Article(id=1189855423143408585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1190221821581558285, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240817, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1728403200000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761613239321, onlineDateStr=2025-10-28, pubDate=1755964800000, pubDateStr=2025-08-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761613239321, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761613239321, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761613239321, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190221821581558285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, year='2025', volume='', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761700595516, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761700595516, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=34, endPage=40, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1189855423437009867, articleId=1189855423143408585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=EN, title=The Influence of Ball Hinge Strength on Small Offset Collision and the Improvement of Simulation Accuracy, columnId=1189855422757532611, journalTitle=Automobile Technology, columnName=Special Topic on the Study of Damage Mechanisms and Key Factors in Vehicle Collisions under Multiple Scenarios, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the influence of ball hinge strength on small offset collision in chassis structure and improve the accuracy of simulation model in practical engineering application, test and simulation are adopted to obtain the corresponding material mechanical parameters through the material real test of key components of chassis and the ball head failure test, and the ball hinge strength at key positions is designed. A local trolley is built to calibrate the chassis parts to improve the simulation accuracy of the analysis model. The results show that the strength of the ball hinge has a great influence on the small offset collision condition, and the model analysis results after calibration are in good agreement with the test.

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为探究底盘结构中球铰强度对小偏置碰撞的影响,从而提高实际工程应用中仿真模型的精度,采用试验与仿真结合的方法,通过底盘关键零部件材料试验与球头失效试验获得对应材料力学参数,对关键位置球铰强度进行设计,搭建局部台车对底盘零件进行标定来提高分析模型仿真精度。结果表明,球铰强度对小偏置碰撞工况的影响较大,标定后的模型分析结果与试验的一致性较好。

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邵金华(1979—),男,高级工程师,研究方向为汽车碰撞安全CAE开发技术,
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铰链位置 失效强度/kN
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下后控制臂与减振器 20
稳定杆与稳定连杆 45
上控制臂与转向节 45
下控制臂与转向节 45
传动轴与轮毂 20
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关键位置球铰强度设计需求

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铰链位置 失效强度/kN
下前控制臂与转向节 35
下后控制臂与减振器 20
稳定杆与稳定连杆 45
上控制臂与转向节 45
下控制臂与转向节 45
传动轴与轮毂 20
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球铰强度对小偏置碰撞的影响及仿真精度提升*
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邵金华 1 , 赵美洲 1 , 陈鹏 2 , 禹慧丽 2
汽车技术 | 汽车碰撞多场景下的损伤机制与关键因素研究专题 2025,(8): 34-40
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汽车技术 | 汽车碰撞多场景下的损伤机制与关键因素研究专题 2025, (8): 34-40
球铰强度对小偏置碰撞的影响及仿真精度提升*
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邵金华1 , 赵美洲1, 陈鹏2, 禹慧丽2
作者信息
  • 1 重庆理工大学车辆工程学院, 重庆 400054
  • 2 重庆长安汽车股份有限公司, 重庆 400023

通讯作者:

邵金华(1979—),男,高级工程师,研究方向为汽车碰撞安全CAE开发技术,
The Influence of Ball Hinge Strength on Small Offset Collision and the Improvement of Simulation Accuracy
Jinhua Shao1 , Meizhou Zhao1, Peng Chen2, Huili Yu2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054
  • 2 Chongqing Changan Automobile Company Limited, Chongqing 400023
出版时间: 2025-08-24 doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240817
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为探究底盘结构中球铰强度对小偏置碰撞的影响,从而提高实际工程应用中仿真模型的精度,采用试验与仿真结合的方法,通过底盘关键零部件材料试验与球头失效试验获得对应材料力学参数,对关键位置球铰强度进行设计,搭建局部台车对底盘零件进行标定来提高分析模型仿真精度。结果表明,球铰强度对小偏置碰撞工况的影响较大,标定后的模型分析结果与试验的一致性较好。

汽车安全  /  球铰强度  /  小偏置碰撞  /  仿真精度

In order to explore the influence of ball hinge strength on small offset collision in chassis structure and improve the accuracy of simulation model in practical engineering application, test and simulation are adopted to obtain the corresponding material mechanical parameters through the material real test of key components of chassis and the ball head failure test, and the ball hinge strength at key positions is designed. A local trolley is built to calibrate the chassis parts to improve the simulation accuracy of the analysis model. The results show that the strength of the ball hinge has a great influence on the small offset collision condition, and the model analysis results after calibration are in good agreement with the test.

