Article(id=1208718302738772858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1208718299400106845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230404, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766110500273, onlineDateStr=2025-12-19, pubDate=1724083200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766110500273, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766110500273, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766110500273, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208718299400106845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2024', volume='', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='72', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766110499477, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766110499477, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=50, endPage=54, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208718306031301506, articleId=1208718302738772858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Analysis of the Blowing White Powder from the Air Conditioning Box of New Energy Vehicles, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The problem of blowing white powder from the air conditioning box of the test car is analyzed by means of energy spectrum and metallographic analysis, and it is confirmed that white powder is an oxide of aluminum formed after corrosion of the evaporator. Through infrared and corrosion resistance test analysis, the results show that the serious corrosion is caused by the evaporator in a humid environment in which galvanic corrosion occurred under the catalysis of Cu. The solutions such as replacing materials and using passivation and hydrophilic chemicals with higher corrosion resistance are proposed so as to effectively solve the problem of blowing white powder in air conditioning boxes because of the evaporator’s corrosion.

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通过能谱、金相检测,对路试车空调出风中夹杂的白色粉末进行了分析,确认该粉末是蒸发器腐蚀后形成的铝氧化物。红外检测和耐腐蚀性试验结果表明,在潮湿环境中,蒸发器在Cu的催化作用下发生了电偶腐蚀。采取了更换材料和采用耐腐蚀性更强的钝化、亲水药水的解决措施,有效解决了蒸发器腐蚀,导致空调出风时吹出白色粉末的问题。

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倪雷(1979—),男,高级工程师,学士学位,研究方向为乘用车金属材料。

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倪雷(1979—),男,高级工程师,学士学位,研究方向为乘用车金属材料。

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倪雷(1979—),男,高级工程师,学士学位,研究方向为乘用车金属材料。

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新能源汽车空调出风中白色粉沫的形成机理分析
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倪雷
汽车工艺与材料 | 材料应用 2024,(8): 50-54
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汽车工艺与材料 | 材料应用 2024, (8): 50-54
新能源汽车空调出风中白色粉沫的形成机理分析
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倪雷
作者信息
  • 上海汽车集团股份有限公司乘用车公司, 上海 201804
  • 倪雷(1979—),男,高级工程师,学士学位,研究方向为乘用车金属材料。

Analysis of the Blowing White Powder from the Air Conditioning Box of New Energy Vehicles
Lei Ni
Affiliations
  • SAIC Motor Passenger Vehicle Company, Shanghai 201804
出版时间: 2024-08-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230404
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通过能谱、金相检测,对路试车空调出风中夹杂的白色粉末进行了分析,确认该粉末是蒸发器腐蚀后形成的铝氧化物。红外检测和耐腐蚀性试验结果表明,在潮湿环境中,蒸发器在Cu的催化作用下发生了电偶腐蚀。采取了更换材料和采用耐腐蚀性更强的钝化、亲水药水的解决措施,有效解决了蒸发器腐蚀,导致空调出风时吹出白色粉末的问题。

空调箱  /  蒸发器  /  白色粉末  /  腐蚀

The problem of blowing white powder from the air conditioning box of the test car is analyzed by means of energy spectrum and metallographic analysis, and it is confirmed that white powder is an oxide of aluminum formed after corrosion of the evaporator. Through infrared and corrosion resistance test analysis, the results show that the serious corrosion is caused by the evaporator in a humid environment in which galvanic corrosion occurred under the catalysis of Cu. The solutions such as replacing materials and using passivation and hydrophilic chemicals with higher corrosion resistance are proposed so as to effectively solve the problem of blowing white powder in air conditioning boxes because of the evaporator’s corrosion.

