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Article(id=1217470425110597951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1217470424573727039, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20220377, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768197168853, onlineDateStr=2026-01-12, pubDate=1689782400000, pubDateStr=2023-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768197168853, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768197168853, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768197168853, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217470424573727039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2023', volume='', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='72', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768197168725, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768198089128, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217474285078233609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1217470424573727039, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217474285078233610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1217470424573727039, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217470425307730241, articleId=1217470425110597951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Review on the Application of Surface Modification Technology for Lithium Ion Battery Separators, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Due to the poor wettability and thermal stability of electrolyte, the application of traditional lithium ion battery separator in the field of high-performance and high safety battery is limited. The surface modification of the separator to realize its surface functionalization has become a feasible strategy to solve the inherent problems of lithium-ion battery separators. From perspective of surface physical modification and surface chemical modification, this paper elaborated respectively the features and cutting-edge dynamics of various surface modification methods, such as spray coating, dip coating, solution casting, electrospinning, chemical grafting, plasma, radiation grafting and UV grafting. The paper also indicated that developing multifunctional separators, intelligent response separators, and reducing modification costs would be the research directions for surface modification of lithium-ion battery separators in the future.

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传统锂离子电池隔膜，由于电解液润湿性和热稳定性差的特点，限制了其在高性能高安全性电池领域的应用。隔膜表面改性实现隔膜表面功能化以解决锂离子电池隔膜的固有问题，成为一种可行策略。从表面物理改性和表面化学改性两个方面，分别阐述了喷涂法、浸涂法、溶液浇铸法、静电纺丝法、化学接枝法、等离子体法、辐射接枝法和紫外接枝法表面改性方法的特点和前沿动态，并指出开发多功能隔膜、智能响应隔膜和递减改性成本，是未来锂离子电池隔膜表面改性的研究方向。

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张玉坤（1988—），男，工程师，硕士学位，研究方向为新能源汽车动力电池工艺及质量管理。

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张玉坤（1988—），男，工程师，硕士学位，研究方向为新能源汽车动力电池工艺及质量管理。

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张玉坤（1988—），男，工程师，硕士学位，研究方向为新能源汽车动力电池工艺及质量管理。

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Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2020, 59(38): 16725-16734., articleTitle=Polyolefin-based janus separator for rechargeable sodium batteries, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217498618777489856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1217470425110597951, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=1, issue=7, pageStart=3292, pageEnd=3300, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=51, authorNames=RAO E, MCVERRY B, BORENSTEIN A, journalName=ACS Applied Energy Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RAO E, MCVERRY B, BORENSTEIN A, et al. Roll-to-roll functionalization of polyolefin separators for high-performance lithium-ion batteries[J]. