Article(id=1208718235294364097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1208718233222386276, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230248, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766110484193, onlineDateStr=2025-12-19, pubDate=1721404800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766110484193, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766110484193, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766110484193, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208718233222386276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2024', volume='', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='72', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766110483699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766110483699, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=34, endPage=39, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208718235525050818, articleId=1208718235294364097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Lightweight Application Study of Aluminum Alloy in New Energy Vehicle Frame, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the lightweight degree of the whole vehicle, according to the equal strength principle and iterative optimization method, a lightweight new energy tractor frame is designed by using 6082-T6 aluminum alloy extrusion and referring to the structure of steel frame. Through finite element modeling and simulation, simply supported beam simulation calculation, multi-channel bench simulation analysis and physical bench test, the static strength, bending stiffness, torsional fatigue strength performance are verified. The minimum safety factor of static strength of the final frame scheme is 1.11, the bending stiffness is 1.06×1013 N/mm, and the torsional fatigue test has not failed for 400 000 times. The results show that the newly designed frame of new energy tractor can meet the performance requirements and reduce weight by 40% on the basis of steel frame.

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为提升整车轻量化程度,依据等强度原理和迭代优化方法,采用6082-T6铝合金挤压型材,参考钢制车架结构,设计一种轻量化新能源牵引车车架。通过有限元建模仿真、简支梁模拟计算、多通道台架模拟分析和实物台架试验,对静强度、弯曲刚度、扭转疲劳强度性能进行安全验证,最终车架方案的静强度最小安全因子为1.11,弯曲刚度为1.06×1013 N/mm,且40万次扭转疲劳试验未失效。结果表明,新设计的新能源牵引车车架满足性能要求,在钢制车架基础上实现降重40%。

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张泽昭(1997—),男,助理工程师,学士学位,研究方向为材料成型及控制工程。

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张泽昭(1997—),男,助理工程师,学士学位,研究方向为材料成型及控制工程。

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张泽昭(1997—),男,助理工程师,学士学位,研究方向为材料成型及控制工程。

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试样编号 材料编号 抗拉强度
/MPa
规定非比例延伸强度/MPa 断后伸长率/%
1 6082-T6 318 266 10
2 6082-T6 313 262 9
3 6082-T6 313 263 9
4 7075-T6 546 464 9
5 7075-T6 542 463 8
6 7075-T6 549 466 10
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铝合金材料力学性能

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试样编号 材料编号 抗拉强度
/MPa
规定非比例延伸强度/MPa 断后伸长率/%
1 6082-T6 318 266 10
2 6082-T6 313 262 9
3 6082-T6 313 263 9
4 7075-T6 546 464 9
5 7075-T6 542 463 8
6 7075-T6 549 466 10
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零件 弯曲工况 扭转工况 转向工况 制动工况
纵梁 1.07 1.95 2.66 2.02
横梁 1.73 1.77 1.98 3.43
前端附件 4.01 2.78 5.63 3.26
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初版方案各工况下的最小安全因子

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零件 弯曲工况 扭转工况 转向工况 制动工况
纵梁 1.07 1.95 2.66 2.02
横梁 1.73 1.77 1.98 3.43
前端附件 4.01 2.78 5.63 3.26
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试样
编号
抗拉强度
/MPa
规定非比例
延伸强度/MPa
断后伸长率/%
1 532 360 18.5
2 502 336 17
3 513 350 18
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铝合金材料力学性能

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试样
编号
抗拉强度
/MPa
规定非比例
延伸强度/MPa
断后伸长率/%
1 532 360 18.5
2 502 336 17
3 513 350 18
), ArticleFig(id=1208832188469088507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1208718235294364097, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
零件 弯曲工况 扭转工况 转向工况 制动工况
纵梁 1.11 1.83 1.96 2.22
横梁 1.18 2.27 1.50 3.68
前端附件 6.64 2.81 5.53 3.26
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最终方案的最小安全因子

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零件 弯曲工况 扭转工况 转向工况 制动工况
纵梁 1.11 1.83 1.96 2.22
横梁 1.18 2.27 1.50 3.68
前端附件 6.64 2.81 5.53 3.26
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铝合金在新能源汽车车架中的轻量化应用研究
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张泽昭 , 谷雪松 , 李亚妮 , 冯坤 , 习吕鹏
汽车工艺与材料 | 材料应用 2024,(7): 34-39
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汽车工艺与材料 | 材料应用 2024, (7): 34-39
铝合金在新能源汽车车架中的轻量化应用研究
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张泽昭, 谷雪松, 李亚妮, 冯坤, 习吕鹏
作者信息
  • 陕西重型汽车有限公司, 西安 710200
  • 张泽昭(1997—),男,助理工程师,学士学位,研究方向为材料成型及控制工程。