Air conditioning box  /  Evaporator  /  White powder  /  Corrosion
倪雷. 新能源汽车空调出风中白色粉沫的形成机理分析. 汽车工艺与材料, 2024 , (8) : 50 -54 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230404
Lei Ni. Analysis of the Blowing White Powder from the Air Conditioning Box of New Energy Vehicles[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2024 , (8) : 50 -54 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230404
汽车驾驶舱的热舒适性已成为评价汽车性能的重要指标之一,而车载空调性能直接影响热舒适性,空调箱是车载空调的重要组成部分。空调箱总成内部有两大芯体,即制冷系统的蒸发器芯体和制热功能的暖风芯体。空调箱总成零件还包括鼓风机、过滤器、风门、风门电机、鼓风机调速模块、线束、蒸发器管路及膨胀阀、暖风芯体管路、风道、壳体、出风口海绵、排水管等[1]。空调箱制冷需配备蒸发器,蒸发器由扁管、翅片、边板、水室和管道等部件钎焊焊接而成,所使用的材料为导热良好的铝合金。空调箱的工作原理是:压缩机向蒸发器内部管道充入低温液态制冷剂,外部空气流过蒸发器时,热量被带走,形成冷空气进入驾驶舱,使驾驶舱降温。在制冷过程中,空气中的水汽会在蒸发器表面冷凝,形成液态水附着,最后通过蒸发或空调箱内的排水口排出。
近年来,多个品牌的新能源车型发生过空调出风中出现白色粉末的问题,该问题与蒸发器有关。本文对某纯电动汽车项目开发阶段空调出风含白色粉末的问题进行研究,分析空调箱蒸发器失效的原因和机理,并提出改进措施。
为保证整车项目质量,在产品开发中,会对其进行材料级、零部件级及整车级的测试和验证,以确保量产车辆的质量可靠性及稳定性。在开发中,蒸发器需要进行材料测试、零件耐腐蚀性和功能性测试,并通过整车各项试验进行考核。某纯电动汽车开发中,多辆试验车在整车路试过程中出现空调出风含白色粉末问题。拆解空调箱发现,白色粉末来自蒸发器的表面,如图1所示。
对失效蒸发器外观(图2)进行检查,可见蒸发器迎风面已失去铝合金的金属银色色彩,呈现黑色,且表面附着有较多的白色粉末,粉末分布不均匀,在气体流量较大的区域沉积更多,在蒸发器背风面白色粉末相对较少。失效件剖开后发现,迎风面扁管表面较背风面扁管表面附着有更多的白色粉末。
从腐蚀严重区域的表面选取粉末,并在中心部位截取翅片,利用蔡司扫描电镜对不同区域的白色粉末进行能谱检测,结果如图3图4所示。
由蒸发器腐蚀严重区域迎风面白色粉末和翅片表面白色粉末的能谱检测结果可知:
a. 蒸发器迎风面白色粉末中除含有O和Al外,还含有Cu,主要附着在迎风面,推测Cu为碳刷与电机铜转子工作中的磨损产物;
b. 白色粉末中检测出S,推测S元素来自于自然环境,如大气。
该蒸发器表面采用了钝化、亲水处理,在表面形成了氧化膜和有机薄膜,使其具有亲水性,有利于冷凝水在蒸发器表面铺开,提升了蒸发器的防腐性能。氧化膜和有机薄膜非常薄,无法通过金相进行检测,故采用红外光谱对失效件表面进行检测,鉴别失效件是否经过了钝化和亲水处理。为便于分析,同时对未钝化亲水处理的新件、钝化亲水处理的新件、失效件及白色粉末进行红外检测,结果如图5所示。对比结果可知,失效件具有与亲水处理零件相近的波峰及曲线,因此,失效件表面经过了钝化亲水处理。
随机选取腐蚀区域进行剖切,可以看出翅片和扁管均出现明显的腐蚀,扁管腐蚀更严重,局部腐蚀深度达到61.3 μm,如图6所示。
对失效件和入库线上合格新件的翅片、扁管材料表面进行能谱仪(Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy,EDS)能谱检测,结果如图7图8所示。对比EDS能谱可知,失效件与新件元素无明显差异。
蒸发器生产过程经过钎焊、钝化、亲水处理。分别选取仅钎焊、钎焊+钝化、钎焊+钝化+亲水处理的3种不同工艺状态的产品进行360 h和720 h的中性盐雾试验。中性盐雾试验后零件表面形貌如图9图10所示,相对钎焊状态产品,钝化、钝化+亲水处理的产品耐中性盐雾腐蚀性未见明显提升。
