Article(id=1208718301555986540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1208718299400106845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230429, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766110499990, onlineDateStr=2025-12-19, pubDate=1724083200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766110499990, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766110499990, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766110499990, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208718299400106845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2024', volume='', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='72', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766110499477, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766110499477, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=45, endPage=49, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208718301899919477, articleId=1208718301555986540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Design Research on Expanded Polypropylene (EPP) Heavy Truck Sleeper, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To achieve lightweight and energy saving and emission reduction of heavy trucks, load bearing condition (displacement change, bending, pictures of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and surface appearance) of Expanded Polypropylene (EPP) with different foaming ratios (10 times, 9 times and 8 times) is analyzed and studied based on the basic design criterion of EPP products. Through UG NX 11.0 simulation analysis software, the structural strength of different thicknesses (30 mm, 40 mm, 50 mm) is analyzed by finite element method, and combined with material properties and appearance surface effects, the optimal foaming ratio and thickness of EPP heavy truck sleeper are defined.

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为提高重型载货汽车轻量化效果,实现节能减排,依据发泡聚丙烯(EPP)制品设计基本准则,对不同发泡倍率EPP(10倍、9倍、8倍)的承重状态如位移变化、弯曲情况、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图、表面外观进行分析研究,通过UG NX 11.0高级仿真分析软件,利用有限元法对不同厚度(30 mm、40 mm、50 mm)EPP的结构强度进行分析,结合材料性能和外观表面效果确定了EPP材质重型载货汽车卧铺最佳发泡倍率及厚度。

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郑广通(1987—),男,工程师,硕士学位,研究方向为发泡聚丙烯应用。

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郑广通(1987—),男,工程师,硕士学位,研究方向为发泡聚丙烯应用。

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郑广通(1987—),男,工程师,硕士学位,研究方向为发泡聚丙烯应用。

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名称 规格 制造商
预压系统 20 m3 杭州皓华压力容器有限
公司
EPP成形
设备
FK-EPP1412 翡柯机械(福建)有限公司
EPP模具 1 400 mm×1 200 mm 苏州市佳腾精密模具有限公司
万能拉力试验机 INSTRON-5967 英斯特朗试验设备贸易有限公司
噪声振动测量仪 AWA5661 杭州爱华仪器有限公司
游标卡尺 DL911504 宁波得力文具有限公司
直尺 0~1 000 mm 宁波得力文具有限公司
卷尺 0~1 000 mm 宁波得力文具有限公司
小型双螺杆挤出机 AK22 南京科亚化工成套装备有限公司
发泡釜 0.5 m3 南通华兴高压釜有限公司
电子秤 0.1~10 kg 瑞安市浩展衡器有限公司
微电脑式纸箱
抗压机
HD-A501-1500 厦门海达精密仪器有限
公司
邵氏
硬度计
LX-F 西安云仪仪器仪表有限公司
红外
测温仪
UT300A 优利德科技(中国)股份有限公司
扫描电子显微镜 S-4800 日本日立集团
), ArticleFig(id=1208739443951924225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1208718301555986540, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验设备

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 规格 制造商
预压系统 20 m3 杭州皓华压力容器有限
公司
EPP成形
设备
FK-EPP1412 翡柯机械(福建)有限公司
EPP模具 1 400 mm×1 200 mm 苏州市佳腾精密模具有限公司
万能拉力试验机 INSTRON-5967 英斯特朗试验设备贸易有限公司
噪声振动测量仪 AWA5661 杭州爱华仪器有限公司
游标卡尺 DL911504 宁波得力文具有限公司
直尺 0~1 000 mm 宁波得力文具有限公司
卷尺 0~1 000 mm 宁波得力文具有限公司
小型双螺杆挤出机 AK22 南京科亚化工成套装备有限公司
发泡釜 0.5 m3 南通华兴高压釜有限公司
电子秤 0.1~10 kg 瑞安市浩展衡器有限公司
微电脑式纸箱
抗压机
HD-A501-1500 厦门海达精密仪器有限
公司
邵氏
硬度计
LX-F 西安云仪仪器仪表有限公司
红外
测温仪
UT300A 优利德科技(中国)股份有限公司
扫描电子显微镜 S-4800 日本日立集团
), ArticleFig(id=1208739444044197891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1208718301555986540, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材质 10倍EPP 9倍EPP 8倍EPP
位移变化/mm 35 33 31
弯曲情况 未出现断裂现象 未出现断裂现象 未出现断裂现象
), ArticleFig(id=1208739444149055495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1208718301555986540, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同倍率发泡聚丙烯承重比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材质 10倍EPP 9倍EPP 8倍EPP
位移变化/mm 35 33 31
弯曲情况 未出现断裂现象 未出现断裂现象 未出现断裂现象
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EPP材质重型载货汽车卧铺的设计研究
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郑广通 1 , 叶明 1 , 倪忠斌 2 , 施冬健 2 , 曾佳 1
汽车工艺与材料 | 材料应用 2024,(8): 45-49
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汽车工艺与材料 | 材料应用 2024, (8): 45-49
EPP材质重型载货汽车卧铺的设计研究
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郑广通1, 叶明1, 倪忠斌2, 施冬健2, 曾佳1
作者信息
  • 1 无锡会通轻质材料股份有限公司, 无锡 214000
  • 2 江南大学化学与材料工程学院, 无锡 214122
  • 郑广通(1987—),男,工程师,硕士学位,研究方向为发泡聚丙烯应用。

