车辆前端结构分布不合理、防撞梁、纵梁结构刚度差异大,不能充分吸收碰撞能量,导致乘员舱安全空间受到严重威胁,乘员受伤风险大大增加。1970年增强车辆安全性(Enhanced Safety of Vehicles,ESV)会议中提出了碰撞兼容性的概念;2008年英国交通安全实验室发布车辆兼容性研究项目报告[1],2012年发布正面影响和相容性评估研究(Frontal Impact and Compatibility Assessment Research,FIMCAR)兼容性研究项目报告[2],均采用全宽可变形壁障(Full-Width Deformable Barrier,FWDB)碰撞试验评估车辆兼容性。移动渐变性可变形壁障(Moving Progressive Deformable Barrier,MPDB)工况是全球首个明确规定兼容性评估方法的规程,2020年,欧洲新车安全评鉴协会(Euro New Car Assessment Program,Euro NCAP)将渐进式可变形移动壁障碰撞试验纳入新车测评规程,2021年,中国新车评价规程(China New Car Assessment Program,C-NCAP)将渐变性可变形移动壁障碰撞试验纳入新车测评规程,增加碰撞兼容性评价指标。
常见的碰撞兼容性评价指标主要有车辆前端碰撞力平均高度[3](Average Height of Force 400,AHOF400)、车辆碰撞有效刚度(Crush Work Energy)、车辆作用力均衡性评估(Relative Homogeneity, RH)等。
本文对某轿车和某SUV分别进行MPDB工况和FWDB工况仿真。以结构相互作用系数(Structral Index,SI)作为FWDB工况兼容性评价指标,以壁障入侵量标准偏差(Standard Deviation,SD)、台车乘员载荷准则(Occupant Load Criterion,OLC)和侵入深度作为MPDB工况兼容性评价指标,分别计算两种工况的各评价指标,分析车辆碰撞兼容性。
汽车质量、前端几何尺寸和前端刚度是影响车辆兼容性的3个主要因素[4],两个质量差异较大的车辆在发生碰撞时,质量小的车辆受伤风险更大。前端几何尺寸和前端刚度主要影响车辆碰撞时的能量传递和乘员舱刚度。基于Euro NCAP的MPDB工况和VC-COMPAT项目的FWDB工况对兼容性的评价指标进行分析。
通过计算壁障蜂窝铝变形量标准差${\sigma }_{SD}$、台车乘员载荷准则、壁障侵入深度来评价MPDB碰撞工况的兼容性。
壁障蜂窝铝变形标准差评估区域如图1所示,${\sigma }_{SD}$越大,车辆前端结构变形越不均匀,对方车辆损伤风险增加,反之,受力越均匀,评价区域内蜂窝铝受力和变形越均匀:
${\sigma }_{SD}=\sqrt{{\frac{\sum\limits _{i=1}^{n}\left({X}_{n}-\stackrel{-}{x}\right)}{n-1}}^{2}}$
式中:Xn为样本点侵入量;$\stackrel{-}{x}$为平均侵入深度;n为样本数量,i=1,2,3,…,n
OLC用于评价台车上虚拟假人受约束系统作用向前的平均减速度。碰撞开始时,MPDB台车上虚拟假人向前自由移动65 mm时对应时刻为t1t1时刻后虚拟假人在约束系统作用下继续向前移动235 mm,此时对应时刻为t2。设t1t2时间段内,虚拟假人所受约束系统作用而向前运动的减速度为恒定值a,则有:
${\int }_{0}^{{t}_{1}}{V}_{0}dt-{\int }_{0}^{{t}_{1}}V\left(t\right)dt=0.065$
${\int }_{{t}_{1}}^{{t}_{2}}({V}_{0}-{a}_{SI}·\left(t-{t}_{1}\right))dt-{\int }_{{t}_{1}}^{{t}_{2}}V\left(t\right)dt=0.235$
式中:V0为台车初始速度;V(t)为台车t时刻的速度;aSI为碰撞过程中虚拟假人向前运动的减速度恒定值,即t1t2时刻速度曲线斜率。
通常,a越大,车内乘员损伤风险越大,在试验过程中,壁障台车质量确定时,试验车质量越大,动能越大,壁障台车受到的冲击越大,a越大。在图1所示的壁障蜂窝铝变形评估区域内,若壁障蜂窝铝穿透深度达到630 mm的面积大于40 mm×40 mm则定义为“触底”。发生“触底”的大多数情况是因为前部防撞梁和纵梁刚度较大,碰撞接触面积结构相互作用面积较小,没有充分地变形吸能,导致直接击穿壁障。
当前,FWDB碰撞试验兼容性主要评价指标为结构相互作用系数(Structural Interaction,SI),通过车辆碰撞过程前40 ms碰撞力的变化,评价在垂直方向上和水平方向上力的分布情况,包括垂直结构相互作用系数(Vertical Structural Interaction,VSI)V和水平方向相互作用系数(Horizontal Structural Interaction,HSI)H