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 2018, 1(7): 3292-3300., articleTitle=Roll-to-roll functionalization of polyolefin separators for high-performance lithium-ion batteries, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217498618836210113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1217470425110597951, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=479, pageStart=228812, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=52, authorNames=SHENG L, SONG L, GONG H, journalName=Journal of Power Sources, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHENG L, SONG L, GONG H, et al. Polyethylene separator grafting with polar monomer for enhancing the lithium-ion transport property[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2020(479): 228812., articleTitle=Polyethylene separator grafting with polar monomer for enhancing the lithium-ion transport property, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217498618924290498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1217470425110597951, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=743, pageStart=756, pageEnd=762, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=53, authorNames=ZHI Y, SUN X, LI N, journalName=Journal of Alloys and Compounds, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHI Y, SUN X, LI N, et al. UV curable organic-inorganic hybrid coatings on microporous polyethylene separator for enhancing mechanical and electrochemical performance[J]. 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隔膜 涂层
材料		 粘结剂 改性
方式		 涂层厚度/μm 热收缩率/%（温度/℃，时间/h） 接触角/(°) 电解液
吸收率/%		 离子电导率
/mS·cm-1		 正极/负极 容量保持率/%(循环次，倍率) 参考文献
商业纸 Al2O3 SBR 喷涂法 8 0
(130,0.5)		 0
(电解液)		 1.64 LiCoO2/石墨 100
（60, 0.5 C）		 [20]
PP SiO2 PVA 浸涂法 27
(170,1)		 83.6
(电解液)		 175 LiFePO4/Li 87.18
(100, 1 C)		 [23]
PE GO/SiO2 CMC 浸涂法 <5 15(水) 0.596 LiCoO2/Li 98.5
(350， 1 C)		 [24]
PE PVDF 浸涂法 5~6 48
(140,0.5)		 3.28
(电解液)		 208 1.53 LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2/Li 70.01
(200, 0.5 C)		 [25]
PP 4A沸石 PVDF 溶液
浇铸法		 10~12 14.4
(160,0.5)		 0
(电解液)		 270 2.25 LiFePO4/Li 96.2
(100, 0.5 C)		 [27]
PE PI 静电
纺丝法		 3 14
(140,1/6)		 6.5
(电解液)		 Cu/Li 98.5
(100, 1 C)		 [30]
PE APS 化学
接枝法		 78.45
(电解液)		 111.9 0.36 LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2/Li 87.5
(90, 3 C)		 [33]
PE PMMA 化学
接枝法		 2 0
(140,1)		 20
(电解液)		 183 1.19 LiFePO4/石墨 94.5
(110, 0.5 C)		 [34]
PP 介孔SiO2 化学
接枝法		 4
(电解液)		 0.87 LiFePO4/Li 93
(1 000, 5 C)		 [35]
PP SiO2/DMVP 化学接枝法 3.5 LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2/石墨 89.5
(400, 0.5 C)		 [36]
PP PAA 等离子体法 39
(水)		 270 LiFePO4/Li 99.5
(50, 0.2 C)		 [40]
PE AF 等离子体法 0.3~1.3 6
(145,0.5)		 66
(电解液)		 225 0.604 LiFePO4/Li 86.0
(450, 0.4 C)		 [41]
PP SiOxCyHz 等离子体法 0
(120,1)		 24
(电解液)		 104.5 0.358 LiFePO4/Li 92.4
(200, 1 C)		 [42]
PE VTMS 辐照
接枝法		 102
(水)		 139.5 LiCoO2/Li 80
(100, 1.25 C)		 [45]
PE C8H15BO2 辐照
接枝法		 0.57 LiFePO4/Li 79
(500, 5 C)		 [46]
PE Al2O3 辐照
接枝法		 0
(150,0.5)		 21
(电解液)		 0.53 LiFePO4/石墨 85.6
(100, 1 C)		 [47]
PE PFPA磺基甜菜碱 紫外
接枝法		 53.5
(水)		 0.42 LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2/石墨 81.3
(11, 0.2 C)		 [52]
PE MA 辐照/紫外接枝法 102
(水)		 0.306 LiCoO2/Li 60
(150, 1 C)		 [53]
PE SiO2 等离子体/紫外接枝法 78.4
(水)		 269 0.45 LiCoO2/Li 91.7
(100, 0.2 C)		 [54]
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部分表面改性隔膜性能对比

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隔膜 涂层
材料		 粘结剂 改性
方式		 涂层厚度/μm 热收缩率/%（温度/℃，时间/h） 接触角/(°) 电解液
吸收率/%		 离子电导率
/mS·cm-1		 正极/负极 容量保持率/%(循环次，倍率) 参考文献
商业纸 Al2O3 SBR 喷涂法 8 0