Design Research on Expanded Polypropylene (EPP) Heavy Truck Sleeper
Guangtong Zheng1, Ming Ye1, Zhongbin Ni2, Dongjian Shi2, Jia Zeng1
Affiliations
  • 1 WuXi Hi-Tec Environmental Material Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214021
  • 2 School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122
出版时间: 2024-08-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230429
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为提高重型载货汽车轻量化效果,实现节能减排,依据发泡聚丙烯(EPP)制品设计基本准则,对不同发泡倍率EPP(10倍、9倍、8倍)的承重状态如位移变化、弯曲情况、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图、表面外观进行分析研究,通过UG NX 11.0高级仿真分析软件,利用有限元法对不同厚度(30 mm、40 mm、50 mm)EPP的结构强度进行分析,结合材料性能和外观表面效果确定了EPP材质重型载货汽车卧铺最佳发泡倍率及厚度。

发泡聚丙烯(EPP)  /  重型载货汽车卧铺  /  发泡倍率  /  有限元分析

To achieve lightweight and energy saving and emission reduction of heavy trucks, load bearing condition (displacement change, bending, pictures of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and surface appearance) of Expanded Polypropylene (EPP) with different foaming ratios (10 times, 9 times and 8 times) is analyzed and studied based on the basic design criterion of EPP products. Through UG NX 11.0 simulation analysis software, the structural strength of different thicknesses (30 mm, 40 mm, 50 mm) is analyzed by finite element method, and combined with material properties and appearance surface effects, the optimal foaming ratio and thickness of EPP heavy truck sleeper are defined.