根据VC-COMPAT的研究结果,80%的车辆副车架后端与车辆最前端距离小于400 mm,碰撞发生前40 ms车辆碰撞变形距离达到550 mm,去掉壁障前150 mm小强度挤压,剩余400 mm变形量用于评价前端结构。同时这与美国公路交通安全管理局(National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,NHTSA)规定的400 mm变形量保持一致[1]
垂直结构相互作用系数分为两步计算:
第一步评价测力墙第3行和第4行垂直结构相互作用系数V1,计算前40 ms测力单元峰值力和目标碰撞力的偏差:
${V}_{1}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}0                           , {F}_{i}{F}_{target}\\ \sum\limits _{i=3}^{4}\left({F}_{target}-{F}_{i}\right), {F}_{i}\le {F}_{target}\end{array}\right.$
$F_{target} =\begin{cases} \frac{{\sum\limits }_{i=1}^{8}{\sum\limits }_{j=1}^{16}{x}_{ij}}{5} & , \frac{{\sum\limits }_{i=1}^{8}{\sum\limits }_{j=1}^{16}{x}_{ij}}{5}\le 100 \\ 100 & , 其他 \end{cases}$
式中:Fi为前40 ms第3行和第4行碰撞峰值力,Ftarget为目标碰撞力,xij为前40 ms第i行第j列测力块力值。
设置目标碰撞力是为了将行作用力均匀地分布在车辆前端一定比例的结构上,VC-COMPAT项目组初步建议分布在车辆前端结构的80%区域。
第二步评价第2行至第5行垂直结构相互作用系数V2,满足最小碰撞力要求和载荷分布要求,V2为加权归一化均匀性系数和加权归一化最小碰撞力系数之和:
${V}_{2}=\alpha \times {C}_{n}+\beta \times {N}_{n}$
${C}_{n}=\frac{{\sigma }_{row(2to\left.5\right)}}{{\stackrel{-}{F}}_{row(2to\left.5\right)}\times {C}_{range}}$
$N_{n} =\begin{cases} \frac{\sum\limits \limits_{Row\left(i\right)=2}^{5}({F}_{target}-{F}_{i})}{{N}_{range}} &, {F}_{i}\le {F}_{target} \\ 0 & , 其他 \end{cases}$
式中:$\alpha 、\beta $为加权系数,通常取1;Cn为归一化方差系数;Nn为评价范围内碰撞力负偏差;Cn值预期范围Crange=1;N值预期范围Nrange=100 kN;${\sigma }_{row\left(2to5\right)}$为第2行至第5行碰撞力峰值标准差;Fi为前40 ms第i行碰撞峰值力;${\stackrel{-}{F}}_{row\left(2to5\right)}$为第2行至第5行碰撞峰值力平均值;Ftarget为目标碰撞力。
垂直评估区域如图2所示。
VC-COMPAT兼容性项目研究报告中建议,当V1=0、V2=0.8~1.0时车辆具有更好的垂直载荷分布,可以改善碰撞中结构上的相互作用,碰撞时更均匀地分配载荷。
水平结构相互作用系数HSI用于评价车辆水平方向碰撞力分布情况,目的是鼓励使用更强的横梁来分散受到的碰撞力和更宽的前部结构,避免低重叠碰撞时动态横向错位。
第一步评估中间结构水平相互作用系数H1,通过计算测力墙中间4个测力单元与目标单元碰撞力的负偏差之和,衡量水平结构相互作用。
中间4列的水平力分布情况为:
${N}_{centre}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}{T}_{i}-{x}_{ij}{ }_{ }, \sum\limits _{R\left(i\right)}\sum\limits _{M}{T}_{i}\ge {x}_{ij}\\ 0            ,其他\end{array}\right.$
${T}_{i}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\sum\limits _{j=1}^{16}{x}_{ij}\times \frac{125}{W}, \sum\limits _{j=1}^{16}{x}_{ij}\times \frac{125}{W}\le 20\\ 0                     , \mathrm{其}\mathrm{他}                  \end{array}\right.$