Vehicle safety  /  Ball hinge strength  /  Small offset collision  /  Simulation precision
邵金华, 赵美洲, 陈鹏, 禹慧丽. 球铰强度对小偏置碰撞的影响及仿真精度提升*. 汽车技术, 2025 , (8) : 34 -40 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240817
Jinhua Shao, Meizhou Zhao, Peng Chen, Huili Yu. The Influence of Ball Hinge Strength on Small Offset Collision and the Improvement of Simulation Accuracy[J]. Automobile Technology, 2025 , (8) : 34 -40 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240817
据公安部统计,2024年,我国汽车保有量高达4.53亿辆,随着汽车保有量不断增高,汽车安全事故频频发生。有数据表明,在汽车事故类型中,正面碰撞事故发生最为频繁,其中小偏置碰撞约占总体正碰事故的1/4[1]
2012年8月,美国公路安全保险协会(Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, IIHS)正式发布了车辆小偏置碰撞的试验规范和评估标准[2]。同年,IIHS选取市面上主流的11款车型进行小偏置碰撞试验并进行测评,其中只有2款车型获得“优秀”评级[3]。在国内,小偏置碰撞工况由中国汽车工程研究院于2016年提出并结合国内各地区大量的实际交通事故案例总结而得,测试规程至今经过数轮改版,覆盖的事故类型更全面、安全性能指标要求越来越高。
小偏置碰撞表征的事故类型定义为车辆前部碰撞接触区域为25%左右[4]。常规车辆布置在此碰撞区内的车体结构参与碰撞变形少,主要的碰撞力传递路径为碰撞侧的车轮,以及与车轮连接的底盘结构[5]
前纵梁作为常规的吸能机构[6],在大部分车型小偏置碰撞试验中却几乎没有变形,即纵梁在小偏置工况中几乎不能起到吸能作用。发生碰撞时,壁障挤压前保险杠、挤压前防撞横梁局部部位、挤压碰撞侧车轮,车轮结构变形的同时由车轮的运动带动对应侧底盘结构的变形可吸收部分碰撞能量,车轮继续向后挤压乘员舱直至碰撞过程结束。其中,车轮和门槛的相互作用关系与乘员舱的完整性有很强的相关性[7]
综上所述,小偏置工况碰撞能量大且集中,碰撞区域的结构变形剧烈且不稳定,整车小偏置碰撞试验的一致性较差。本文通过设计不同车轮偏转方案,分析车轮运动姿态对汽车安全性能的影响,从结果中发现车轮姿态与最终乘员舱的完整性有较强的关联性。为保证碰撞过程中车辆出现稳定的运动趋势,通过对连接球铰强度和铰链断裂失效顺序进行设计,使得碰撞力按照理想路径传递。最终通过测试校验底盘系统来提高底盘仿真模型精度,结果表示仿真与试验具有较好的相关性。
车轮在碰撞过程中的运动趋势由与其相连的底盘结构决定,其中上下摆臂、传动轴以及转向拉杆等首先会通过自身结构的变形吸收部分碰撞能量,上述结构的变形会带动车轮发生偏转[8]。较好的车轮运动姿态可以将碰撞力通过车轮传递至门槛,然后在合适的时机抛出。
为说明运动姿态对于碰撞结果的影响,采用已满足工程应用需求的有限元模型进行分析对比。由于小偏置工况碰撞力较大,碰撞过程中车轮及底盘结构大概率会出现较多的结构断裂失效,如轮毂破碎、摆臂结构失效、连接球头结构失效等,其中失效顺序的不同会使车轮呈现出不同的运动姿态,导致失效变形的一致性较差,从而使试验以及仿真结果存在较大的差异。本文通过强制运动复现在碰撞过程中的轮胎偏置状态,并以偏转后的状态进行整车小偏置碰撞仿真分析,车轮偏转方案如图1所示。
基础模型:车辆在碰撞的过程中车轮不发生偏转,碰撞力可以通过车轮传递至门槛,从而形成完整的传递路径,仿真模型车轮运动姿态如图2所示。
车轮左转:在碰撞过程中车轮向左发生偏转避开了门槛,无法形成完整的传递路径,车轮主体直接撞击到防火墙,造成乘员安全空间较大损失,如图3所示。
车轮右转:在碰撞过程中车轮向右发生偏转,车轮没有接触到门槛,未能通过车轮形成完整的传递路径,从而不能达到较好的吸能效果,如图4所示。
