Article(id=1208718299995698013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1208718299400106845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230332, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766110499618, onlineDateStr=2025-12-19, pubDate=1724083200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766110499618, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766110499618, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766110499618, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208718299400106845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2024', volume='', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='72', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766110499477, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766110499477, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=27, endPage=32, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208718300217996126, articleId=1208718299995698013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Research on Forming Quality of Adhesive-Rivet Composite Joint, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study focuses on the adhesive-rivet composite connection of automotive body dissimilar metal sheets. A finite element model of adhesive riveting and self-piercing riveting composite connection established using Simufact Forming software. The upper plate made of 1mm DC04 steel plate, and the lower plate made of 2 mm 5052 aluminum alloy plate. The adhesive-rivet composite connection process using epoxy resin structural adhesive simulated using finite element analysis. By analyzing the specific parameters of the internal locking value, nail head height, and remaining thickness of the adhesive-rivet composite joint by changing the height of the rivet, the depth of the concave mold, the height of the convex platform, and the pressing speed, it found that the optimal forming process achieved when the rivet height 5 mm, the diameter of the concave mold 10 mm, the depth of the concave mold 1.9 mm, the height of the convex platform 0.9 mm, and the pressing speed 45 mm/s. And the simulation results are verified through riveting equipment, and the trend of riveting force change in both results the same as the shear tensile failure mode. The error of joint characterization parameters within 10%, which further verified the high reliability of Simufact Forming software.

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以汽车车身异种金属板料的胶铆复合连接为研究对象,利用Simufact Forming软件建立胶接与自冲铆接复合连接的有限元模型,上板采用1 mm DC04钢板、下板采用2 mm 5052铝合金板,对采用环氧树脂结构胶的胶铆复合连接过程进行有限元仿真。通过改变铆钉高度、凹模深度、凸台高度及下压速度分析胶铆复合接头的内锁值、钉头高度、剩余厚度的具体参数,得出铆钉高度5 mm、凹模直径10 mm、凹模深度1.9 mm、凸台高度0.9 mm、下压速度为45 mm/s时成形最佳。通过铆接设备对仿真结果进行验证,两者结果中铆接力变化趋势与剪切拉伸失效模式相同,接头表征参数误差均在10%以内,进而验证了Simufact Forming软件的可靠性较高。

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谢昊东(1996—),男,硕士学位,研究方向为汽车轻量化板料先进成形技术。

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谢昊东(1996—),男,硕士学位,研究方向为汽车轻量化板料先进成形技术。

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铆钉高度
/mm
凹模深度
/mm
凸台高度
/mm
下压速度
/mm·s-1
1.7 0.7 5
4 1.8 0.8 15
5 1.9 0.9 25
6 2.0 1.0 35
2.1 1.1 45
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铆钉高度
/mm
凹模深度
/mm
凸台高度
/mm
下压速度
/mm·s-1
1.7 0.7 5
4 1.8 0.8 15
5 1.9 0.9 25
6 2.0 1.0 35
2.1 1.1 45
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胶铆复合连接接头成形质量研究
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谢昊东 , 张红霞 , 李兵 , 张鹏 , 覃宇
汽车工艺与材料 | 生产现场 2024,(8): 27-32
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汽车工艺与材料 | 生产现场 2024, (8): 27-32
胶铆复合连接接头成形质量研究
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谢昊东, 张红霞, 李兵, 张鹏, 覃宇
作者信息
  • 湖北汽车工业学院, 十堰 442002
  • 谢昊东(1996—),男,硕士学位,研究方向为汽车轻量化板料先进成形技术。

Research on Forming Quality of Adhesive-Rivet Composite Joint
Haodong Xie, Hongxia Zhang, Bing Li, Peng Zhang, Yu Qin
Affiliations
  • Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002
出版时间: 2024-08-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230332
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以汽车车身异种金属板料的胶铆复合连接为研究对象,利用Simufact Forming软件建立胶接与自冲铆接复合连接的有限元模型,上板采用1 mm DC04钢板、下板采用2 mm 5052铝合金板,对采用环氧树脂结构胶的胶铆复合连接过程进行有限元仿真。通过改变铆钉高度、凹模深度、凸台高度及下压速度分析胶铆复合接头的内锁值、钉头高度、剩余厚度的具体参数,得出铆钉高度5 mm、凹模直径10 mm、凹模深度1.9 mm、凸台高度0.9 mm、下压速度为45 mm/s时成形最佳。通过铆接设备对仿真结果进行验证,两者结果中铆接力变化趋势与剪切拉伸失效模式相同,接头表征参数误差均在10%以内,进而验证了Simufact Forming软件的可靠性较高。

