Article(id=1209856843975889897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1209856841199252183, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230050, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766381949657, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1710864000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766381949657, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766381949657, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766381949657, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209856841199252183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2024', volume='', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='72', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766381948995, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766381948995, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=52, endPage=57, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209856844143662058, articleId=1209856843975889897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Research on the Fasten Process of Coupler Based on Automatic Spindle Equipment, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve working efficiency, operation accuracy and safety, and reduce the error rate, based on the automatic spindle equipment, after the engine is connected to the gearbox, the servo motor of the spindle equipment automatically rotates the engine pulley to drive the crankshaft flywheel group to rotate. The high precision rotation of the servo motor ensures that the flywheel and the coupler are connected and fastened after the flywheel and the coupler are connected and fastened, and the coupler is rotated and fastened by automatic equipment to replace the traditional manual operation, which saves manual cost of connecting flywheel with coupler, and can precisely implement the spindle operation. The engine flywheel disc is fixed by the automatic clamping mechanism on the device, which solves the problem of affecting the operation efficiency of the disc shaft due to shaking in the process of lifting the engine disc shaft, and improves the success rate of coupler tightening.

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为提高工作效率、作业精度和作业安全性,降低失误率,在发动机连接到变速器后,通过自动盘轴设备伺服电机自动旋转发动机皮带轮带动曲轴飞轮组旋转,伺服电机高精度旋转保证飞轮与耦合器连接孔对合后再将发动机飞轮与耦合器连接紧固,利用自动化设备旋转紧固耦合器取代传统手动人工操作,降低了飞轮与耦合器连接操作的人工成本,且能够精确实施盘轴操作,通过设备上自动夹紧机构固定发动机飞轮盘,解决了吊装发动机在盘轴过程中出现晃动而影响盘轴操作效率的问题,提高了耦合器紧固的成功率。

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李雷(1987—),男,工程师,学士学位,研究方向为汽车装配工艺规划。

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李雷(1987—),男,工程师,学士学位,研究方向为汽车装配工艺规划。

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李雷(1987—),男,工程师,学士学位,研究方向为汽车装配工艺规划。

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基于自动盘轴设备的耦合器紧固工艺研究
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李雷
汽车工艺与材料 | 生产装备 2024,(3): 52-57
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汽车工艺与材料 | 生产装备 2024, (3): 52-57
基于自动盘轴设备的耦合器紧固工艺研究
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李雷
作者信息
  • 华晨宝马汽车有限公司, 沈阳 110000
  • 李雷(1987—),男,工程师,学士学位,研究方向为汽车装配工艺规划。

Research on the Fasten Process of Coupler Based on Automatic Spindle Equipment
Lei Li
Affiliations
  • BMW Brilliance Automotive Ltd., Shenyang 110000
出版时间: 2024-03-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230050
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为提高工作效率、作业精度和作业安全性,降低失误率,在发动机连接到变速器后,通过自动盘轴设备伺服电机自动旋转发动机皮带轮带动曲轴飞轮组旋转,伺服电机高精度旋转保证飞轮与耦合器连接孔对合后再将发动机飞轮与耦合器连接紧固,利用自动化设备旋转紧固耦合器取代传统手动人工操作,降低了飞轮与耦合器连接操作的人工成本,且能够精确实施盘轴操作,通过设备上自动夹紧机构固定发动机飞轮盘,解决了吊装发动机在盘轴过程中出现晃动而影响盘轴操作效率的问题,提高了耦合器紧固的成功率。

发动机飞轮  /  变速器耦合器  /  飞轮与耦合器紧固  /  皮带轮轴  /  自动化盘轴设备

In order to improve working efficiency, operation accuracy and safety, and reduce the error rate, based on the automatic spindle equipment, after the engine is connected to the gearbox, the servo motor of the spindle equipment automatically rotates the engine pulley to drive the crankshaft flywheel group to rotate. The high precision rotation of the servo motor ensures that the flywheel and the coupler are connected and fastened after the flywheel and the coupler are connected and fastened, and the coupler is rotated and fastened by automatic equipment to replace the traditional manual operation, which saves manual cost of connecting flywheel with coupler, and can precisely implement the spindle operation. The engine flywheel disc is fixed by the automatic clamping mechanism on the device, which solves the problem of affecting the operation efficiency of the disc shaft due to shaking in the process of lifting the engine disc shaft, and improves the success rate of coupler tightening.