从车轮运动姿态可以判断,碰撞过程中车轮的偏转对整车的安全性能影响较大。在基础模型中,车轮不发生偏转,碰撞过程中车轮与门槛直接碰撞,可以很好地将碰撞力通过车轮传递至门槛,减少了乘员舱的变形;而当车轮在碰撞过程中向内侧发生偏转时,壁障通过车轮挤压到相对较弱的防火墙,使乘员舱向内凹陷,极大地压缩了乘员生存空间,对乘员的生命安全造成威胁;而当车轮在碰撞过程中向外侧偏转时,虽然车轮没有挤压防火墙导致乘员安全空间损失,但由于避开了门槛,导致吸能路径的不完整,无法通过门槛传递碰撞力,从而壁障继续向后挤压A柱,极大地压缩了乘员舱空间。
整车碰撞结果的评价方法基于IIHS于2012年提出的测试规范,包括约束系统、假人伤害和车身结构3个方面[9] 。本文仅对车身结构部分做出评价,评价的内容包含A柱下铰链、左侧搁脚板、左侧足板、制动踏板、门槛、转向管柱、A柱上铰链、上仪表板、左下方仪表板,通过测量碰撞前后的相对位置,与评级标准进行对照得出结论。评价等级分为“优秀”“良好”“及格”“较差”4个等级。通过以上方法对乘员舱上下部分的结构耐撞性进行评价。以上部分乘员舱为例,若所有测量点结果全部落入同一评级区域,那么取该评级作为最终得分等级;若测量点结果分布于不同的评级区域,取测量点数量最多的评级区域为最终评价等级。但根据 IIHS 的评价方法,评级结果不能比测量点中最低评级高一级以上,例如A柱上铰链测量点结果为“较差”,上部乘员舱最终评级至多升一级至“及格”;若测量点一半落入一个等级,另一半落入另一等级,那么取两者中较差的评级为最终评级;若测量点落入两个评级的交叉边缘线上,此时可取评级较高的一个作为最终评级。下部乘员舱评价方法与上部相同。最终,车身结构耐撞性的总体评级取上部与下部乘员舱评级中较差的一个。
车轮偏转状态不同导致车辆发生碰撞后力传递的路径不同,主要传递路径为壁障到车轮再传至门槛。小偏置碰撞评分点位中,门槛对乘坐空间的影响最大,其间接影响了其他点位的评分结果,而同时轮胎偏转对门槛的参与效果影响很大。
基础模型:车轮不发生偏转,碰撞力可以较好地传递至门槛,形成完整的传递路径,从结果可以看出,乘员舱上部区域的总体评级是“良好”,而乘员舱下部区域相对于上部较差,总体评级为“一般”。最终根据总体评级标准,基础模型乘员舱最终的评价等级是“一般”,如图5所示。
车轮左转:车轮外偏,碰撞力未能传递至门槛的同时挤压了乘员空间,乘员舱上部区域的总体评级是“良好”,而乘员舱下部区域相对于上部几乎相同,总体评级为“良好”。最终根据总体评级标准,该车乘员舱最终的评价等级为“良好”,如图6所示。
车轮右转:车轮外偏,未能接触到门槛,未能通过车轮形成完整的碰撞力传递路径。虽然没有挤压乘员舱空间,但是由于吸能路径的不完整,后续壁障通过A柱挤压乘员舱,乘员舱上部区域的总体评级是“及格”,乘员舱下部区总体评级为“较差”,总体评分结果为“较差”,如图7所示。
分析结果显示,传递路径不同,A柱下铰链的结果差异较大,包含“较差”到“优秀”等级,影响最终评判结果。仅仅是改变了车轮的姿态,使得车轮在整个碰撞过程中传递载荷的状态不同,乘员舱最终的完整性就会出现较大的差别。为保证试验中底盘能够稳定变形,需对铰链提出断裂强度要求[10]。底盘铰链失效力的大小对结果的影响较小,而断裂顺序[11]对结果的影响大。因此,产品设计时主要考虑铰链断裂的强度对比,通过第3章底盘关键零部件材料试验与球头失效试验获得对应材料力学参数,提出球铰强度设计需求,如表1所示。在试验碰撞过程中,如果关键位置的球铰结构按照设计的强度有顺序地失效,底盘的变形就会相对稳定,可以使碰撞力按照理想的状态进行传递。
小偏置碰撞试验中,底盘结构(包含连接球头)失效情况不可避免,同时在整车碰撞试验中往往表现出一定的随机性,试验结果的一致性较差。因此,想要获得较为稳定的小偏置碰撞结果,就要求在设计阶段采用的仿真模型具有较高的仿真精度,可以对结构的失效进行预测性设计,尽可能使底盘结构按照预设的失效顺序依次失效。
底盘机构失效包括2种形式:连接杆结构断裂和球头失效。目前,对于金属结构材料失效的研究较为成熟,常用的材料失效模型包含GISSMO[12]和CrashFEM[13]等,失效精度可满足工程应用的需要。主要针对半轴、稳定架、悬架取样,使用MTS-E45.305电子万能试验机以3 mm/min的速度进行静态拉伸试验,重复3次,可得到对应材料的应力应变曲线,用于仿真材料卡片的标定,以半轴试验为例,试验照片如图8所示。
由于球铰结构特殊,并且工作时失效载荷复杂,利用失效材料搭建铰链本构模型得出的仿真结果往往与试验结果有较大出入。为了准确模拟铰链的运动过程和失效现象,定义试验分别对摆臂球铰、转向横拉杆球铰、挺杆球铰六自由度失效特性进行拟定,通过施加不同大小和不同角度的力对铰链进行标定,根据球铰结构特征可知:X轴和Y轴平动失效形式接近,X轴和Y轴转动失效形式接近,Z轴转动的可能范围内不存在失效的情况。