数值模拟  /  胶铆复合连接  /  接头成形

This study focuses on the adhesive-rivet composite connection of automotive body dissimilar metal sheets. A finite element model of adhesive riveting and self-piercing riveting composite connection established using Simufact Forming software. The upper plate made of 1mm DC04 steel plate, and the lower plate made of 2 mm 5052 aluminum alloy plate. The adhesive-rivet composite connection process using epoxy resin structural adhesive simulated using finite element analysis. By analyzing the specific parameters of the internal locking value, nail head height, and remaining thickness of the adhesive-rivet composite joint by changing the height of the rivet, the depth of the concave mold, the height of the convex platform, and the pressing speed, it found that the optimal forming process achieved when the rivet height 5 mm, the diameter of the concave mold 10 mm, the depth of the concave mold 1.9 mm, the height of the convex platform 0.9 mm, and the pressing speed 45 mm/s. And the simulation results are verified through riveting equipment, and the trend of riveting force change in both results the same as the shear tensile failure mode. The error of joint characterization parameters within 10%, which further verified the high reliability of Simufact Forming software.

Numerical simulation  /  Adhesive-rivet  /  composite connection  /  Joint forming
谢昊东, 张红霞, 李兵, 张鹏, 覃宇. 胶铆复合连接接头成形质量研究. 汽车工艺与材料, 2024 , (8) : 27 -32 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230332
Haodong Xie, Hongxia Zhang, Bing Li, Peng Zhang, Yu Qin. Research on Forming Quality of Adhesive-Rivet Composite Joint[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2024 , (8) : 27 -32 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230332
汽车轻量化技术是提高汽车动力性的重要措施[1-2],在车身结构中采用钢与铝合金连接的方式,可以充分发挥材料的性能优势并实现车身轻量化,提高车辆的综合性能[3]。而自冲铆接作为一种新型板材连接技术,具有无热辐射、无火花、无废料、低能耗、低噪声以及能与粘合剂和润滑剂相容等诸多优点[4]。自冲铆接连接技术越来越受到重视[5],且高效的机械连接和胶接连接技术相结合的需求越来越急迫[6],但自冲铆接技术对于不同材质、厚度、硬度的接头组合需要不同的铆钉和铆模,因而对于不同材料的自冲铆接工艺开发成本较高,这在一定程度上阻碍了自冲铆接技术的应用[7]。因此,采用模拟仿真的方式分析不同铆钉及凹模对自冲铆接接头的影响选取最优的组合进行试验分析,可以大幅降低成本。