(130,0.5)		 0
(电解液)		 1.64 LiCoO2/石墨 100
（60, 0.5 C）		 [20]
PP SiO2 PVA 浸涂法 27
(170,1)		 83.6
(电解液)		 175 LiFePO4/Li 87.18
(100, 1 C)		 [23]
PE GO/SiO2 CMC 浸涂法 <5 15(水) 0.596 LiCoO2/Li 98.5
(350， 1 C)		 [24]
PE PVDF 浸涂法 5~6 48
(140,0.5)		 3.28
(电解液)		 208 1.53 LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2/Li 70.01
(200, 0.5 C)		 [25]
PP 4A沸石 PVDF 溶液
浇铸法		 10~12 14.4
(160,0.5)		 0
(电解液)		 270 2.25 LiFePO4/Li 96.2
(100, 0.5 C)		 [27]
PE PI 静电
纺丝法		 3 14
(140,1/6)		 6.5
(电解液)		 Cu/Li 98.5
(100, 1 C)		 [30]
PE APS 化学
接枝法		 78.45
(电解液)		 111.9 0.36 LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2/Li 87.5
(90, 3 C)		 [33]
PE PMMA 化学
接枝法		 2 0
(140,1)		 20
(电解液)		 183 1.19 LiFePO4/石墨 94.5
(110, 0.5 C)		 [34]
PP 介孔SiO2 化学
接枝法		 4
(电解液)		 0.87 LiFePO4/Li 93
(1 000, 5 C)		 [35]
PP SiO2/DMVP 化学接枝法 3.5 LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2/石墨 89.5
(400, 0.5 C)		 [36]
PP PAA 等离子体法 39
(水)		 270 LiFePO4/Li 99.5
(50, 0.2 C)		 [40]
PE AF 等离子体法 0.3~1.3 6
(145,0.5)		 66
(电解液)		 225 0.604 LiFePO4/Li 86.0
(450, 0.4 C)		 [41]
PP SiOxCyHz 等离子体法 0
(120,1)		 24
(电解液)		 104.5 0.358 LiFePO4/Li 92.4
(200, 1 C)		 [42]
PE VTMS 辐照
接枝法		 102
(水)		 139.5 LiCoO2/Li 80
(100, 1.25 C)		 [45]
PE C8H15BO2 辐照
接枝法		 0.57 LiFePO4/Li 79
(500, 5 C)		 [46]
PE Al2O3 辐照
接枝法		 0
(150,0.5)		 21
(电解液)		 0.53 LiFePO4/石墨 85.6
(100, 1 C)		 [47]
PE PFPA磺基甜菜碱 紫外
接枝法		 53.5
(水)		 0.42 LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2/石墨 81.3
(11, 0.2 C)		 [52]
PE MA 辐照/紫外接枝法 102
(水)		 0.306 LiCoO2/Li 60
(150, 1 C)		 [53]
PE SiO2 等离子体/紫外接枝法 78.4
(水)		 269 0.45 LiCoO2/Li 91.7
(100, 0.2 C)		 [54]
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锂离子电池隔膜表面改性技术应用综述
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张玉坤 , 邹朝辉 , 张云霞
汽车工艺与材料 | 视界 2023,(7): 1-10
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汽车工艺与材料 | 视界 2023, (7): 1-10
锂离子电池隔膜表面改性技术应用综述
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张玉坤, 邹朝辉, 张云霞
作者信息
  • 广汽丰田汽车有限公司，广州 511455

    • 张玉坤（1988—），男，工程师，硕士学位，研究方向为新能源汽车动力电池工艺及质量管理。

Review on the Application of Surface Modification Technology for Lithium Ion Battery Separators
Yukun Zhang, Zhaohui Zou, Yunxia Zhang
Affiliations
  • GAC Toyota Motor Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 511455
出版时间: 2023-07-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20220377
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摘要
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传统锂离子电池隔膜，由于电解液润湿性和热稳定性差的特点，限制了其在高性能高安全性电池领域的应用。隔膜表面改性实现隔膜表面功能化以解决锂离子电池隔膜的固有问题，成为一种可行策略。从表面物理改性和表面化学改性两个方面，分别阐述了喷涂法、浸涂法、溶液浇铸法、静电纺丝法、化学接枝法、等离子体法、辐射接枝法和紫外接枝法表面改性方法的特点和前沿动态，并指出开发多功能隔膜、智能响应隔膜和递减改性成本，是未来锂离子电池隔膜表面改性的研究方向。

锂离子电池  /  隔膜  /  表面改性  /  物理改性  /  化学改性

Due to the poor wettability and thermal stability of electrolyte, the application of traditional lithium ion battery separator in the field of high-performance and high safety battery is limited. The surface modification of the separator to realize its surface functionalization has become a feasible strategy to solve the inherent problems of lithium-ion battery separators. From perspective of surface physical modification and surface chemical modification, this paper elaborated respectively the features and cutting-edge dynamics of various surface modification methods, such as spray coating, dip coating, solution casting, electrospinning, chemical grafting, plasma, radiation grafting and UV grafting. The paper also indicated that developing multifunctional separators, intelligent response separators, and reducing modification costs would be the research directions for surface modification of lithium-ion battery separators in the future.