由能谱检测可知,蒸发器表面白色附着物中含有Cu。鼓风机电机碳刷中含有Cu,Cu能大幅降低铝的耐蚀性,增大点蚀倾向。为模拟Cu对蒸发器铝合金材料的腐蚀影响,将清洁的蒸发器零件及表面散布电机碳刷碎屑的蒸发器零件分别放入冷凝水箱(温度为40 ℃,100%的冷凝环境)中,进行耐腐蚀性比对试验,以确认Cu对蒸发器铝基体表面腐蚀的影响。试验经过48 h后,有电机碳刷碎屑的蒸发器表面产生了白色腐蚀物质,清洁的蒸发器产品放置240 h后,其表面未出现白色腐蚀物质,如图11所示。因此,Cu能够加速蒸发器的腐蚀。
综上,空调出风口白色粉末为蒸发器表面的白色粉末,白色粉末主要含有O、Al,并含有少量Cu,未检测到F、K等。由此可判断,白色粉末不是助焊剂(氟铝酸钾),而是蒸发器本体铝氧化物。
金相显示翅片和扁管局部出现腐蚀,因此,白色粉末是蒸发器腐蚀形成的铝的氧化物。白色粉末中Cu大概率来自于电机碳刷与转子的磨损,电机碳刷由石墨和Cu粉混合而成,工作中会与铜转子发生接触磨损,产生含Cu粉末,随风吹到蒸发器表面。
失效件的翅片和扁管EDS能谱检测结果与合格新件相同,与所选定的材料类型相匹配。基于失效件、新件及未钝化亲水的产品表面红外检测结果可知,失效件进行了钝化和亲水处理。因此,蒸发器材料正常,其腐蚀失效与零件材料本身无关。
蒸发器工作时,空气中水汽会在其表面形成冷凝水,空气中CO2、SO2、NO2等随之溶入,使冷凝水呈酸性,从而加速腐蚀;此外,碳刷磨损的含Cu粉末附着于蒸发器表面,也会加速其在潮湿环境中的腐蚀,原因是Cu与扁管或翅片铝材存在较大电位差,在潮湿环境中形成原电池效应,铝不断失去电子成为铝离子,最终形成氧化铝[2],潮湿程度及产生腐蚀的时间长短与空调实际工况有关。试验车型为纯电动汽车,空调箱所处环境的温度较燃油车低,因此,空调箱内部的冷凝水不易挥发,导致蒸发器表面更潮湿。
综上,空调箱白色粉末是由于在潮湿环境条件下和Cu的催化作用下,蒸发器发生了严重的电偶腐蚀,产生了大量白色的铝氧化物。
基于腐蚀机理,可通过提升蒸发器本体耐腐蚀性或避免产生Cu粉来解决该问题。因Cu粉来自鼓风机电刷和转子,要避免Cu粉的产生必须采用无刷电机,基于成本的考虑,采取提升蒸发器自身耐腐蚀性的措施解决白色粉末问题,包括提升基材的耐腐蚀性、表面钝化和提升亲水层的耐腐蚀性等。
基于冷凝水和中性盐雾试验结果,该蒸发器经钝化和亲水处理后的耐腐蚀性与仅钎焊相当。因此,当前钝化+亲水处理的药水对蒸发器的耐腐蚀性无明显提升,需要选择具有更好抗腐蚀性的钝化和亲水药水以提升该产品的耐腐蚀性。
此外,该蒸发器扁管材料为1系铝合金。相较于1系铝合金,3系铝合金添加了Mn元素,可降低Fe杂质的危害[3],提高其腐蚀电位,从而提高耐腐蚀性。翅片材料为3系铝合金,可降低翅片与扁管间的电位差,改善扁管的耐腐蚀性。因此,将扁管材料更换为3系铝合金,可有效提升蒸发器的耐腐蚀性。
通过对失效件的分析及交叉比对试验分析,可以得到以下结论:
a. 空调出风中含有白色粉末是由于蒸发器处于潮湿环境中,加之来自鼓风机碳刷磨损物中Cu的催化,导致蒸发器本体发生严重腐蚀,生成了大量的铝氧化物所致;
b. 蒸发器本体材料的耐腐蚀性相对较差是导致严重腐蚀的原因之一;
c. 将蒸发器扁管材料由1系切换为3系,并采用具更好抗腐蚀性的表面钝化和亲水药水,可有效提升蒸发器的耐腐蚀性能。改进后的车型在后续试验验证中未出现空调出风中含白色粉末问题,且售后表现良好,未出现相关抱怨。
参考文献 引证文献
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杨燕, 杨小红. 整车试制过程中空调系统的质量控制[J]. 上海汽车, 2018(1): 24-27.
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张卫星, 张学伟. 浅谈空调行业中铜铝换热器的腐蚀问题[J]. 制冷空调与电力机械, 2010, 31(131): 87-88+92.
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马景灵, 文九巴, 焦孟旺, 等. 合金元素Mn对铝合金阳极组织与性能的影响[J]. 腐蚀与防护, 2008, 29(11): 667-669.
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230404
  • 首发时间:2025-12-19
  • 出版时间:2024-08-20
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    上海汽车集团股份有限公司乘用车公司, 上海 201804
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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