近年来,学者对自冲铆接技术的模拟仿真进行了大量研究。解宇等[8]采用有限元方法对自冲铆接工艺过程和接头拉伸剪切过程进行数值模拟,并与试验结果进行对比分析,模拟结果和试验结果吻合较好。扶文生等[9]基于有限元及力学试验结果分析了接头的成形机理、力学性能及失效行为。结果表明,采用36MnB4硼钢铆钉和平模制备的接头成形质量更高。蔡昌友等[10]通过分析多个铆点的不同铆接路径对铝钢薄板连接变形的影响得到多个铆点作用下的变形量大于单铆点的结论。陈贵坤等[11]以Simufact Forming 16.0软件建立铝合金自冲铆接的仿真模型,发现钉脚张开度、铆钉材料径向流速和铆接的最大冲压载荷均随着铆钉高度的增加而增大。祁爱萍[12]通过Simufact建立了压缩成形数值仿真模型,验证了仿真软件的可靠性。伊日贵等[13]基于仿真软件研究5754铝合金与双相钢的自冲铆接过程,发现最大剪切力互锁值与和底部最小厚度有关。周泽杰[14]利用Deform-2D有限元软件建立半空心铆钉自冲铆接有限元模型,对铝/钢自冲铆接成形工艺过程及应力分布情况进行分析,发现铆钉应力集中在铆钉胫上端,下板应力集中在铆钉脚与下板接触区域。张启森[15]利用Deform-2D数值模拟软件及自冲铆接设备进行试验,验证了正交试验及有限元模拟应用于铝钢异种板材自冲铆接成形工艺参数优化的正确性。
通过建立胶铆复合连接仿真模型,研究所需铆钉及凹模的最佳参数,为异种金属胶铆复合连接工艺提供参考。
为研究半空心铆钉不同高度及凹模不同参数对添加结构胶自冲铆接接头成形的影响,探索出适合胶铆复合连接的铆钉与凹模尺寸。上板选用1 mm厚的DC04钢板,下层选用2 mm厚的5052铝合金板,粘接剂为3M-DP460环氧树脂结构胶。首先确定铆钉的参数,如图1a所示,凹模参数如图1b所示,图中H为铆钉高度,h为凸台高度,L为凹模深度。在仿真软件中改变铆钉与凹模的不同参数如表1所示,最后探索出铆钉与凹模最佳的适配工艺参数。
Simufact Forming软件中有自冲铆接模块,用于自冲铆接工艺模拟,本次模拟选用Simufact Forming 14.0进行模拟。考虑自冲铆接工艺的特殊性,可以采用2D轴对称的方法模拟,本次仿真对其一半的冲头、压边圈、铆钉、胶层、凹模、上板和下板进行模拟,模拟完成后可以在显示结果中补齐另一半。
Simufact中自带材料库,因此上、下层板材材料所采用的DC04钢、5052铝合金以及胶层和铆钉可以从材料库中直接导入。运动模型采用机械液压机进行自冲铆接,冲头运行速度设置为5 mm/s。弹簧模具模型设置在压边圈上,弹簧为释放状态,方向z轴,刚度500 N/mm,初始力2 kN。摩擦模型选用库伦-剪切摩擦,库仑摩擦系数设定为0.1,剪切摩擦设定系数为0.1。温度模型默认模具和工件传热温度都为20 ℃。网格划分的质量会影响仿真结果的准确性,为减少计算时间,对上、下板材与胶层待铆接区域进行局部细化。铆钉的网格划分选择Quadtree网格,并设定网格的大小为0.09 mm,由于铆钉比板材的硬度大,与板材接触时只有边缘会发生较小形变,所以仅细化铆钉边缘网格即可,设置最大粗化值为2 mm。胶层和板材的网格划分选用Advancing Front Quad网格,设定网格大小为0.15 mm。胶层网格大小设置为0.03 mm。细化后的材料网格如图2所示,考虑上板和胶层在铆钉受力刺入发生塑性变形后会断裂,所以设置上板分离距离0.1 mm,胶层分离距离0.03 mm。主要接触关系设定胶层与上、下板为粘接,与铆钉为接触,其余部位均为接触。
自冲铆接仿真结果如图3所示,在液压机的作用下冲头向下运动,推动铆钉依次刺穿上板、胶层,最后嵌入下板形成互锁,最后冲头下压至预定的行程后撤回。在结果中的测量中可以看到如图4所示的自动测量接头的内锁值、钉头高度和剩余厚度。
为比较不同铆钉高度对异种金属胶铆复合连接接头的适配度,选取高度分别为4 mm、5 mm和6 mm的铆钉进行仿真,得出铆钉高度与内锁值、钉头高度及剩余厚度之间的关系如图5所示,可以看出:4 mm高的铆钉高度过小,内锁值仅有0.151 mm;钉头高度保持在0.2 mm附近,而剩余厚度随着钉头高度的增加逐渐减小,6 mm高的铆钉高度过高,剩余厚度仅有0.073 mm,即将刺穿下板。在凹模固定不变时,铆接接头的内锁值随着铆钉高度的增加而增加。从仿真结果分析可得,5 mm的铆钉内锁值和剩余厚度在3种高度铆钉中形成的接头成形最佳,所以选取5 mm高铆钉继续进行仿真研究。
首先分析凹模深度对胶铆复合接头成形质量的影响。选取凹模深度为1.7 mm、1.8 mm、1.9 mm、2.0 mm、2.1 mm的凹模进行仿真分析,其结果如图6所示。内锁值随着凹模深度的增加而逐渐减小,这是因为凹模容纳体积的增大,在铆接过程中,冲头下压距离一定,下板与凹模底部的距离增加,铆钉形成内锁需要的距离变长,内锁值会越来越小。钉头高度和剩余厚度随凹模深度增加而增加,凸台会减小凹模的容纳体积,为继续分析凸台高度对接头成形的影响,后续选择凹模深度为1.9 mm继续进行仿真分析。