Lithium-ion battery  /  Separator  /  Surface modification  /  Physics modification  /  Chemistry modification
张玉坤, 邹朝辉, 张云霞. 锂离子电池隔膜表面改性技术应用综述. 汽车工艺与材料, 2023 , (7) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20220377
Yukun Zhang, Zhaohui Zou, Yunxia Zhang. Review on the Application of Surface Modification Technology for Lithium Ion Battery Separators[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2023 , (7) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20220377
正文
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1 前言
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随着工业革命和技术创新的快速发展，煤、石油、天然气等不可再生能源已不能满足人们的需求，并且燃烧后产生大量的二氧化碳或二氧化硫，导致温室效应和酸雨等严重的环境问题，不仅危害人类健康，还会破坏生态资源和生态平衡。近年来，风能、太阳能、潮汐能和地热能等可持续能源方面的研究成果激增，但上述可持续能源的间歇性和不可控性无法满足大规模应用[1-3]。锂离子电池，由于其高能量密度、无记忆效应、长循环寿命和低自放电的优点，成为稳定的电源供应在新能源汽车等领域得到了广泛关注[4]。
锂离子电池主要由正极、负极、电解质和隔膜[5]四部分组成。锂离子电池的工作原理如图1所示，在充电过程中，锂离子从正极中脱嵌，并通过电解质和隔膜嵌入负极，放电时此过程相反，隔膜为锂离子转移提供了通道，同时又避免了正极和负极的直接接触，防止电池内部短路[6-7]。目前，商业锂离子电池的隔膜主要是聚烯烃材料，如聚丙烯（Polypropylene，PP）和聚乙烯（Polyethylene，PE）。然而，商业聚烯烃隔膜热稳定性差、润湿性差，无法满足日益增长的锂离子电池市场需求，特别是新能源汽车锂离子电池市场需求。当锂离子电池在恶劣环境中运行时，聚烯烃隔膜会发生热收缩，可能引起内部短路，从而由于其易燃性和热稳定性差而导致锂离子电池起火甚至爆炸等灾难性故障发生[8-10]。
为了满足新能源汽车市场快速发展的需求，采用相关策略来设计性能优良的隔膜，以实现锂离子电池的安全高效运行，如聚偏氟乙烯（Polyvinylidene Fluoride，PVDF）等新型隔膜材料的开发[11]、添加纳米填料的复合隔膜[12]、隔膜表面改性等。隔膜的表面改性，是指利用物理或化学的方法，在隔膜表面引入某些物质，从而赋予隔膜某些特定功能[13]。隔膜的表面改性目前研究相对较少，但是作为一种简单有效的隔膜改性策略，可以直接调节锂离子的通量，进而控制电极上锂沉积的状态以及电极表面的锂沉积量，实现锂离子电池的性能优化[14-15]。根据改性的性质，隔膜表面改性可以分为表面物理改性和表面化学改性，本研究从这两个方面综述隔膜改性方面所采用的改性方法，为锂离子电池隔膜的功能化开发提供参考。
2 表面物理改性
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表面物理改性，通常是在膜表面涂覆功能层，功能层可以是有机涂层、无机涂层或有机/无机复合涂层中的任一种。表面物理改性不仅提高了隔膜的润湿性和电解液保持率，而且显著影响了隔膜结构和物理性能，如孔隙率、厚度、收缩率、机械强度等[16-17]。根据改性加工方式，可以分为喷涂法、浸涂法、溶液浇铸法和静电纺丝法[18]。