Flywheel  /  Gearbox coupler  /  Flywheel fastened on coupler  /  Crankshaft  /  Auto spindle equipment
李雷. 基于自动盘轴设备的耦合器紧固工艺研究. 汽车工艺与材料, 2024 , (3) : 52 -57 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230050
Lei Li. Research on the Fasten Process of Coupler Based on Automatic Spindle Equipment[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2024 , (3) : 52 -57 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230050
在汽车生产制造的装配工艺中,在车辆的发动机和变速器连接后需要将发动机的飞轮连接至变速器的耦合器上,使得来自发动机的动力经由发动机飞轮输出端传递至作为变速器输入端的耦合器,从而实现动力从发动机至变速器的传递。
在连接发动机和变速器的过程中,首先需要在发动机以及变速器的周围安装孔通过螺栓将壳体连接,再将发动机的飞轮与耦合器通过螺栓连接。飞轮与耦合器通常通过间隔相同角度的多颗螺栓连接。例如,可以通过间隔60°的6颗螺栓连接飞轮与耦合器,一般不同的产品螺栓数量不同,本研究仅以6颗螺栓为例说明设备工作过程。在发动机和变速器的壳体连接后,需要连接发动机壳体内部的飞轮和变速器壳体内部的耦合器,此时仅能通过发动机和变速器下部壳体连接处的安装开口进行飞轮和耦合器的螺栓连接操作,由于开口尺寸有限,仅允许1颗连接螺栓暴露在可操作位置,用工具拧紧第1颗螺栓后,为了继续拧紧剩余的螺栓,需要通过工具旋转皮带轮带动曲轴飞轮和耦合器,将第2颗螺栓暴露在打紧位置。重复上述操作,直到所有螺栓均被拧紧后,完成发动机飞轮与变速器耦合器的连接。
发动机飞轮是一个转动惯量较大的圆盘状零件,起到储能的作用。对于四冲程发动机,每4个活塞冲程做功一次,即只有工作冲程做功,而排气、进气和压缩冲程均消耗功。因此,曲轴输出的扭矩周期性变化,曲轴转速不稳定。为此,在曲轴的后端安装飞轮。发动机飞轮的作用是储存发动机做功冲程外的能量和惯性。由于发动机各个缸做功不连续,所以发动机转速也是变化的,当发动机转速增高时,飞轮的动能增加,贮蓄能量;当发动机转速降低时,飞轮动能减少,释放能量。飞轮是在旋转运动中用于储存旋转动能的机械装置,能够稳定转速,当动力源输出至旋转轴的力矩发生变化时,或应用在间歇性负载时,飞轮能够减小转速波动,发动机所用飞轮如图1所示。
变速器耦合器主要由壳体、泵轮、涡轮构成。耦合器一般安装在变速器壳体的内部,变速器外壳与发动机壳体连接后,需要将耦合器与飞轮刚性连接,曲轴连接的叶轮以及泵轮组构成了耦合器的主动元件。与从动轴相连的叶轮为耦合器的从动元件涡轮,泵轮与涡轮统称工作轮[1]
泵轮接收发动机传动来的机械能,传递给工作液,使其动能提高,然后工作液将动能传递给涡轮,将液体动量矩变化为传递力矩。因此,耦合器传递动力柔性好,可吸收冲击和振动。一般耦合器是汽车变速器动力的输入端,如图2所示。
发动机和变速器组合后,通过螺栓将发动机与变速器外周连接,再通过螺栓将壳体内的飞轮与耦合器连接,连接螺栓成圆周均匀分布。将飞轮与耦合器紧固,保证发动机动力通过飞轮、耦合器和变速器稳定输出。
发动机与变速器连接后动力传递路线为:发动机飞轮、耦合器、变速器输出轴。
在发动机预装线首先完成的装配工艺是将发动机与变速器合在一起并用螺栓将外圆安装孔紧固,由于飞轮和耦合器位于发动机和变速器结合后的内部,只能通过启动机安装位置露出连接点,因此,需要在启动机安装前打紧飞轮和耦合器连接螺栓,如图3所示。
每紧固完一颗飞轮和耦合器连接螺栓,需要将皮带轮旋转60°后露出下一个连接点,直到所有点完成紧固。皮带轮旋转可通过手动完成,也可以通过自动设备完成。
耦合器紧固工艺流程为:
a. 将耦合器与飞轮连接首个连接孔对齐;