Lightweight Application Study of Aluminum Alloy in New Energy Vehicle Frame
Zezhao Zhang, Xuesong Gu, Yani Li, Kun Feng, Lüpeng Xi
Affiliations
  • Shanxi Heavy Duty Automobile Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710200
出版时间: 2024-07-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230248
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为提升整车轻量化程度,依据等强度原理和迭代优化方法,采用6082-T6铝合金挤压型材,参考钢制车架结构,设计一种轻量化新能源牵引车车架。通过有限元建模仿真、简支梁模拟计算、多通道台架模拟分析和实物台架试验,对静强度、弯曲刚度、扭转疲劳强度性能进行安全验证,最终车架方案的静强度最小安全因子为1.11,弯曲刚度为1.06×1013 N/mm,且40万次扭转疲劳试验未失效。结果表明,新设计的新能源牵引车车架满足性能要求,在钢制车架基础上实现降重40%。

车架  /  铝合金  /  轻量化

In order to improve the lightweight degree of the whole vehicle, according to the equal strength principle and iterative optimization method, a lightweight new energy tractor frame is designed by using 6082-T6 aluminum alloy extrusion and referring to the structure of steel frame. Through finite element modeling and simulation, simply supported beam simulation calculation, multi-channel bench simulation analysis and physical bench test, the static strength, bending stiffness, torsional fatigue strength performance are verified. The minimum safety factor of static strength of the final frame scheme is 1.11, the bending stiffness is 1.06×1013 N/mm, and the torsional fatigue test has not failed for 400 000 times. The results show that the newly designed frame of new energy tractor can meet the performance requirements and reduce weight by 40% on the basis of steel frame.

