Article(id=1209856843598402533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1209856841199252183, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230223, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766381949567, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1710864000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766381949567, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766381949567, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766381949567, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209856841199252183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2024', volume='', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='72', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766381948995, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766381948995, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=21, endPage=25, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209856843837477863, articleId=1209856843598402533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of D-Arc Deep Penetration Welding in Straight Seam of Commercial Vehicle Axle Housing, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The D-Arc deep penetration welding process was applied to the straight joint welding test of 12 mm-thick axle housing of commercial vehicles, and the weld profile, welding thermal cycle and residual stress were measured and analyzed. Based on Simufact Welding software and combined with the profile shape of the welded joint, a finite element analysis model for straight seam welding of the axle housing was established. A composite heat source model of Gaussian surface heat source and cone heat source was adopted to simulate the heat input in the D-Arc deep penetration welding process, and the process of straight seam D-Arc deep penetration welding was numerically simulated. The temperature and stress distribution of the axle housing at different times were obtained, and the simulation results were basically consistent with the test results, which verified the reliability of the finite element analysis model, and also proved the feasibility of D-Arc deep penetration welding process in the welding scene of commercial vehicle axle housing.

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应用D-Arc深熔焊接工艺对商用车12 mm厚的桥壳直缝进行无坡口焊接试验,并对焊接后的桥壳进行焊缝剖面、焊接热循环以及残余应力的测量分析;基于Simufact Welding软件,结合焊接接头的剖面形态,建立桥壳直缝焊接有限元分析模型,采用高斯面热源+圆锥体热源的复合热源模型来模拟D-Arc深熔焊接过程中热量输入的表现,对桥壳直缝D-Arc深熔焊接过程进行了数值模拟,得到桥壳在不同时刻的温度及应力分布状态,模拟计算结果与试验结果基本吻合,验证了该有限元分析模型的可靠性,同时也证明了D-Arc深熔焊接工艺在商用车桥壳焊接场景的应用可行性。

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韩秋生(1998—),男,学士学位,研究方向为先进连接工艺技术研发及应用、商用车焊接工艺技术、焊接质量标准及规范制定等。

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韩秋生(1998—),男,学士学位,研究方向为先进连接工艺技术研发及应用、商用车焊接工艺技术、焊接质量标准及规范制定等。

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韩秋生(1998—),男,学士学位,研究方向为先进连接工艺技术研发及应用、商用车焊接工艺技术、焊接质量标准及规范制定等。

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C Si Mn P S V Nb Ti Al Mo
母材 ≤0.18 ≤0.25 1.20~1.80 ≤0.025 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 0.01~0.10 0.008~0.020 ≥0.015
焊丝 0.06~0.15 0.80~1.15 1.85 0.025 0. 025 0.03 1.051 0.15
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试验材料化学成分(质量分数) %

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C Si Mn P S V Nb Ti Al Mo
母材 ≤0.18 ≤0.25 1.20~1.80 ≤0.025 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 0.01~0.10 0.008~0.020 ≥0.015
焊丝 0.06~0.15 0.80~1.15 1.85 0.025 0. 025 0.03 1.051 0.15
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屈服强度/MPa 抗拉强度/MPa 延伸率/%
母材 ≥500 600~750 ≥18
焊丝 ≥420 ≥500 ≥22
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试验材料力学性能

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屈服强度/MPa 抗拉强度/MPa 延伸率/%
母材 ≥500 600~750 ≥18
焊丝 ≥420 ≥500 ≥22
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焊接电流/A 焊接电压/V 焊接速度
/cm·min-1
线能量
/kJ·cm-1
500 34.5 45 23
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焊接工艺参数

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焊接电流/A 焊接电压/V 焊接速度
/cm·min-1
线能量
/kJ·cm-1
500 34.5 45 23
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数据点 A B C
试验测量值 311.9 282.4 263.3
模拟结果值 398.9 336.6 241.8
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应力结果对比 MPa