为继续分析凹模凸台高度对胶铆复合接头成形的影响,本次模拟使用凸台高度为0.7 mm、0.8 mm、0.9 mm、1.0 mm、1.1 mm的凹模进行仿真。凸台高度对接头成形的影响如图7所示。由于增加了凹模的凸台,使得铆钉在铆接过程中更容易张开,相较于使用不增加凸台的凹模,接头的内锁值都显著提高。且随着内锁值的增大,钉头高度与剩余厚度均减小,内锁值在凸台高度为0.9 mm时最大,这是由于凸台高度增加至2.0 mm时,凹模所容纳的体积比上下板、胶层和铆钉占据的体积更小,下板提前与凹模侧壁接触,导致内锁值反而变小。综合比较可得,凸台高度为0.9 mm时,接头的成形质量最佳。
分别将下压速度设置为5 mm/s、15 mm/s、25 mm/s、35 mm/s、45 mm/s进行仿真分析,下压速度与接头质量成形的关系如图8所示。当下压速度增大时,钉头高度与剩余厚度呈逐渐减小的趋势,内锁值呈逐渐增大的趋势。在后处理中结果显示,下压速度5 mm/s、15 mm/s、25 mm/s、35 mm/s、45 mm/s所对应的最大冲压力分别为16.02 kN、16.12 kN、16.24 kN、16.37 kN、16.44 kN。最大冲压力随着下压速度的增加而增加,随着冲压力的增加,铆钉腿部的扩张程度增大,腿部的变形更加充分,更容易形成良好的内锁结构。
各组件在铆接过程中的等效应力分布如图9所示,铆钉的最大等效应力为820.97 MPa,应力主要集中在铆钉的颈部,凹模凸台的存在会将材料向外挤压,铆钉腿部即明显张开。上板的应力主要集中在铆钉刺入上板时的接触部位,另外被铆钉切下一部分存在于铆钉型腔内也存在应力集中。下板的应力主要集中在与铆钉接触的部位,由于铆钉在下板中扩张使下板变薄,应力随之增大。胶层在整个成形过程中被铆钉刺穿时产生应力,所受到的最大应力仅为0.63 MPa,这是环氧树脂结构胶容易被刺穿导致的。
为验证胶铆复合连接有限元仿真的准确性,采用自冲铆接设备进行铆接试验,并用线切割设备对接头进行切割,与仿真模拟结果进行对比。接头的制作由清理、涂胶、固化及铆接4个步骤完成。铆接试验板材选用与仿真中相同的上、下板材料,铆钉与凹模选用仿真结果中最优的一组参数,选择头部直径为7.45 mm、铆钉腿部直径为5.3 mm、高度为5 mm的铆钉,选用直径10 mm、深度1.9 mm、凸台高度0.9 mm的凹模,冲压速度设为45 mm/s。
图10所示为仿真过程与试验过程载荷-时间曲线的对比结果,从图10中可以看出,两曲线变化的趋势和数值都较为接近,开始时铆钉刺入上板,载荷开始逐渐提高,当铆钉接触到胶层时,受胶层的润滑作用影响,仿真和试样均存在一段短暂的载荷减小过程。在铆钉刺穿胶层接触下板时,载荷又逐渐上升,在铆接的最后阶段上下板与胶层完全充满凹模,载荷急剧上升。仿真中的峰值载荷为17 015 N,试验的峰值载荷为18 821 N,误差率为9.5%。
图11所示为相同条件下仿真接头与铆接试验接头的截面对比,仿真结果中胶铆复合接头的内锁值为0.482 mm,钉头高度为0.119 mm,剩余厚度为0.423 mm。试验接头的内锁值为0.451 mm,钉头高度为0.108 mm,剩余厚度为0.415 mm。误差分别为6.6%、9.2%、7.9%,各特征参数的误差都在10%以内,属于合理范围。
图12所示为剪切拉伸仿真与试验的对比结果,接头在剪切拉伸试验过程中均为初期胶铆接头胶层承担大部分力,板料受到剥离力,下板料发生变形。胶层开始失效,上板也发生变形,此时铆接承担小部分载荷。随后,胶层开始从钢板端失效,铆钉周围胶层几乎全部失效,胶层完全失效后,铆钉承受接头全部载荷,铆钉彻底脱离下板,最后接头彻底失效。
a.铆钉高度、凹模凸台高度的增加及下压速度对接头的影响为增大接头的内锁值,减小接头的剩余厚度;凹模深度的增加对接头的影响为减小接头的内锁值,增大接头的剩余厚度。
b.1 mm的DC04钢板与2 mm的5052铝板之间添加1 mm的环氧树脂结构胶的胶铆复合连接方式,与之适配的铆钉为5 mm高铆钉,凹模深度1.7 mm、凸台高度0.9 mm,下压速度为45 mm/s。
c.通过自冲铆接设备进行验证,得到铆接力变化趋势与仿真变化趋势大致相同,试验与仿真接头表征参数误差不超过10%,二者剪切拉伸失效模式相同,验证了仿真软件的可靠性。
  • 湖北省重点研发计划项目(2022AAA001)
  • 湖北省重点研发计划项目(2021BAB019)
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230332
  • 首发时间:2025-12-19
  • 出版时间:2024-08-20
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湖北省重点研发计划项目(2022AAA001)
湖北省重点研发计划项目(2021BAB019)
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    湖北汽车工业学院, 十堰 442002
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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