b. 将首个连接螺栓穿过连接孔并用工具紧固;
c. 转动发动机皮带轮约60°,将第2颗螺栓孔露出并用工具紧固;
d. 重复上述操作,直到所有6颗螺栓均被拧紧后,完成发动机飞轮与变速器耦合器的连接。
根据汽车发动机飞轮与变速器耦合器的连接要求,皮带轮旋转配合耦合器的紧固可通过手动旋转或自动旋转完成。相比手动旋转紧固工艺,自动盘轴设备在紧固耦合器时配合旋转皮带轮工艺有以下优点:
a.自动设备代替人工可降低人工成本;
b.设备旋转精度高,避免重复旋转操作;
c.自动盘轴设备旋转电机功率大,可以有效解决热试或大功率发动机旋转困难的问题。
由此可见,全自动盘轴设备在代替人工旋转皮带轮配合耦合器紧固的工作过程中优势明显。手动操作和自动设备工艺对比如图4所示手动操作需要2名操作人员分别负责紧固和旋转,自动设备操作由1名操作人员独立完成。
发动机吊具总成到达工作位后,设备自动操作过程如下:
a.设备移动端自动沿轨道行进至X坐标工作点位;
b.Y轴驱动组将定位块和夹紧机构沿Y方向移动,定位发动机皮带轮;
c.Z轴驱动组接到触发信号后,气缸驱动移动浮盘向Z方向移动,当Z轴传感器移动到皮带轮下方,接到触发信号,Z轴驱动系统到位;
d.伺服电机带动皮带轮旋转轴沿Y方向伸到皮带轮孔中,通过异形轴头带动皮带轮旋转。
人工配合设备操作过程为:伺服电机控制旋转轴,操作人员紧固一点后,按下操作按钮,伺服电机自动旋转带动皮带轮旋转60°,继续紧固下一点,直到所有点完成紧固,踩下脚踏,设备与发动机皮带轮连接分离,自动回到初始位置。
在配合耦合器紧固过程中,自动盘轴设备的自动旋转功能极大提高了生产效率,同时减少操作人员,降低生产成本。自动盘轴设备主要由移动端盘轴系统、盘轴系统支撑基座、电气控制系统和安全扫描雷达构成,如图5所示。
自动盘轴设备安装在生产线旁,结构如图6所示。结构主体包括:第1浮盘和第2浮盘;底座承载主体;安装在底座的X轴驱动组件,用于使主体在X轴方向上运动至工作位置;安装在主体的Y轴驱动组件,用于使第1浮盘在Y轴方向上运动至第1预定位置;安装在第1浮盘上的夹紧组件,包括夹爪,当第1浮盘处于第1预定位置时,夹爪能在X轴方向上朝彼此运动以夹紧皮带轮;Z轴驱动组件,其安装在第1浮盘并支撑第2浮盘,用于在夹爪夹紧皮带轮后使第2浮盘沿高度方向运动至第2预定位置;安装在第2浮盘的拧紧组件,其包括旋拧头部,当第2浮盘处于第2预定位置时旋拧头部与皮带轮接合并旋转,自动盘轴设备的应用可节省人力成本且能精准控制盘轴操作[2]
X轴驱动组的主要功能是驱动盘轴系统沿X方向移动,在启动工作时X轴伺服电机驱动同步带到达X轴设定的停止点位,保证盘轴系统在X轴方向对准皮带轮。自动盘轴操作完毕后,盘轴驱动组和夹紧组与发动机皮带轮分离,X轴伺服电机驱动同步带,盘轴移动端沿X轴方向回到初始零点位置。如在X轴的驱动方向遇到故障,无法自动回到初始零点位置,可解除电机抱闸,通过手动摇把驱动回位,如图7所示。
X轴驱动组到达设定位置后,Y轴伺服电机驱动同步带,带动盘轴浮盘沿直线导轨运动,当浮盘上的Y方向定位挡块与发动机皮带轮接触后触发Y方向到位信号,盘轴浮盘Y方向到达工作位置,盘轴第1浮盘上的夹紧组将皮带轮夹紧连接。在盘轴工作完毕后,Y轴驱动组接到信号,通过电机带动皮带驱动第2浮盘回到初始位置,等待下个工作循环,如图8所示。
Y方向驱动组到达工作位置,Y方向通过皮带轮挡块定位发动机,为避免晃动影响盘轴轴头与皮带轮孔的对中连接,需要夹紧驱动组将皮带轮位置固定后再触发盘轴机构Z方向运动。夹紧驱动组主要通过伺服电机驱动皮带带动丝杠旋转,使两侧夹爪沿直线导轨向内侧运动,当夹爪将皮带轮夹紧后触发Z轴驱动组,当盘轴轴头对准皮带轮并连接后,夹紧驱动组定位皮带轮工作完毕,在盘轴电机启动前,夹紧驱动组触发释放信号,减小皮带轮旋转摩擦力,夹爪沿直线导轨向两侧运动到初始位置,如图9所示。
夹紧驱动组释放夹爪后,盘轴驱动电机轴头与皮带轮连接状态如图10所示。
夹爪释放后,触发Z轴驱动组工作信号,伺服电机驱动电缸升降带动盘轴电机在Z方向沿4个直线轴承上下运动,随着Z轴驱动组运动,皮带轮定位块与皮带轮贴合触发Z方向停止信号传感器,Z轴驱动组停止上升,到达工作位置后触发盘轴设备拧紧,如图11图12所示。
