Article(id=1208718238595289832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1208718233222386276, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230364, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766110484980, onlineDateStr=2025-12-19, pubDate=1721404800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766110484980, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766110484980, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766110484980, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208718233222386276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2024', volume='', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='72', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766110483699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766110483699, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=45, endPage=48, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208718238905668340, articleId=1208718238595289832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Causes Analysis of Wear and Failure of Engine Valve Guide, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Currently, with the continuous improvement of engine performance, the working environment of the valve guide has become more harsh, so the failure problem of the valve guide has become more and more common. A comparative analysis of the durable and failed components of the engine exhaust valve guide is conducted to identify the causes of material failure. The wear resistance, microstructure, and porosity of the valve guide are studied. The results show that the wear test results of the 2 specimens are consistent with the bench test results, and the failed specimen experiences wear serious. The microstructure of both is consistent with a small amount of pearlite and a large amount of irregular pearlite and alloy phase and pores. The porosity results indicate that the durable specimen has a higher porosity ratio, storing more oil and with a density meeting the standard. However, the failed specimen has a large hole with a diameter of 100 μm, which reduces its wear resistance. Therefore, the cause of wear failure is identified as lower porosity and the existence of larger pores.

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随着发动机性能的不断提升,气门导管的工作环境也变得更为恶劣,导致气门导管的失效问题频发,对发动机排气门导管的耐久件和失效件进行对比分析寻找材料失效的原因。对导管的耐磨性能、显微组织和孔隙进行分析,结果表明,2个工件的耐磨试验结果符合台架试验结果,失效件磨损严重;2个样品的显微组织一致,均为少量珠光体+大量不规则珠光体+合金相+孔隙;耐久件孔隙率占比高,储油多且密度符合标准,失效件内部存在直径100 μm的大孔隙,降低耐磨性能。故导致磨损失效的原因为较低的孔隙率和存在较大的孔隙。

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郭福建(1990—),男,博士学位,研究方向为高性能钢铁材料设 计与应用技术研究。

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郭福建(1990—),男,博士学位,研究方向为高性能钢铁材料设 计与应用技术研究。

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郭福建(1990—),男,博士学位,研究方向为高性能钢铁材料设 计与应用技术研究。

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样品 化学元素
C Mo Cu S
A11D 1.5~2.0 1.0~1.5 1.5~2.0 0.5~1
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样品成分(质量分数) %

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样品 化学元素
C Mo Cu S
A11D 1.5~2.0 1.0~1.5 1.5~2.0 0.5~1
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发动机气门导管的磨损失效原因分析
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郭福建 1, 2 , 卢广义 2 , 刘文乐 2, 3 , 王学林 2, 3 , 尚成嘉 2, 3
汽车工艺与材料 | 材料应用 2024,(7): 45-48
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汽车工艺与材料 | 材料应用 2024, (7): 45-48
发动机气门导管的磨损失效原因分析
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郭福建1, 2, 卢广义2, 刘文乐2, 3, 王学林2, 3, 尚成嘉2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 广东海洋大学材料科学与工程学院, 阳江 529500
  • 2 阳江合金材料实验室, 阳江 529500
  • 3 北京科技大学新金属国家重点实验室, 北京 100083
  • 郭福建(1990—),男,博士学位,研究方向为高性能钢铁材料设 计与应用技术研究。

Causes Analysis of Wear and Failure of Engine Valve Guide
Fujian Guo1, 2, Guangyi Lu2, Wenle Liu2, 3, Xuelin Wang2, 3, Chengjia Shang2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang 529500
  • 2 Yangjiang Alloy Materials Laboratory, Yangjiang 529500
  • 3 State Key Laboratory of New Metals, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083
出版时间: 2024-07-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230364
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随着发动机性能的不断提升,气门导管的工作环境也变得更为恶劣,导致气门导管的失效问题频发,对发动机排气门导管的耐久件和失效件进行对比分析寻找材料失效的原因。对导管的耐磨性能、显微组织和孔隙进行分析,结果表明,2个工件的耐磨试验结果符合台架试验结果,失效件磨损严重;2个样品的显微组织一致,均为少量珠光体+大量不规则珠光体+合金相+孔隙;耐久件孔隙率占比高,储油多且密度符合标准,失效件内部存在直径100 μm的大孔隙,降低耐磨性能。故导致磨损失效的原因为较低的孔隙率和存在较大的孔隙。

气门导管  /  磨损失效  /  显微组织  /  孔隙

Currently, with the continuous improvement of engine performance, the working environment of the valve guide has become more harsh, so the failure problem of the valve guide has become more and more common. A comparative analysis of the durable and failed components of the engine exhaust valve guide is conducted to identify the causes of material failure. The wear resistance, microstructure, and porosity of the valve guide are studied. The results show that the wear test results of the 2 specimens are consistent with the bench test results, and the failed specimen experiences wear serious. The microstructure of both is consistent with a small amount of pearlite and a large amount of irregular pearlite and alloy phase and pores. The porosity results indicate that the durable specimen has a higher porosity ratio, storing more oil and with a density meeting the standard. However, the failed specimen has a large hole with a diameter of 100 μm, which reduces its wear resistance. Therefore, the cause of wear failure is identified as lower porosity and the existence of larger pores.