以摆臂球头为例,针对该铰链设计如下3组试验,使用特殊装置固定羊角结构,按照图9a中局部坐标分别对摆臂施加负Z方向、负Y方向的载荷,在球铰中心位置施加Z向载荷,由此获取球铰失效强度,为球铰强度设计提供数据支撑,如图9所示。
以摆臂球头正Z向拉伸为例,采用SANS-CMT5305拉伸试验机,拉伸速度为2 mm/min,重复3次进行球头破坏试验,如图10所示。
通过试验获取力与位移曲线等数据,计算得到球铰沿X轴、Y轴、Z轴的平动失效强度和绕X轴、Y轴的转动失效强度,在前处理建模的过程中,添加XYZ 3个方向的失效时的轴向力以及失效时的扭转力矩。
在单个球铰测试完成的基础上,设计底盘台车,搭建符合底盘整体运动特征的局部模型,减少影响因素,试验中底盘局部结构通过工装支架与台车主体连接,整体以20 km/h的速度与壁障发生偏置碰撞,测试该工况中底盘机构的运动情况,如图11所示。
经过台车测试试验得知,球铰受到的冲击载荷较单零件试验更接近整车结果,因此可依据台车结果对分析模型进一步处理。获得台车试验数据后,搭建相同工况的有限元模型进行碰撞分析,提取关键零部件和球铰的力位移曲线与试验数据对比标定,提高模型精准度。结果表明,经过台车标定后的仿真模型与整车测试时的状态较为接近,可用于工程开发,为设计优化提供依据。
基础设计完成后,在物理样车上开展小偏置碰撞试验,发现未设计球铰强度的模型仿真结果与试验存在很大的差异,特征点的侵入量差别较大,如图12所示。
从物理样车碰撞试验与仿真分析的评分结果图中可以看出,上下车体均存在较大的差异,仿真分析结果上下乘员舱评级皆为“优秀”,而试验测试结果为下车体评级为“良好”,上车体评级为“及格”,仿真分析精度低,对车型开发的指导意义较差。
从试验中结构变形差异来分析仿真精度差的原因,主要体现在两个方面:首先,车轮的运动差异较大,试验中车轮后端向内侧发生偏转,挤压A柱、防火墙,造成整个A柱上下端对乘员空间产生了较大侵入压缩;而仿真分析中,车轮在挤压了门槛一段时间后整体向外滑出,既较好地起到了传力作用又让出了碰撞空间,如图13所示。
另一方面,底盘结构及部分铰链变形差异较大,连杆的本体材料的断裂、铰链的失效存在较大差异,如图14所示。
试验中,摆臂结构未失效、羊角铰链几乎完好,而仿真中情况完全不同。底盘结构运动的差异是造成车轮运动不同的根本原因。
在分析精度方面,通过零件测试和底盘台车两级测试结果对分析模型进行标定。模型提升后分析结果精度有较大的提升。仿真与试验时车辆的变形形式接近,如图15所示。
并且,特征区域的侵入变形量仿真与试验也较为接近,如图16所示。结果表明,标定后的模型分析结果与试验结果较为接近,可用于小偏置碰撞工况的相关研究工作。
小偏置碰撞试验中,底盘机构的变形或失效对车轮的运动有决定性的影响:影响其对碰撞力的传递,进而影响了碰撞结果。本文通过设计连接铰的相对强度,使底盘机构能够在试验中表现出稳定的变形特性。通过模拟球铰受破坏时的受力情况对零件强度进行测试,搭建局部台车模型对底盘关键零部件进行标定。标定后的仿真模型所计算得到的结果与试验结果较为贴合,可为工程开发提供参考。
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doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240817
  • 首发时间:2025-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-08-24
补充材料
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出版历史
  • 修回日期:2024-10-09
基金
*重庆市科技创新与应用发展专项(CSTB2023TIAD-STX0039)
作者信息
    1 重庆理工大学车辆工程学院, 重庆 400054
    2 重庆长安汽车股份有限公司, 重庆 400023

通讯作者:

邵金华(1979—),男,高级工程师,研究方向为汽车碰撞安全CAE开发技术,
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcjs/CN/10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240817
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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