2.1 喷涂法
喷涂法是指表面涂覆材料溶液通过喷嘴，在喷嘴处形成细小的气溶胶，经过固化后处理覆盖至隔膜表面。因为喷涂法对隔膜的尺寸没有限制，因此具有大规模生产的潜力[19]。
纸基隔膜因其低生产成本和良好的机械性能而受到广泛关注，但是由于存在一些大孔，商业纸不适宜用于锂离子电池隔膜。Wang等[20]以单层商业纸为隔膜基底，通过喷涂法，制备氧化铝（Al2O3）颗粒和少量苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶（Styrene Butadiene Rubber，SBR）悬浮液，使用压缩空气将悬浮液喷涂至商业纸表面，对纸基隔膜进行表面改性，如图2所示。改性后的纸基隔膜具有良好的热稳定性（130 ℃无热收缩）、对电解液的优异润湿性（接触角为0°）和较高的离子电导率（1.64 mS/cm）。以此隔膜组装的石墨/钴酸锂（LiCoO2）电池，具有良好的电化学性和穿刺试验安全性。
2.2 浸涂法
浸涂法是首先将添加剂溶解在溶剂中获得均匀稳定的添加剂溶液，然后将聚合物隔膜进入浆料中一定时间，使添加剂在隔膜表面聚集，并在一定温度下进行干燥，如图3所示，从而达到对隔膜进行表面改性的效果[21-22]。
Wang等[23]以二氧化硅（SiO2）为改性涂层颗粒材料、聚乙烯醇（Polyvinyl alcohol，PVA）为粘结剂和去离子水作为分散介质，制备了SiO2水分散体，通过浸涂法在PP隔膜表面覆盖了SiO2涂层。改性后的PP隔膜，电解液在隔膜上的接触角从117.3°降低至83.6°，电解液吸收率从98%提高到了175%，而且耐冻性、耐热性和电化学性能均得到显著改善，特别是当充放电循环100次时，原隔膜组装电池的容量保持率仅为75.79%，而改性膜的容量保持率高达87.18%。此外，Kim等[24]在PE隔膜表面，以羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC-Na）为粘结剂，通过浸涂法引入氧化石墨烯（Graphene Oxide，GO）和SiO2复合涂层，由于GO表面上存在许多亲水官能团，因此经GO改性后的PE隔膜表现出优异的润湿性，该改性隔膜组装的电池实现电池循环过程中的功能材料均匀沉积，进而表现出优异的循环性能。
浸涂法操作简便，能够快速对隔膜实施表面改性，因此研究也颇为广泛，除了有无机涂层外，也有有机涂层、有机/无机复合涂层。Wang等[25]通过浸涂法，将PVDF有机颗粒引入至PE隔膜表面，改性后的PE隔膜接触角从111.3°降低至3.28°，表现出优异的电解液润湿性，离子电导率从0.55 mS/cm提高至1.53 mS/cm，有效改善了相应锂离子电池的电化学性能。
2.3 溶液浇铸法
溶液浇铸法是首先将添加剂溶解在溶剂中以获得均匀稳定的溶液。然后将聚合物隔膜固定在金属板或平板玻璃皿上，然后将添加剂溶液浇至隔膜表面，并用刮刀刮平，再将隔膜在一定温度下进行干燥[26]。
Shekarian等[27]首先用二甲基甲酰胺（Dimethylformamide，DMF）、丙酮对PVDF和4A沸石进行预处理，以PVDF为粘结剂，通过溶液浇铸法，将4A沸石对PP隔膜进行表面改性，如图4所示。结果发现，4A沸石包覆PP隔膜的电解液润湿性远高于纯PP隔膜，当沸石与PVDF的质量比例为8:1时，改性隔膜表现出最低的接触角（0°），电解液吸收率达到了270%。此外，由于4A沸石颗粒具有其特殊的微观结构，可以使隔膜具有较高的孔隙率，其所组装的电池在充放电过程中用作有效的离子传导通道，因此表现出更优的倍率性能和循环性能。而且与纯PP隔膜相比，改性隔膜的热稳定性显著增强。
2.4 静电纺丝法
静电纺丝法是指在高电压（~15 kV）作用下，注射器中的聚合物溶液带电，静电斥力抵消聚合物溶液的表面张力，在某一点上液体以液体射流的形式从表面喷出，喷射的带电溶液被蒸发或固化，以宽拉伸纳米纤维的形式覆盖在圆形旋转收集器上的隔膜上，从而达到对隔膜表面改性的效果，如图5所示[28-29]。