Expanded Polypropylene (EPP)  /  Heavy truck sleeper  /  Foaming ratio  /  Finite element analysis
郑广通, 叶明, 倪忠斌, 施冬健, 曾佳. EPP材质重型载货汽车卧铺的设计研究. 汽车工艺与材料, 2024 , (8) : 45 -49 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230429
Guangtong Zheng, Ming Ye, Zhongbin Ni, Dongjian Shi, Jia Zeng. Design Research on Expanded Polypropylene (EPP) Heavy Truck Sleeper[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2024 , (8) : 45 -49 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230429
研究表明,汽车整车质量降低10%,燃油效率可提高6%~8%。汽车车身约占汽车总质量的30%,空载工况下,约70%的油耗用于车身质量。减轻车身质量,发动机输出的动力更大,加速度更高,车辆操控性和起步加速性能更好,制动距离也会缩短。重型载货汽车轻量化是提高整车燃油经济性、降低汽车CO2排放的有效措施之一,也是目前重型载货汽车节能减排最现实且最有效的技术措施[1-2]
近年来,国家出台系列交通运输政策,各主机厂从追求基础参数优势逐步转移至追求轻量化和舒适性[3-6],货物装载量和驾乘体验舒适性也成为主机厂的设计目标。
目前,重型载货汽车的卧铺工具箱多采用钣金件冲压成形或工程塑料注塑成形的箱体,箱盖由木板加工而成,零件多、组装复杂、质量大、装配效率低下。同时,其材质成形工艺复杂,模具成本高。
发泡聚丙烯(Expanded Polypropylene,EPP)作为一种高强度的轻质发泡材料,可以同时满足高强度和轻量化的需求,在乘用车保险杠、工具箱、座椅、遮阳板上已有应用,具有轻量化、安全、降噪的优势。本文研究低能耗、高刚性发泡聚丙烯在重型载货汽车卧铺工具箱上的应用,在满足卧铺基本功能的前提下,实现轻量化目标。
制备EPP重型载货汽车卧铺所用设备如表1所示。
根据本文研究的低能耗发泡聚丙烯制备方法,确定材料的各项参数,结合卧铺工具箱的车身环境、使用要求和法规政策,设计卧铺工具箱结构。通过材料密度确定模具收缩率,根据相关参数设计模具3D图,通过铸造、线切割、数控加工(Computer Numerical Control,CNC)、组装、精加工、添加气塞、皮纹处理、表面涂覆等生产工序制造出模具。模具选用铝材质,质量轻、导热率高、成本低、制作周期短。
将检验合格的模具安装在发泡聚丙烯生产设备上,设备参数需要满足:饱和蒸汽主管道压力高于0.7 MPa,压缩空气压力高于0.6 MPa,冷却水压力高于0.5 MPa。
成形前首先需要经过预压阶段,将发泡聚丙烯珠粒通过管道吸入预压罐罐体内,根据设定的预压程序加压(6 h内由标准大气压匀速升至0.03 MPa,后降至0.02 MPa,稳定2 h)。预压完成后,进入模压成形阶段,将预压好的发泡聚丙烯珠粒通过管道输送至临时储料罐,模具启动后,再通过料管输送入模具中,通过调节成形机的各项工艺参数进行制件成形,成形后的制件置于温度为80 ℃的鼓风烘箱内保温6 h后,自然降至室温,即为发泡聚丙烯成形制件,用于后续表征[7-8]
具体成形阶段流程如下:
a. 充填阶段:启动模压成形机,将预压好的泡沫珠粒输送至临时储料罐中,此时模具为合模状态,通过料管、料枪将临时储料罐中的泡沫珠粒输送到模具中。
b. 穿透加热阶段:该阶段分为固模单面穿透加热和移模单面穿透加热,影响产品内部熔接熟化度,调节的工艺参数有加热压力和加热时间,单面加热蒸汽压力为0.06~0.12 MPa,加热时间为8~10 s。
c. 双面加热阶段:固模和移模同时加热,该阶段影响产品表面外观和熔接熟化度,调节的工艺参数有蒸汽压力和加热时间,双面加热蒸汽压力为0.28~0.32 MPa,加热时间为15~20 s。
d. 冷却阶段:通过模具内部的水管水路冷却模具和产品,调节的工艺参数为冷却时间,冷却结束后完成脱模。
e. 烘干阶段:脱模后的制品进入烘干房进行尺寸定型,主要目的是消除发泡聚丙烯制品的内应力,调节的工艺参数有烘干温度和烘干时间,烘干温度设置为80 ℃,烘干时间为12 h。
根据重型载货汽车试验要求大纲验证卧铺工具箱强度。一般采用以下试验:将制作完成的各模块工具箱置于工装上安装固定,放置于抗压机平台,在每个区域选取中间位置,压头的接触面尺寸为400 mm×400 mm,静态加载力至2 000 N,记录加载力F和位移变化X,如图1所示。本章中研究的卧铺工具箱分为左、中、右3个区域,根据以上试验方法分别进行承重强度研究,获取加载力F和位移变化X[9-10]