式中:Ncentre为中间结构碰撞力负偏差;Ti为目标碰撞力;xij为前40 ms第i行第j列碰撞力峰值;W为车辆宽度;Ri)为行号,式中为评价区域内第3和4行、第2至5行;Mj)为列号,式中为第7列到第10列。
第二步评估两侧结构水平相互作用系数H2,选择车辆宽度的80%作为评估区域,去除中间6个测力单元,计算评价区域测力单元与目标碰撞力的负偏差之和,评价两侧结构相互作用。两侧结构水平力分布情况为:
${N}_{outer}=\sum\limits _{R\left(i\right)}\left[\sum\limits _{M\left(j\right)}({T}_{i}\ge {x}_{ij}\Rightarrow {T}_{i}-{x}_{ij})+\sum\limits _{M\left(k\right)}\left({T}_{i}^{*}n\ge {x}_{ik}\Rightarrow {T}_{i}^{*}n-{x}_{ik}\right)\right]$
${T}_{i}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\sum\limits _{j=1}^{16}{x}_{ij}\times \frac{125}{W},  \sum\limits _{j=1}^{16}{x}_{ij}\times \frac{125}{W}\le 20\\ 0                      , \mathrm{其}\mathrm{他}                \end{array}\right.$
$n=\frac{0.8W}{250}-INTEGER\left(\frac{0.8W}{250}\right)$
式中:Nouter为两侧结构碰撞力负偏差,Ti为目标碰撞力,xij为前40 ms第i行第j列碰撞力峰值(j为第([0.8W/250]取整-2)列至第5列和第12列至([0.8W/250]取整+8)列),xik为前40 ms第i行第k列碰撞力峰值(k为第([0.8W/250]取整-3)列和([0.8W/250]取整+9)列),n为部分重叠调整系数。
${H}_{step12}={\alpha }^{*}{N}_{centre\left(n\right)}+{\beta }^{*}{N}_{outer\left(n\right)}$
${N}_{centre\left(n\right)}=\frac{{N}_{centre}}{4}$
${N}_{outer\left(n\right)}=\frac{{N}_{outer}}{\left(0.8W/125\right)-6}$
式中:Hstep12为水平作用力评价指标;$\alpha 、\beta $为加权系数,通常取1。
分别在第3、4行和第2至5行评价水平结构相互作用系数。VC-COMPAT兼容性项目研究报告中推荐H1=5.0~6.0、H2=8.5~10.0。
分别搭建轿车和SUV的MPDB和FWDB工况整车碰撞仿真模型。其中MPDB壁障模型采用已对标验证的有限元模型,FWDB壁障模型根据欧洲车辆安全促进委员会第15工作组(Enhanced European Vehicle-Safety Committee, Working Group,EEVC-WG15)的标准建立,SUV车型采用某款已对标验证的有限元模型,轿车采用NHTSA官网发布的Ford taurus有限元模型作为研究对象。
MPDB工况中壁障台车和试验车辆分别以50 km/h的速度相向碰撞,其碰撞重叠率为50%,壁障离地高度为150 mm,壁障台车(含前端搭载的渐变性可变形蜂窝铝)总质量为1 400 kg[5]。搭建MPDB工况整车碰撞模型,MPDB壁障采用已经对标验证的渐变性壁障有限元模型,整车碰撞模型如图3所示。
按照EEVC-WG15的标准要求[6],采用Hypermesh软件建立FWDB 有限元模型[7-8]。可变形蜂窝铝壁障分为两层,每层厚度均为150 mm,第1层受力强度为0.34 MPa,第2层的受力强度为1.71 MPa,壁障离地高度为80 mm。在壁障模型后放置128块尺寸为125 mm×125 mm呈8×16分布的测力块,测量碰撞过程中碰撞力随时间的变化,FWDB壁障模型如图4所示。
根据英国交通实验室(Transport Research Laboratory,TRL)提出的台车碰撞试验方法,对FWDB 模型进行标定,将文献[9]中台车碰撞试验结果与仿真结果对比,如图5所示,仿真与试验时的测力墙(Load Cell Wall,LCW)X方向总受力曲线较为一致,受力峰值接近,故该FWDB有限元模型能够表征可变形壁障特性的实际情况。
搭建整车碰撞模型如图6所示,碰撞重叠率为100%。
通过META后处理软件读取仿真模型计算结果,按照Euro NCAP规程计算MPDB兼容性评价指标如图7所示。