Yin等[30]商业PE隔膜上，通过静电纺丝法引入了聚酰亚胺（Polyimide，PI）涂层，得到了PI@PE隔膜。由于PI涂层的紧密堆叠结构和高锂离子吸收能力，改进了PE隔膜的润湿性，并在锂金属阳极表面形成了具有均匀锂离子转移通道的富锂离子层。因此，使用改性后的PI@PE隔膜，实现了平面锂沉积而抑制了锂枝晶的生长。在1 mA/cm2的电流密度下， Cu||PI@PE||Li半电池的寿命分别延长至Cu||PE||Li半电池的4倍，如图6所示。除了抑制锂枝晶外，PI@PE隔膜还具有比市售PE更高的热稳定性，耐温达到了120 ℃。
3 表面化学改性
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与隔膜的表面物理改性相比，表面化学改性是通过化学键使改性官能团与隔膜表面形成连接，改性效果进一步得到提升。这种改性方式通常可以增强隔膜液体电解质润湿性和保持性，特别是对于由高含量碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丙酯或γ-丁内酯组成的电解质，且不会改变膜的结构参数和物理性质[31]。目前，主要采用的表面化学改性方法有化学接枝法、等离子体法、辐射接枝法和紫外接枝法[32]。
3.1 化学接枝法
化学接枝法是通过化学方法在隔膜表面引入功能基团，并通过化学键结合。
Ahn等[33]将商业PE隔膜浸入过硫酸铵（Ammonium Persulphate，APS）水溶液，并在80 ℃下加热1.5 h，APS经过热解产生自由基，如羟基、羧基和羰基，并成功引入PE隔膜表面，改善了PE隔膜的润湿性，并显著提高了隔膜在锂离子电池中的电化学性能。此外，APS处理不会影响PE隔膜的固有化学或机械性能。由于这些有利的效果，与APS处理的隔膜组装的锂离子电池显示出优异的倍率性能和循环稳定性 ，在3 C和0.5 C下90个循环之后的容量保持率分别为87.5%和92.5%，相应的未经改性处理的隔膜组装的锂离子电池的容量保持率分别为73.2%和79.4%。Shi等[34]首先采用多巴胺对PE隔膜进行表面处理，然后采用原子转移自由基聚合的方式，将甲基丙烯酸甲酯（Methyl Methacrylate，MMA）接枝聚合的方式在PE隔膜表面引入聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（Poly Methyl Methacrylate，PMMA）层。改性后的PE隔膜，热稳定性、电解液吸收率和离子电导率性能均得到显著提升。
化学接枝法应用范围广，还有通过设计制备活性无机颗粒，再通过化学键与隔膜进行结合。Qi等[35]分别采用硅烷偶联剂KH560和多巴胺对介孔SiO2和PP隔膜进行表面处理，分别在介孔SiO2和PP隔膜表面引入活性基团，然后在将介孔SiO2和PP隔膜加入KH550的乙醇溶液，使介孔SiO2和PP隔膜充分结合，其工艺过程如图7所示。改性后的PP隔膜表现出高热稳定性、高电解质亲和力和快速锂离子扩散，当用于组装锂离子电池时，具有电池表现出优异的倍率性能和循环稳定性，在5 C下的放电容量为101 mA h/g，并且在1 000次连续充放电循环后保持93%的高容量保持率。Huang等[36]为了进一步提高改性隔膜热稳定性，首先将常用的阻燃剂二甲基乙烯基膦酸酯（Dimethyl Vinylphosphonate，DMVP）接枝于SiO2颗粒表面，然后再引发剂的作用下，促使SiO2和PP结合，得到的PP隔膜表现出优异的电化学性能和安全性。此外，也有Al2O3、二氧化锆（ZrO2）等无机颗粒用于隔膜的化学接枝改性[37]。
3.2 等离子体法
等离子体表面改性是通过在聚合物隔膜表面引入官能团，来改善聚合物隔膜性能的一种有效绿色改性加工工艺。等离子体状态下，各种反应性物质产生不同种类的极性基团，如羟基、羧基和氨基，进而可以在聚合物隔膜表面引入不同的活性官能团[38]。通常，等离子体技术可分为3种主要方法，包括等离子体处理、等离子体聚合和等离子体诱导接枝聚合，在隔膜改性领域应用较多的是等离子体处理和等离子体诱导接枝聚合。在等离子体处理技术中，使用广泛多样的气体如O2、Ne、N2、Ar或CO2。等离子体诱导接枝聚合是通过离子轰击诱导聚合物表面形成自由基，所产生的自由基遇到单体，聚合就立即发生[39]。