将制备好的尺寸(长×宽×高)为700 mm×960 mm×25 mm的3种发泡倍率的聚丙烯泡沫制品(10倍、9倍、8倍)以及原方案木板放置于工装上,按照主机厂提供的承重标准测试要求,静态加载力至2 000 N,观察弯曲变形情况并记录位移变化,具体数值如表2所示。
表2可知,厚度为25 mm的10倍、9倍和8倍的发泡聚丙烯泡沫制品均未出现弯曲断裂,而位移变化均大于30 mm,因此,可作为盖板选材,但厚度必须大于25 mm。
图2所示为不同发泡倍率EPP的扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)图,由图2可知,不同发泡倍率的EPP的SEM图均呈现蜂窝状结构,随着发泡倍率的提高,泡孔尺寸增大,当发泡倍率达到10倍时,泡孔尺寸分布呈现不均匀趋势,泡孔尺寸过大会导致材料力学性能下降,施加相同外力时位移也会变大。若发泡聚丙烯珠粒内部泡孔过大,单个聚丙烯珠粒的承载力将受到一定影响;若发泡聚丙烯珠粒内部泡孔过小,成形能耗将增大。结合成本及性能限制,重型载货汽车卧铺用EPP的发泡倍率选择10倍为宜。
根据车身边界数据,设计了3种厚度的EPP卧铺工具箱结构三维数据,利用仿真软件UG NX 11.0,通过有限元法对结构强度进行分析。
a. 厚度为30 mm:产品质量为10.8 kg,利用模拟仿真分析软件,选择四面体建立有限元模型,对边界条件进行约束,特别是固定位置,在固定孔完全固定的情况下,根据该主机厂承重要求,利用加载位置将静态载荷加载至2 000 N,计算出Z向的位移变化,如图3所示。
厚度为30 mm的EPP卧铺工具箱与原方案的质量(25.6 kg)相比降低57.8%,轻量化满足主机厂要求的大于50%。但通过分析图3计算的Z向位移变化数值,当加载力达到2 000 N时,左箱体、中箱体、右箱体的位移变化分别为40 mm、38 mm、36 mm,产生了较大变形弯曲,不符合主机厂位移变化不超过30 mm的要求,无法满足卧铺工具箱承重要求。
b. 厚度为40 mm:产品质量为12.6 kg,采用相同建模和加载方式,可以计算出Z向的位移变化,结果图4所示。
厚度为40 mm的EPP卧铺工具箱与原方案质量(25.6 kg)相比降低50.7%,满足主机厂要求。通过分析图4计算的Z向位移变化数值,加载力为2 000 N时,左箱体、中箱体、右箱体的位移变化分别为28 mm、26 mm、25.8 mm,变形位移符合主机厂要求,满足卧铺工具箱承重要求。
c. 厚度为50 mm:产品质量为15.2 kg,采用相同建模和加载方式,计算出Z向的位移变化,结果如图5所示。
图5可知,加载力为2 000 N时,左箱体、中箱体、右箱体的位移变化分别为20 mm、18 mm、16 mm,变形位移符合主机厂要求,满足卧铺工具箱承重要求。但厚度为50 mm的EPP卧铺工具箱与原方案质量(25.6 kg)比降低40.6%,不满足主机厂减重大于50%的要求。
本文研究了10倍、9倍和8倍的发泡聚丙烯泡沫珠粒在尺寸为450 mm×350 mm×60 mm的模具中的成形效果,泡沫制品表面情况如图6所示。
图6a为10倍EPP泡沫制品的成形表面,同一区域出现凹坑现象;图10b为9倍EPP泡沫制品的表面,同一区域出现少量凹坑;图10c为8倍EPP泡沫制品的成形表面,平整度高,无凹坑现象。密度越高,粒径越小,单位体积填充珠粒越多,在模压成形的填料阶段,单位面积输送粒子数量越多,珠粒充填进入模具腔体后,针对大尺寸、大面积、高度较高的泡沫制品,容易产生进料不足,导致缺料。考虑到成本,宜选用10倍EPP材料作为卧铺工具箱材料。
发泡聚丙烯泡沫制品因其材质特性,可为重型载货汽车卧铺工具箱提供轻量化、降成本等解决方案,结合超临界二氧化碳釜式发泡工艺,整个发泡过程未发生化学变化,无化学发泡剂添加,可有效降低驾驶室VOC排放量,提高驾驶室舒适性。
通过对不同发泡倍率的发泡聚丙烯EPP(10倍、9倍、8倍)进行承重(位移变化、弯曲情况,SEM、外观)分析,对于重型载货汽车卧铺,EPP在发泡倍率为10倍及以下可以满足承重及外观使用要求,结合轻量化及成本因素,选定10倍为宜。通过仿真分析结果可知,在设计EPP卧铺工具箱三维数据结构时,各方向厚度应选取40 mm为主要尺寸,局部薄壁部分的EPP厚度不低于10 mm为宜。
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2024年第卷第8期
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230429
  • 首发时间:2025-12-19
  • 出版时间:2024-08-20
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    1 无锡会通轻质材料股份有限公司, 无锡 214000
    2 江南大学化学与材料工程学院, 无锡 214122
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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