读取系统后处理计算结果,SUV碰撞后蜂窝变形标准差${\sigma }_{SD}$=116.48 mm,虚拟假人向前运动减速度恒定值a=33.2 g。轿车碰撞后蜂窝变形标准差${\sigma }_{SD}$=78.1 mm,虚拟假人向前运动减速度恒定值a=28.2 g。两车壁障侵入深度在评估区域内均小于630 mm,没有“触底”现象发生。SUV兼容性最终扣分3.877分,轿车兼容性最终扣分1.189分,基于Euro NCAP的MPDB工况兼容性评价指标,该SUV和轿车兼容性良好。
采用前文提到的结构相互作用指数SI评价该车型FWDB碰撞工况兼容性。统计碰撞前40 ms的测力块峰值力,如表1所示。
根据前40 ms碰撞力峰值结果发现,SUV和轿车碰撞力主要集中在第5行和第6行,车辆主要碰撞吸能结构位置和美国汽车安全法规第581条保险杠标准规定的主要吸能结构相比偏高,与小尺寸车辆发生碰撞时,导致一方主要吸能结构骑跨在另一方的上面,产生“骑乘”现象[10-13]。美国汽车安全法规第581条保险杠标准规定车辆碰撞共同作用区域需距离地面406~508 mm,该区域可承载一定的碰撞载荷,减少车辆关键系统的损坏。
根据式(5)计算轿车和SUV的目标碰撞力均为Ftarget=100 kN,计算得到SUV和轿车的测力墙第3行和第4行垂直结构相互作用系数SUV的V1=80.787、轿车的V1=84.877,该结果表明在第3行和第4行均不符合目标碰撞力的要求。
根据式(7)计算第2行至第5行的加权归一化均匀性指标,SUV的归一化方差系数Cn=0.997 3,加权归一化最小碰撞力Nn=0.960 3,计算可得V2=1.957 6。轿车的归一化方差系数Cn=0.966 7,加权归一化最小碰撞力Nn=1.588,计算可得V2=2.554 7。该结果不符合VC-COMPAT项目研究推荐范围,表明SUV和轿车在垂直方向结构布局均不合理,垂直结构载荷传递均匀性较差。
根据式(14)计算在水平方向上的结构相互作用系数,根据车辆宽度的80%确定评价区域。首先评价第3行和第4行的水平结构,第一步根据式(11)计算中间4个测力单元和目标碰撞力的负偏差之和,其中SUV的Ncentre=21.192,轿车的Ncentre=0。第二步根据式(11)计算两侧结构的测力单元碰撞力和目标碰撞力的负偏差,SUV的Nouter=8.022 69,轿车的Nouter=29.161 5。最终根据式(14)计算第3行和第4行水平结构相互作用指数SUV的H1=6.605,轿车的H1=5.252。同理评价第2行至第5行的水平结构,计算SUV的H1=7.241,轿车的H1=9.624。与VC-COMPAT的研究推荐范围对比,仅轿车的水平方向结构相互作用系数符合VC-COMPAT项目推荐值,SUV需在水平和垂直方向上优化结构布局和碰撞力传递分布情况,轿车需在垂直方向上优化前端结构布局,以更好地提升车辆碰撞兼容性。
分析前文SUV和轿车碰撞前40 ms单块测力墙峰值力集中高度,均出现在测力墙的第5行和第6行(离地高度580~705 mm),以及结构相互作用系数中垂直结构相互作用系数不符合VC-COMPAT的推荐范围,仅轿车符合水平结构相互作用系数范围。与之前两车型在MPDB工况评价区域内兼容性表现良好矛盾,且MPDB工况在评价区域以外可能出现“触底”现象,故MPDB工况评价兼容性有一定的局限。
研究结果表明,当前MPDB工况对车辆兼容性评价存在一定的局限性。在较大的垂直评估区域和不确定的水平评估区域中,无法准确评价车辆主要吸能结构和传力路径在垂直和水平方向上的分布情况。FWDB工况可有效评价车辆结构相互作用和车辆主要吸能结构在垂直和水平方向的分布,有助于实现车辆几何及刚度兼容性的设计。
将MPDB和FWDB工况兼容性评价指标相结合,在蜂窝铝变形标准差基础上增加垂直结构相互作用系数和水平结构相互作用系数,共同评估车辆前端结构刚度分布,可进一步丰富和完善车辆兼容性评价。
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doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240018
  • 首发时间:2025-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-08-24
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    1 重庆理工大学车辆工程学院, 重庆 400054
    2 中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司, 重庆 401122
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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