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数据点 A B C
试验测量值 311.9 282.4 263.3
模拟结果值 398.9 336.6 241.8
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商用车桥壳直缝深熔弧焊接数值模拟及试验研究
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韩秋生 , 王子国 , 边清沾 , 姚庆泰 , 关雨墙
汽车工艺与材料 | 生产现场 2024,(3): 21-25
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汽车工艺与材料 | 生产现场 2024, (3): 21-25
商用车桥壳直缝深熔弧焊接数值模拟及试验研究
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韩秋生, 王子国, 边清沾, 姚庆泰, 关雨墙
作者信息
  • 一汽解放汽车有限公司, 长春 130011
  • 韩秋生(1998—),男,学士学位,研究方向为先进连接工艺技术研发及应用、商用车焊接工艺技术、焊接质量标准及规范制定等。

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of D-Arc Deep Penetration Welding in Straight Seam of Commercial Vehicle Axle Housing
Qiusheng Han, Ziguo Wang, Qingzhan Bian, Qingtai Yao, Yuqiang Guan
Affiliations
  • Faw Jiefang Automotive Co., Ltd., Changchun 130011
出版时间: 2024-03-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230223
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应用D-Arc深熔焊接工艺对商用车12 mm厚的桥壳直缝进行无坡口焊接试验,并对焊接后的桥壳进行焊缝剖面、焊接热循环以及残余应力的测量分析;基于Simufact Welding软件,结合焊接接头的剖面形态,建立桥壳直缝焊接有限元分析模型,采用高斯面热源+圆锥体热源的复合热源模型来模拟D-Arc深熔焊接过程中热量输入的表现,对桥壳直缝D-Arc深熔焊接过程进行了数值模拟,得到桥壳在不同时刻的温度及应力分布状态,模拟计算结果与试验结果基本吻合,验证了该有限元分析模型的可靠性,同时也证明了D-Arc深熔焊接工艺在商用车桥壳焊接场景的应用可行性。

D-Arc深熔焊接  /  桥壳焊接  /  数值模拟

The D-Arc deep penetration welding process was applied to the straight joint welding test of 12 mm-thick axle housing of commercial vehicles, and the weld profile, welding thermal cycle and residual stress were measured and analyzed. Based on Simufact Welding software and combined with the profile shape of the welded joint, a finite element analysis model for straight seam welding of the axle housing was established. A composite heat source model of Gaussian surface heat source and cone heat source was adopted to simulate the heat input in the D-Arc deep penetration welding process, and the process of straight seam D-Arc deep penetration welding was numerically simulated. The temperature and stress distribution of the axle housing at different times were obtained, and the simulation results were basically consistent with the test results, which verified the reliability of the finite element analysis model, and also proved the feasibility of D-Arc deep penetration welding process in the welding scene of commercial vehicle axle housing.