Valve guide  /  Wear failure  /  Microstructure  /  Pore
郭福建, 卢广义, 刘文乐, 王学林, 尚成嘉. 发动机气门导管的磨损失效原因分析. 汽车工艺与材料, 2024 , (7) : 45 -48 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230364
Fujian Guo, Guangyi Lu, Wenle Liu, Xuelin Wang, Chengjia Shang. Causes Analysis of Wear and Failure of Engine Valve Guide[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2024 , (7) : 45 -48 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230364
气门导管作为发动机的气门导向装置,能够起到对气门的导向作用,保证气门工作时做直线往复运动,使气门杆上的热量经气门导管传给气缸盖[1]。气门导管除承受高温外,还承受气门传动机构传给气门杆、又通过气门杆作用到气门导管上的侧压力。同时,气门杆与气门座构成的运动副之间没有润滑油,摩擦力较大,磨损较大。初代的气门导管材料为铸铁,其加工性能差、硬度低,满足当前对气门导管材料的要求,因此,目前气门导管多采用粉末冶金工艺制备[2]。因粉末冶金材料具有配置灵活的工艺特点,为了改善材料的导热性和耐磨性,可加入合金、硬质颗粒和润滑性的固体润滑剂,基于粉末冶金材料存在孔隙的特性对材料进行浸油处理,在工件工作时溢出油达到润滑效果。
随着发动机性能的不断提升,气门导管的工作环境也更为恶劣,故气门导管的失效问题越来越多,通过对经过台架试验未失效件/失效件的成分、密度、孔隙、组织和耐磨性能等进行检测和对比,分析造成耐磨差异的原因。
试验所用样品如图1所示,失效工件在工作中会在内壁发生偏磨等失效情况,其中未失效件密度为6.64 g/cm3,失效件密度为6.71 g/cm3
表1可知,样品含较高的C元素,同时具有Mo、Cu、S元素:Mo元素具有高温强度好、硬度高和密度大等特性;Cu元素能够促进烧结过程,对Fe具起固溶强化作用,提高材料强度;另一方面,铜熔化后会在基体内留下孔洞,所以铜也有调节产品尺寸的作用[3]。因为铜较铁更软,常被添加到铁基类自润滑含油轴承中,起到耐磨的作用。铜与磷或硼配合使用,在铁基粉末治金中,不仅能提高产品的摩擦性能,还能提高强度。铜在铁基粉末治金中还具有永久封闭孔隙的作用;MoS2化学稳定性好,摩擦因数低[3]
使用Leica智能倒置显微镜对材料的孔隙率进行表征统计;使用TESCAN/CLARA GMH扫描电镜进行组织观察;使用UlitmMax65型能谱仪确定相成分;使用HSR-2M型往复式摩擦磨损实验仪进行摩擦试验;使用Up S-Dual型3D光学轮廓仪对磨损表面形貌进行表征。
将试样表面依次用400、800、1 200、2 000目砂纸打磨至光亮,使用粒度为3.5 μm的金刚石喷雾在抛光盘上抛至无明显划痕,固定在摩擦试验机的夹具上,载荷为5 N,往复频次为250 次/min,试验时长为20 min。
得到的摩擦因数曲线如图2所示,摩擦初期摩擦因数大是由于加载开始时,接触点受到的冲击力使表面微凸体产生弹性变形,从而使得接触面积增大,摩擦因数相应增大,形成高峰[4],后摩擦因数会逐渐趋于稳定。15 min后摩擦因数稳定在0.4~0.5,未失效件的摩擦因数小于失效件,与台架试验结果相符。
利用光学轮廓仪采集摩擦试验后的试样表面信息,得到了如图3a图3b所示的结果。轮廓图上的每一个x点都在y方向上对应一条粗糙度曲线,通过对所有x点对应的粗糙度曲线进行均值计算,得到了粗糙度曲线如图3c图3d所示。这些曲线呈现出失效件的深度更深且磨损坑的宽度更大的特点。通过对粗糙度图的凹陷区域进行积分计算,得到未失效件的面积为1 549 μm2,失效件的面积为1 762 μm2,进一步表明失效件的磨损量更大,即失效件在摩擦试验中受到了更严重的磨损。