Vehicle frame  /  Aluminium alloy  /  Lightweight
张泽昭, 谷雪松, 李亚妮, 冯坤, 习吕鹏. 铝合金在新能源汽车车架中的轻量化应用研究. 汽车工艺与材料, 2024 , (7) : 34 -39 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230248
Zezhao Zhang, Xuesong Gu, Yani Li, Kun Feng, Lüpeng Xi. Lightweight Application Study of Aluminum Alloy in New Energy Vehicle Frame[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2024 , (7) : 34 -39 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230248
由于行业竞争加剧及法规政策对油耗和碳排放等的要求更加严格,新能源牵引车需求逐渐增加。由于续航里程的要求,新能源牵引车轻量化需求迫切。车架质量在汽车总质量中占据较大比重,是汽车轻量化设计的核心部件之一[1]。传统钢制车架质量大,无法满足产品轻量化需求。铝合金密度仅为钢的1/3,在达到同等性能的条件下,可比钢材降重40%。且铝合金表面有一层致密的氧化膜,可隔绝空气与铝的接触,不易生锈[2]。我国商用车的铝化率还很低,发展空间很大[3]。通过合理的结构设计,将铝合金应用于新能源牵引车领域,实现轻、强、耐用的效果,对新能源牵引车的轻量化很有意义。
一般通过有限元仿真分析车架静强度和疲劳强度,并通过台架试验验证其可靠性。王超等[4]通过有限元仿真分析了载货汽车车架在垂直冲击、转弯、扭转、制动4种工况下的静强度。李成林[5]通过有限元仿真分析了牵引车在满载弯曲和满载扭转状态下的静强度,选用名义应力法和Miner线性累积损伤法对该车架进行了疲劳寿命预测。张文博等[6]分析了载货汽车车架在满载弯曲工况和满载扭转工况的静态应力,并考察其应力分布,以此评价车架设计的合理性,并通过了试验验证。吴成平等[7]对某新能源载货汽车车架进行了刚度和强度有限元分析、灵敏度分析,结果满足车架性能要求。
目前,国内外有关新能源牵引车钢-铝混合车架和多工况多性能同时分析的研究报道较少,且少有实物台架试验,以验证CAE仿真分析结果。以某新能源牵引车车架为研究对象,依据等强度原理和迭代优化方法,以铝合金挤压型材为主材料,对车架进行轻量化设计,并对局部结构进行优化。运用CATIA软件构建优化模型,利用HyperWorks软件分析车架在弯曲、扭转、转向、制动共4种典型工况下的静强度,简支梁模拟计算弯曲刚度,多通道台架模拟分析扭转疲劳强度并通过实物台架验证,开发一款轻量化新能源牵引车钢-铝混合车架。
传统重型载货汽车车架多数以大梁用高强度钢为主要设计材料,一般由2根纵梁和几根横梁组成,负责固定发动机、驾驶室、传动系统、转向系统和承担上装载货物重力[8]。张凯成等[9]采用7075-T6铝合金优化商用车车架,实现了小幅轻量化。周友明[10]采用6082-T6铝合金优化燃油牵引车车架,较钢制车架减重32%。严国祥等[11]采用500L大梁钢及6系铝合金挤压型材优化车架,相比同类钢制车架,实现铝合金车架减重40%。6082铝合金挤压型材在固溶热处理后进行人工时效,综合力学性能较好。与7075-T6相比,6082-T6抗拉强度和规定非比例延伸强度低,延伸率基本一致,如表1所示,但其具有成本优势,且7075-T6挤压成形较困难。出于强度、成本、工艺的综合考虑,拟采用6082-T6铝合金优化新能源牵引车车架。
纵梁、横梁、连接板、支撑板采用6082-T6铝合金挤压型材;由于车架前段电池及其框架较重,在纵梁内侧上下均增加加强板,为防止纵梁及加强板加厚导致车架内侧空间不足,加强板仍沿用高强钢510L。
在保持车架边界尺寸不变的情况下,设计钢铝混合结构。车架宽度为850 mm,纵梁长度为6 950 mm,腹面高度为270 mm。
车架纵梁承受了大多数的弯矩和扭矩,并且纵梁在车架的总质量中占比最大,因此,纵梁设计对于车架性能影响很大,必须保证纵梁的刚度和强度[12]。铝合金重型载货汽车纵梁截面可分为等厚度截面与不等厚截面。经调研,某企业钢-铝混合车架的铝合金纵梁采用U形不等厚截面,腹面中部厚度小于腹面上、下部分及上、下翼面厚度。但非等厚截面纵梁冲孔工艺量产难度大,因此,采用U形等厚度截面的铝合金型材优化新能源牵引车车架。为弥补铝合金强度不足的缺陷,根据等强度原理加大铝合金型材厚度,壁厚优化为钢件厚度的1.5倍左右[13]。零件装配限制了纵梁腹面尺寸,因此,以翼面宽度和挤压过渡圆角半径为设计变量,设置安全因子、质量、应变的权重,经过40多次优化迭代,得到最佳纵梁尺寸,翼面宽度为80 mm,挤压过渡圆角半径为12 mm。
横梁、支撑板结构与原方案的U形、L形结构一致,仅将厚度优化为原钢件的约1.5倍。连接板由L形优化为U形,上、下两件集成设计为一件,在减少零件数量的同时可提高强度。尾梁、车架后段加强板、推力杆托架与原钢制方案一致。钢-铝混合车架初版方案如图1所示。
纵梁、横梁、连接板、支撑板采用铝合金挤压型材定尺下料,通过激光割型、铣削、数控排钻钻孔完成加工。加强板采用高强钢板材下料,通过折弯机折弯和数控冲孔完成加工。