D-Arc deep penetration welding  /  Alxe housing welding  /  Numerical simulation
韩秋生, 王子国, 边清沾, 姚庆泰, 关雨墙. 商用车桥壳直缝深熔弧焊接数值模拟及试验研究. 汽车工艺与材料, 2024 , (3) : 21 -25 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230223
Qiusheng Han, Ziguo Wang, Qingzhan Bian, Qingtai Yao, Yuqiang Guan. Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of D-Arc Deep Penetration Welding in Straight Seam of Commercial Vehicle Axle Housing[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2024 , (3) : 21 -25 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230223
冲焊桥壳具有成本低、效率高、适合大批量生产的优点,其由2个半壳焊接而成,是商用车应用最多的桥壳结构,重型商用车桥壳厚度在12~16 mm范围内。目前桥壳直缝常用的焊接方法有二氧化碳气体保护焊、双丝焊和埋弧焊,由于母材厚度较大,焊接时无法达到足够的熔合深度,连接强度难以保证,实际生产中往往会采用开坡口以及多层多道焊的方式达到企业对桥壳熔透率的要求。
深熔弧焊接[1]是一种通过精密波形控制实现大电流、高稳定性的熔化极气体保护焊接工艺,可以实现最高输出电流650 A,最大送丝速度30 m/min。该工艺在进行厚板焊接时效率高、质量稳定,在工程机械、汽车领域具有显著的优势。
随着数值模拟分析手段的逐渐发展和成熟,越来越多的焊接加工过程可以通过仿真模拟的方式进行预测,降低试验投入的人力物力成本。由于焊接过程是一个温度、相变、应力相互耦合[2]的复杂过程,进行焊接工艺数值模拟时,热源模型的建立与工艺过程参数输入等因素直接影响分析的可靠性。刘雨生[3]等应用双椭球热源模型对汽车驱动桥壳进行了手工电弧焊工艺的数值模拟分析,考虑了材料的热物理性能参数、相变潜热和温度的关系。
以未来应用量较大的12 mm厚度的商用车冲焊桥壳为对象,进行深熔弧焊接工艺试验及数值模拟分析,对比双椭球热源模型及高斯面热源+圆锥体热源的复合热源模型的模拟效果,同时考虑材料的热物理性能以及相变对计算的影响,将仿真计算结果与试验结果进行对比,为深熔弧焊接工艺研究及模拟分析提供参考。
试验所用焊机为SHT-1000高效焊机,搭配OTC焊接机器人。母材为QK550桥壳用钢,厚度为12 mm,焊接材料为ER50-6焊丝,直径为1.6 mm。材料化学成分及力学性能如表1表2所示。
焊接接头形式为对接,不开坡口,不留焊接间隙,焊前对桥壳半壳表面进行清理。室温下焊接,保护气体类型为80%Ar+20%CO2,气体流量为25 L/min。相关焊接工艺参数如表3所示。焊接时,通过在焊缝中段位置沿垂直焊缝方向放置热电偶来测量焊接热循环,测温点1、测温点2分别位于距离焊趾2 mm、4 mm处,如图1所示。
桥壳焊接过程稳定,焊缝一致性较好,不存在焊接外在质量缺陷,由于是不开坡口焊接,焊缝余高略高于传统的气体保护焊工艺,外观如图2所示。
在桥壳直缝焊缝中段截取剖面,经过试样制备及处理,观察焊接接头的宏观形貌,如图3所示。
图3可以看出,焊接接头熔合质量良好,不存在焊接内在质量缺陷,焊缝熔深为9.75 mm,熔透率达到81.25%,熔宽为16.09 mm,余高为4.06 mm,相比于多层多道焊质量更加稳定。
为便于后续与数值模拟结果进行对比,采用X射线衍射法对焊缝热影响区进行残余应力测量。 X射线衍射法是一种残余应力的无损测量方法,试样在残余应力的作用下,其晶格间距将发生变化,通过X射线以不同的入射角多次照射试样表面,测得衍射线位移,依据胡克定律可计算得到试样的残余应力。本次试验沿垂直于焊缝方向共测量3点数据,数据点ABC与焊缝焊趾处的距离依次为6 mm、8 mm、10 mm。试验现场及数据点位置如图4所示。
基于CATIA软件建立桥壳半壳的几何模型,其余几何模型如焊道、支持及装夹装置通过Simufact软件生成且与实际试验状态保持一致。构件尺寸较大且为对称结构,因此将模型简化为1/4桥壳形式,如图5所示。
对几何模型进行网格划分,为了在保证计算精度的前提下提高计算效率,对模型的不同区域进行了网格尺寸差异化处理。距离直缝焊缝较近的区域网格尺寸为2 mm,其余区域网格尺寸为6 mm,模型共计99 848个节点、82 476个单元。如图6所示。
热源模型的建立在焊接数值模拟的过程中至关重要,目前在焊接仿真分析研究中使用较多的为双椭球体热源模型、高斯旋转体热源模型以及其他复合热源模型[4]等。