利用能谱仪(Energy Dispersive Spectrometer,EDS)对材料内部的成分分布进行了精细分析,结果如图4所示。从图4中可以看出,C元素主要偏聚在孔隙处,块状组织由MoS2和Cu构成,未失效件和失效件在合金元素的组成和分布状态上无差异。
由于偏磨现象常常发生在导管的中部位置,为了更好地研究导管的显微组织,选取材料中部位置的断面,并对该断面进行磨抛处理,使其表面光滑明亮。随后用4%的硝酸酒精侵蚀剂对磨抛后的表面进行侵蚀处理,利用扫描电镜对材料的显微组织进行观察分析,如图5所示。
图5a图5b中可以看到4个关键的区域,分别标记为点1、点2、点3和点4:
a. 点1为由MoS2和Cu构成的合金相。这种合金相在材料中起着润滑的作用,可以有效地减少摩擦和磨损。
b. 点2为材料中的孔隙。虽然这些孔隙对材料的强度和刚度有一定影响,但孔隙的能够储存机油,能够在导管工作时提供润滑的作用。
c. 点3为细密的珠光体组织。珠光体是一种具有高度片层结构的材料,其结构由铁素体和碳化物组成。这种细密的珠光体组织可以提高材料的强度和硬度。
d. 点4为不规则珠光体。这种珠光体的产生是由于MoS2分解产生的Mo导致的。由于Mo是一种强碳化物形成元素,它可以溶入铁晶格中,形成固溶体,从而引起铁晶格发生畸变。此外,Mo还可以影响珠光体转变时Fe、C的正常扩散及点阵重组,生成非层片状的不规则珠光体[5]
总的来说,未失效件与失效件的组织基本一致,都是由合金相、少量珠光体、大量不规则珠光体以及孔隙构成的。
导管材料使用粉末冶金工艺制作,其内部必然存在孔隙。气门杆在导管中运动时,仅靠配气机构飞溅出来的机油进行润滑是不够的,容易产生磨损,因此对材料进行浸油处理来提高润滑性能。孔隙的存在可以使材料存储更多的油来提高材料的润滑性和润滑持久性。
通过对磨抛光亮后的材料进行金相观察,可以直接观察到材料的孔隙,这些孔隙在图6a中以黑色区域呈现。利用Leica智能倒置显微镜对图像进行第二相统计,可对孔隙进行识别统计,如图6b所示的绿色区域为软件对孔隙的标记。
图6可知,无论是未失效件还是失效件,其内部都存在着孔隙。这些孔隙的存在,使得导管材料能够存储油来提高其耐磨性。然而,这两种材料在孔隙率上存在差异。未失效件的孔隙率达到了20%,而失效件的孔隙率则较低,为14%。尽管高的孔隙率能够提供更多的油存储空间,但如果孔隙率过高,会导致材料密度下降,从而影响到整体的材料强度,本文的导管材料的密度符合其标准6.3~6.8 g/cm3
从孔隙的大小形态上可以看出失效件存在部分较大的孔隙。这些较大的孔隙,其等效圆直径甚至达到了100 μm。这些较大的孔隙不仅会降低其附近材料的强度,而且在摩擦时还可能被逐渐放大,形成更大的空隙。
a. 未失效件和失效件的显微组织基本一致,都由合金相、少量珠光体、大量不规则珠光体以及孔隙构成。这种组织结构在材料的性能上表现出色,可以提供良好的润滑效果,同时具有较高的强度和硬度,以及较好的耐磨性和抗疲劳性能。
b. 孔隙的存在使得导管材料能够存储油来提高耐磨性,高的孔隙率带来高的储油率,但同时也会降低材料强度,应在保持材料密度符合标准的基础上提高孔隙率。
c. 孔隙的分布形态也会影响材料耐磨性能,失效件存在部分较大的孔隙,这些较大的孔隙不仅会降低其附近材料的强度,而且在摩擦时还可能被逐渐放大,形成更大的空隙,从而影响整个导管的使用寿命和性能。
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230364
  • 首发时间:2025-12-19
  • 出版时间:2024-07-20
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    1 广东海洋大学材料科学与工程学院, 阳江 529500
    2 阳江合金材料实验室, 阳江 529500
    3 北京科技大学新金属国家重点实验室, 北京 100083
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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