为确保计算精度高、时间短,将车架零件分割为10 mm×10 mm的四边形单元。车架各零件采用螺栓连接,本次虚拟分析不考虑螺栓失效的问题,故采用刚性单元来模拟螺栓连接[14]。车架的性能决定了整车布置、动力性能、产品通用设计,为使CAE虚拟分析能够真实反映车辆在实际运输时的受力情况,研究车架在满载时的弯曲、扭转、转向、制动4种工况的应力应变状态[15]。将驾驶室总成、四合一总成、后背换电总成、蓄电池总成、鞍载质量共5个部分简化为5个质心,在不同工况下对钢-铝混合车架施加XYZ 3个方向的载荷,并辅以位移约束等条件,满载质量为49 t,车架有限元模型如图2所示。
初版方案4种工况下静强度分析结果如图3所示,弯曲、扭转、转向工况下车架风险处主要体现在横梁-连接板前侧,这是因为车架前段需承受后背换电总成和蓄电池总成的载荷,而车架前段有4个L形加强板,强度较高,使应力集中略微后移至横梁—连接板前侧。各工况下最小安全因子如表2所示,制动工况下安全因子较高,风险较低。在弯曲工况下车架纵梁安全因子最小,最小安全因子为1.07,大于1,钢-铝混合车架CAE静强度分析结果满足要求,但弯曲强度还需要提高。
在前板簧后支架与后板簧平衡轴支架中心处的车架上翼面施加沿Z向向下的载荷F。对前板簧左、右后支架中心约束XYZ 3向平动,放开转动;对后平衡轴支架中心约束YZ 2向平动,放开转动及X向平动。车架弯曲刚度分析约束如图4所示。
图5所示,采用简支梁模拟方法计算车架弯曲刚度:
K=FL3/(48dmax)
式中:K为弯曲刚度,FZ向载荷,L为两端约束点距离,dmax为加载点处Z向位移。
原钢制车架弯曲刚度为1.048×1013 N/mm,优化为钢-铝混合车架后弯曲刚度为1.06×1013 N/mm,弯曲刚度基本无变化。
采用多通道台架模拟分析方法,在台架与安装平台连接处全约束,约束后悬架YZ向和X轴旋转自由度,在加载点处施加Z向强制位移,使车架前轴相对于后桥扭转±2°、±3°、±4°,每个扭转角度下10万次,共30万次。钢-铝混合车架扭转疲劳分析工况如图6所示。
经过多通道台架模拟扭转疲劳强度分析,初版钢-铝混合车架方案最大损伤值为4.34×10-2,小于0.2,满足车架扭转疲劳强度要求,损伤位置位于飞机梁机翼主连接板前端腹面与翼面过渡圆角处。
加强板、连接板的长度及分布位置对于车架弯曲工况下的应力集中有较大影响。在初版钢-铝混合车架方案的基础上,重点关注弯曲工况静强度,对钢-铝混合车架结构进行了多轮优化和分析,其中3次重点优化方案如下:
a.取消车架前段上加强板,降低车架前段刚度,使车架前段加强板和横梁一连接板处的应力均匀分散,不再集中于加强板与连接板相接处,由CAE强度分析结果可知:横梁一连接板前侧的应力集中有所缓解;但通过台架试验发现横梁二连接板后侧螺栓连接孔处扭转疲劳28万次后出现裂纹,不满足车架性能要求,主要原因在于螺栓孔与连接板后侧距离过小,此处应力过于集中。
b.在上次优化的基础上,加长横梁二连接板,加大螺栓孔与两侧边距,通过CAE强度分析发现螺栓孔处应力集中明显缓解,安全因子提高。
c.在上次优化的基础上,为进一步提高车架轻量化程度,采用6082-T6铝合金型材代替高强钢优化尾梁,以U形尾梁+L形连接板代替整体式冲压结构;推力杆托架材料更换为抗拉强度为500 MPa的高性能铝合金,高性能铝合金材料力学性能如表3所示,此方案为最终方案,如图7所示。
4种工况下最终方案静强度分析最小安全因子如表4所示,由CAE静强度分析结果可知,与初版方案相比,弯曲、扭转、制动工况下强度提升,转向工况下强度略有降低。最终方案车架最小安全因子为1.11,大于1,车架CAE静强度分析结果满足要求,综合强度比初版方案有所提高。对车架进行30万次多通道台架模拟扭转疲劳强度分析,由扭转疲劳CAE分析结果可知,车架最大损伤值为4.04×10-2,小于0.2,钢-铝混合车架扭转疲劳强度分析结果满足要求,且最大损伤值比初版方案有所降低。车架最易失效的位置未发生变化,仍位于飞机梁连接板前端腹面与翼面过渡圆角处,还需台架试验验证该处在使用过程中是否会失效。
对最终方案车架进行扭转疲劳台架试验,30万次试验工况与多通道台架模拟分析工况一致,如图8所示,经过试验车架未出现失效。为评判车架最高扭转疲劳强度性能,额外增加±5°扭转角工况下10万次扭转疲劳,共计40万次,经过试验后车架仍未出现失效。结合重型载货汽车车架性能要求分析,车架扭转疲劳试验40万次内未失效,满足30万次扭转疲劳试验性能要求,使用过程中不会发生失效。
依据等强度原理和迭代优化方法,在原钢制车架基础上进行材料和结构优化,设计了一款轻量化新能源牵引车钢-铝混合车架,可实现降重40%。
通过CAE仿真分析与实物台架验证相结合的方法,验证了车架的静强度、弯曲刚度、扭转疲劳强度性能,车架最终方案满足重型汽车车架性能要求。
在加强板、连接板与纵梁连接的边缘处或间隙处易发生应力集中,在车架结构设计时零件应交错分布,使应力分布均匀。
  • 陕西省科学技术协会青年人才托举计划项目(nycl20210313)
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230248
  • 首发时间:2025-12-19
  • 出版时间:2024-07-20
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陕西省科学技术协会青年人才托举计划项目(nycl20210313)
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    陕西重型汽车有限公司, 西安 710200
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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