结合上述桥壳焊缝截面形貌,考虑到深熔弧焊接工艺的特点,采用高斯面热源模型和圆锥体热源模型的复合热源模型进行分析计算,热源模型公式[5-6]为:
P=ηUI=PS+PV
PV =λP
PS =(1) P
qm=$\frac{2{P}_{S}}{\pi {{r}_{s}}^{2}}{e}^{-2{r}^{2}/{r}_{s}^{2}}{}^{}$
Qm=$\frac{9{P}_{V}}{\pi (1-{e}^{-3})}\bullet \frac{1}{({z}_{e}-{z}_{i})\bullet \left({{r}_{i}}^{2}+{r}_{i}{r}_{e}+{{r}_{e}}^{2}\right)}\bullet {e}^{-3{r}^{2}/{r}_{0}^{2}}$
r0(z)=${r}_{i}({r}_{e}-{r}_{i})\left(z-{z}_{i}\right)∕\left({z}_{e}-{z}_{i}\right)$
式中:P为热源总有效功率,PS为面热源功率,PV为体热源功率,U为焊接电压,I为焊接电流,η为焊接热效率,λ为热源分配系数,qm为面热源的热流密度,Qm为体热源的热流密度,r为热源模型中某一点到模型中心线的水平距离,rs为表面热源半径,reri分别为圆锥体热源的最大、最小半径,r0为圆锥体热源深度为z时的截面半径,zezi分别为圆锥体热源深度方向的最大值和最小值。
在本次分析案例中,取U=34.5 V、I=500 A、λ=0.9、rs=8.0 mm、re=7.5 mm、ri=2.0 mm,ze-zi=15 mm。
参照上文试验中的接头剖面截取位置,截取对应的模拟截面结果进行对比,对比结果如图7所示。可以看出模拟结果的焊缝截面与实际焊缝截面基本吻合,说明采用高斯面热源模型和圆锥体热源模型的复合热源模型能够较准确地模拟D-Arc深熔焊接过程的热输入。
桥壳焊接模拟过程中不同时刻的温度场分布如图8所示,从图中可以看出,该案例模拟的不同时刻的温度分布与实际分布状态类似,热源模型沿着焊接方向前进过程中,熔池前方温度梯度较大,后方温度梯度较小,熔池最高温度达到3 300 ℃以上,约80 s后焊接过程完成,热源消失,1 800 s后桥壳最高温度降至30 ℃。
本案例分析计算前在桥壳有限元模型上设置了3处跟踪点,用来采集该位置的热循环曲线数据进行分析。其中跟踪点1位于焊缝表面正中心,跟踪点2、跟踪点3的位置与上文试验中的热电偶放置位置相同。模拟计算中得到的跟踪点1、跟踪点2、跟踪点3的热循环曲线如图9所示,试验中使用热电偶测得的测温点1、测温点2的热循环曲线如图10所示。
桥壳焊接模拟过程中不同时刻的温度场分布如图11所示。
软件针对焊缝填充金属模型的设置采用了“生死单元方法”,当该位置单元温度超过一定数值,该单元才被激活。从图中可以看出,桥壳应力分布范围及数值随着焊接过程的持续而逐渐增大,焊接完成后应力逐步释放,直到时间约360 s时分布趋于稳定,最大等效应力约为574 MPa。
结合上文X射线应力仪测得的应力数据结果,提取与试验测量数据点ABC相同位置的有限元应力结果值,并将二者进行对比,对比数据见表4。通过对比可发现,模拟结果与试验结果变化趋势一致,应力值均沿垂直于焊缝方向逐步减小,但数值大小有一定的差异,可能是由于桥壳半壳在焊接之前的成形过程中存在一定大小的原有应力以及试验过程中的测量误差导致。
采用深熔弧焊接工艺对厚度为12 mm的商用车桥壳直缝进行了无坡口焊接试验,焊接接头成形良好,熔透率可到达81.25%,且焊接过程稳定,不存在焊接质量缺陷,证明了该工艺在商用车桥壳直缝焊接上应用的可行性。
基于Simufact Welding软件对商用车冲焊桥壳直缝焊接过程进行了数值模拟,利用高斯面热源模型和圆锥体热源模型的复合热源模型来模拟桥壳深熔弧焊接过程的热源,模拟得到的焊缝剖面、热循环曲线以及残余应力分布趋势与试验结果几乎吻合,证明了该分析模型的可靠性。
通过对桥壳深熔弧焊接过程进行数值模拟,得到了桥壳焊接不同时刻的温度场及应力分布状态,对实际焊接过程提供了指导。
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230223
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2024-03-20
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    一汽解放汽车有限公司, 长春 130011
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgyycl/CN/10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230223
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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