当盘轴设备驱动部分、定位部分、夹紧部分工作完毕,盘轴电机开始旋转。旋转电机主要由旋转伺服电机、推进伺服电机、推进电缸以及拧紧旋拧头构成。当Z方向运动到工作位置,推进伺服电机推动电缸带动旋转伺服电机靠近发动机皮带轮,使旋转拧紧头与皮带轮连接,连接前、后如图13所示。
按照程序设定,旋拧驱动电机每次旋转60°,操作者将发动机飞轮与耦合器第1颗螺栓紧固后,踩下脚踏按钮,盘轴旋转电机再次旋转60°,操作者紧固第2颗螺栓,依此类推,当变速器耦合器与飞轮连接的6颗螺栓全部紧固完毕后,旋转电机会自动转到第1颗螺栓的紧固位置,操作者检查初始螺丝紧固质量后,再次踩下X轴驱动脚踏,盘轴设备的拧紧组、Z轴驱动组、Y轴驱动组和X轴驱动组开始工作,使盘轴设备与发动机分离,并回到起始工作位置。
电气操作系统的主要作用是控制设备自动运行并与发动机线信号交互互锁,确保设备安全运行。当发动机吊具到达工作区域后且雷达扫描区域安全无障碍,操作者踩下踏板设备才能开始工作,盘轴设备的工作状态在人机交互界面接口(Human Machine Interface,HMI)展示[3],并且在HMI上能够实现手动操作、校准、报警管理、历史记录管理、自动回零点、工作流程监控、参数输入等功能;设备设有灯塔提示设备工作状态,发生故障会及时提示,由于盘轴设备与发动机线线体有通信,HMI会显示并监控通信,设备发生故障等不能工作的情况需要通过HMI或旋钮屏蔽设备,防止因设备故障导致主线停线,设有指示灯提示操作者,目前设备是否在原位或者安全位置;设备需要增加西门子PN/PN耦合器(PN/PN Coupler)与主线通信;设备的急停信号通过PN/PN Coupler传递给主线可编程逻辑控制器(Programmable Logic Controller,PLC),因此,设备的PLC需要具有安全功能,每个循环运算时间不超过50 ms。因为电气故障报警需要与工厂控制室建立通信连接,控制室能够监控设备故障,故PLC内存容量需要有30%的可用空间。
自动盘轴设备电气功能由一套完整的电气控制系统实现,主要包括:设备电气元件、伺服电机、传感器、安全雷达光栅,盘轴旋转电机和HMI均通过网络线缆与控制器电脑连接,实现单机网络互通,通过建立设备运行位置工作点位坐标系,利用HMI设定伺服电机工作程序,通过PLC程序控制设备工作台在X轴、Y轴、Z轴的运动、旋转电机的旋转、传感器信号的触发和安全光栅的报警,最后通过转换开关将设备报警信号与控制室主机相连,实现设备工作状态的整体监控。
本研究主要分析了汽车装配车间新型耦合器紧固工艺,即利用全自动旋转设备精准定位旋转发动机皮带轮,带动飞轮旋转,完成耦合器紧固连接。在自动盘轴设备应用前,需要安排单独一名操作者通过工具旋转皮带轮,配合第2名操作者完成打紧,在自动盘轴设备应用后,取代了人工旋转皮带轮的操作,节约人工成本。设备控制旋转角度更加精确,在工作过程中设备夹具可以固定发动机总成,解决了由于吊具导致的发动机晃动,造成耦合器打紧不合格率过高的问题。此新型工艺设备取代了人工操作,提高了设备与零件的连接精度,降低了人工成本,提高了生产效率。
参考文献 引证文献
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孙立琴, 丛明, 赵强, 等. 汽车发动机和变速器自动化装配技术[J]. 组合机床与自动化加工技术, 2009(3): 59-62.
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230050
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2024-03-20
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    华晨宝马汽车有限公司, 沈阳 110000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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