Yin等[40]用丙烯酸（Acrylic Acid，AA）单体通过常压辉光放电等离子体射流（APGD-PJ）对商业PP隔膜进行改性，结果发现AA成功在PP隔膜表面聚合生成了聚丙烯酸（Poly Acrylic Acid，PAA），如图8所示。改性后的PP隔膜接触角从112°降低至39°，电解液吸收率增加了3倍。此外，用改性PP隔板组装的磷酸铁锂（LiFePO4）/Li半电池的充放电容量、库仑效率和循环性能显著提高，说明等离子体诱导接枝聚合改性PP隔膜是一种具有前景的解决方案。Gu等[41]首先通过等离子体对PE隔膜表面进行处理，然后将PE隔膜浸入3-氨基苯酚和氨水溶液的混合溶液中，并加入一定量的甲醛，从而成功在PE隔膜表面引入酚醛树脂（Phenolic resin，PF），由于AF含有大量的氨基和羟基极性基团，因此改性后的PE隔膜除了具有优异的润湿性和电化学性能能，还具有非常低的热收缩率，145 ℃下热收缩率为6%，未经改性的PE隔膜则为77%。
Qin等[42]应用含有Ar/O2/六甲基二硅氧烷（Hexamethyldisiloxane，HMDSO）的反应性常压等离子体改性PE隔膜，PE隔膜滚动通过等离子体区，如图9所示，其顶部和内部纤维表面涂有一层由SiOxCyHz组成的涂层，涂层平均厚度为100 nm。由于该涂层具有多种极性基团，如Si(CH3)x、 -COOH、 Si-OH、C-OH，改善了PE隔膜的热稳定性、润湿性、电解质吸收和离子导电性。该方法被证明是一种快速高效的改性方式，为提高锂离子电池聚烯烃隔膜的性能提供了一种新的经济、高效方法。
3.3 辐射接枝法
辐射接枝法被认为是一种成熟的改性策略，具有反应过程不涉及污染、反应温和安全、能量消耗低的优点。常用的高能放射线包括X射线、γ射线、激光、电子束。辐射诱导的接枝聚合可以通过3种不同途径进行。
a.在单体溶液存在下进行隔膜辐照;
b.首先辐照隔膜，然后浸入单体溶液中以引发接枝反应;
c.首先在空气存在下辐照聚合物，从而生成过氧化物，然后升高温度以活化过氧化物形成自由基[43-44]。
Sheng等[45]通过γ射线辐照将乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷（Vinyltrimethoxysilane，VTMS）直接接枝到PE隔膜上，得到了PE-g-SiH隔膜，并通过进一步碱性水解，得到了PE-g-SiO隔膜，如图10所示。发现PE-g-SiO隔膜具有较低的活化能（55.2 kJ/mol）以及更高的锂离子转移数（0.38），表明锂离子可以更快地在多孔PE-g-SiO隔膜中传输或沉积在锂阳极表面上。此外，由于PE-g-SiO隔膜具有极性表面，与液体电解质表现出强烈的相互作用，有助于增加传输通道并削弱锂离子的溶剂化，因此基于PE-g-SiO隔膜的电池表现出改善的容量保持和稳定性。此外，Ma等[46]采用同样的γ射线辐照工艺，以具有电子导基的硼烷分子4,4,5,5-四甲基-2-乙烯基-1,3,2-二氧代硼烷（C8H15BO2）作为接枝单体，制备了PE改性隔膜。由于硼原子的缺电子效应，促进了锂离子传导，所得到的PE改性隔膜的锂离子转移数达到0.5。
Jiang等[47]采用电子束辐照法，将乙烯基硅烷偶联剂接枝于PE隔膜表面，然后将PE隔膜浸入70 ℃的KAl(SO4)2·12H2O和HCl组成的溶液中进行反应，得到了Al2O3接枝的PE隔膜。与PE隔膜相比，合成的Al2O3接枝隔膜在150 ℃下几乎没有收缩，并且电解液接触角也得到了降低。因此基于改性隔膜的全电池，表现出更好的循环性能和倍率性能，并且即使在170 ℃下也能提供稳定的开路电压。此外，采用类似方式，将γ-Al2O3[48]、SiO2[49]等接枝于聚烯烃隔膜表面，均有不俗表现。
3.4 紫外接枝法
紫外接枝法是一种自由基聚合反应，是利用紫外光照射，在隔膜表面生成自由基，进而引发自由基聚合。具有反应简单、投资成本低的优点，该技术发生在隔膜表层，控制表面的反应并防止对隔膜内部结构损坏。聚合物接枝结构是用共价键结合的，因此可以获得比较稳定的性能[50-51]。
Rao等[52]通过自主设计的卷对卷隔膜紫外改性系统（图11），在紫外照射条件下，将全氟苯基叠氮（Perfluorophenyl Azide，PFPA）磺基甜菜碱接枝于PE隔膜表面。通过接触角、电解质吸收和离子电导率测量，表明用极性PFPA磺基甜菜碱分子对商业PE隔膜进行改性可以提高聚烯烃隔板的表面能和亲水性。该改性系统操作简单，在环境条件下证实了该方法的可扩展性，且使用了环境友好的溶剂，允许以低成本制造大面积的改性隔膜，具有重要应用价值。
Sheng[53]将γ射线辐照和紫外接枝改性结合使用，首先采用γ射线辐照对PE隔膜进行辐照活化，然后再在紫外辐照的条件下，以二苯甲酮（Benzophenone，BP）为光引发剂，将丙烯酸甲酯（Methyl Acrylate，MA）接枝于PE隔膜表面，如图12所示。由于γ射线的穿透力相对于紫外光较强，因此可以产生更多的自由基，而接枝反应采用紫外光照射，使反应发生在隔膜表面，对隔膜本体性能影响不大，从而成功得到表面具有带酯官能团的MA改性层的PE-g-MA隔膜。PE-g-MA隔膜的锂离子转移数从PE隔膜的0.29提高到了0.49，同时具有较低的活化能（52.1 kJ/mol）。而且用PE-g-MA隔膜组装的LiCoO2/Li电池具有更好的倍率性能。Zhi等[54]首先采用60 W的N2等离子体对PE隔膜进行表面处理，然后将PE隔膜浸入含有SiO2、偶联剂、光引发剂组成的甲醇溶液中，并用紫外灯照射一定时间后，得到改性的PE隔膜，也表现出优异的离子传导性，电池即使在高C倍率下也具有优异的容量保持能力和优异的循环性能。
表1总结了本研究引用的近年来采用不同改性方式对隔膜表面改性后的性能，以及其锂离子电池中的电化学表现，可以看出提高隔膜润湿性，进而提高锂离子电池的循环性能是隔膜表面改性关注的重点。且采用多种改性方式共同实施，以及引入多种涂层材料逐渐成为研究的趋势。
4 结束语
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隔膜是锂离子电池的关键部件，决定着电池的性能和安全性。一方面，隔膜应具备快速离子转移的基本要求，如高孔隙率、良好的电解质润湿性和大的电解质吸收率，以实现电池优异的电化学性能。另一方面，隔膜应在高温或枝状物刺穿时保持结构稳定性，以防止内部短路。因此，开发具有高离子传输、机械稳定性和热稳定性的隔膜对于扩大锂离子电池在汽车领域的应用至关重要。
为实现隔膜表面改性，可以根据应用场景需要引入不同物质，并有效提高隔膜的电化学性能和安全性能。面向新能源汽车的快速发展，需要关注于以下内容。
a.开发多功能隔膜。隔膜改性不仅应关注于改善原始隔膜的固有特性，还应关注于是否有助于改善其他电池组件功能。
b.构建智能响应隔膜。锂离子电池90%的安全事故源于温度和压力升高导致的内部短路，然而，目前改性的隔膜仅关注于通过监测电池的电压变化来检测锂枝晶。因此，有必要通过隔膜改性，构建多种形式变化的响应隔膜，如电压响应隔膜。
c.低成本改性方法。由于这些表面改性的研究较多集中在试验室条件下，工业化生产需要考虑进一步降低成本，优化改性方案。
相信随着理论研究的深入，以及工艺水平的提升，隔膜表面改性能够克服诸多障碍，实现工业化应用，为商业化聚合物隔膜的设计和开发开辟新途径。
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20220377
  • 首发时间：2026-01-12
  • 出版时间：2023-07-20
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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