Article(id=1203042823227536308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1203042820773863912, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240288, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764757360512, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1729353600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764757360512, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764757360512, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764757360512, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203042820773863912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2024', volume='', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='72', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764757359927, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764757432605, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203043125666214193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1203042820773863912, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203043125666214194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1203042820773863912, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=10, endPage=14, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203042823479194551, articleId=1203042823227536308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Research on Performance Quality Testing Method of Electric Drive System Based on Key Parameters, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the limitations of the electric drive system in terms of performance, this paper proposes a performance detection method based on key parameters, which introduces machine learning algorithm based on Gradient Boosted Decision Tree (GBDT) to construct and verify the performance quality detection model, including quality sample data collection, feature engineering analysis, model construction, model fusion and model self-training mechanism, etc., to determine product performance inspection quality based on key production and processing parameters of electric drive system. Combined with production practice, the paper proposes the idea of application scenario construction and its deepening direction. The results show that electric drive system quality inspection can be realized based on key parameters.

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针对电驱动系统在性能质量方面的局限性,提出了一种基于关键参数的性能检测方法。该方法引入基于梯度提升决策树的机器学习算法,构建并验证了性能质量检测模型,包含质量样本数据采集、特征工程分析、模型构建、模型融合及模型自训练机制等,实现了基于电驱动系统的生产加工关键参数判断产品性能检测质量,并结合生产实际,提出了应用场景建设思路及深化方向。结果表明,基于关键参数能够实现电驱动系统性能质量的检测。

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廖政高(1989—),男,高级工程师,学士学位,研究方向为汽车数字化工厂、智能制造。

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廖政高(1989—),男,高级工程师,学士学位,研究方向为汽车数字化工厂、智能制造。

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廖政高(1989—),男,高级工程师,学士学位,研究方向为汽车数字化工厂、智能制造。

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基于关键参数的电驱动系统性能质量检测方法研究
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廖政高 , 孙智敏 , 刘明杨 , 石昱 , 夏选琼 , 赵琦
汽车工艺与材料 | 2024中国汽车工程学会年会优秀论文(选登) 2024,(10): 10-14
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汽车工艺与材料 | 2024中国汽车工程学会年会优秀论文(选登) 2024, (10): 10-14
基于关键参数的电驱动系统性能质量检测方法研究
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廖政高, 孙智敏, 刘明杨, 石昱, 夏选琼, 赵琦
作者信息
  • 重庆青山工业有限责任公司, 重庆 402776
  • 廖政高(1989—),男,高级工程师,学士学位,研究方向为汽车数字化工厂、智能制造。

Research on Performance Quality Testing Method of Electric Drive System Based on Key Parameters
Zhenggao Liao, Zhimin Sun, Mingyang Liu, Yu Shi, Xuanqiong Xia, Qi Zhao
Affiliations
  • Chongqing Tsingshan Industrial Co., Ltd., Chongqing 402776
出版时间: 2024-10-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240288
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针对电驱动系统在性能质量方面的局限性,提出了一种基于关键参数的性能检测方法。该方法引入基于梯度提升决策树的机器学习算法,构建并验证了性能质量检测模型,包含质量样本数据采集、特征工程分析、模型构建、模型融合及模型自训练机制等,实现了基于电驱动系统的生产加工关键参数判断产品性能检测质量,并结合生产实际,提出了应用场景建设思路及深化方向。结果表明,基于关键参数能够实现电驱动系统性能质量的检测。

人工智能  /  性能检测  /  电驱动系统  /  质量模型

To address the limitations of the electric drive system in terms of performance, this paper proposes a performance detection method based on key parameters, which introduces machine learning algorithm based on Gradient Boosted Decision Tree (GBDT) to construct and verify the performance quality detection model, including quality sample data collection, feature engineering analysis, model construction, model fusion and model self-training mechanism, etc., to determine product performance inspection quality based on key production and processing parameters of electric drive system. Combined with production practice, the paper proposes the idea of application scenario construction and its deepening direction. The results show that electric drive system quality inspection can be realized based on key parameters.

Artificial intelligence  /  Performance inspection  /  Electric drive systems  /  Quality modeling
廖政高, 孙智敏, 刘明杨, 石昱, 夏选琼, 赵琦. 基于关键参数的电驱动系统性能质量检测方法研究. 汽车工艺与材料, 2024 , (10) : 10 -14 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240288
Zhenggao Liao, Zhimin Sun, Mingyang Liu, Yu Shi, Xuanqiong Xia, Qi Zhao. Research on Performance Quality Testing Method of Electric Drive System Based on Key Parameters[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2024 , (10) : 10 -14 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240288
目前,在汽车传动系统领域,电驱动系统主要基于自动化工位设备和检测台进行质量管控,在对工位进行管控时,多侧重于管控单个工位的加工结果,单工位均合格后,产品流向预检台和终检台进行性能检测,检测台性能检测步骤较多,台架成本高,检测节拍及效果受限于检测台设计,性能检测效率提升较难,且实物检测无法关联产品整体工艺加工情况,缺乏综合质量的判断能力。
本研究将机器学习算法和电驱动系统性能质量检测场景相结合,基于分类思想构建性能质量检测模型,对产品各工位加工数据进行分析,实现了基于关重加工质量数据预测产品性能质量。
人工智能技术是一种模拟人类智能思维的技术,它要求计算机系统基于数据进行学习和分析,获得智能化的能力[1]。在汽车制造领域,人工智能技术广泛应用在自动驾驶、智能制造等方面。
产品质量是汽车制造领域的核心竞争力,人工智能(Artificial Intelligence,AI)检测是指包含测量、检测、信息处理、判断决策及故障诊断等相关内容的智能检测技术[2],具备多种实现场景,如利用计算机视觉技术对工位涂胶进行检测,对表面划痕进行判断,使用自然语言处理对生产过程文档、工艺要求说明书、研发设计文档进行关联分析等。
当前,电驱动系统性能质量检测大多依赖设备和检测台,由于电驱动系统性能检测涉及输入输出(Input/Output,IO)性能测试、拨叉自学习、换挡自学习、离合器压力和电流自学习,以及噪声、振动与声振粗糙度测试等,各检测大项串行独立开展,步骤较多,且受检测台精度限制,同类型台架检测能力存在差异,导致电驱动系统在实物检测方法下性能质量综合检测效率较难提高。
本研究将人工智能和性能质量检测场景进行融合,从数据的角度出发,引入基于梯度提升决策树的机器学习算法,对产品关重加工数据进行分析,建立性能质量检测模型,通过对一次性加工合格的产品质量数据进行学习,实现了基于关重参数对产品质量的检测,提高了检测效率。
本研究参照图1模型构建策略,以一次性工位加工合格但检测台性能综合检测不合格的产品数据作为不合格样本,以一次性工位加工合格且检测台性能综合检测合格的产品数据作为合格样本,采用3种基于梯度提升决策树的机器学习算法作为基础模型,经过训练后可判断产品质量表现,采用投票策略,综合单个基础模型分类预测表现构建性能质量检测模型,实现通过产品加工关重参数表现预测最终产品检测台性能综合检测质量结果,进一步精简实物检测步骤,形成基于数据的电驱动系统性能综合质量检测方法。
其中,质量样本数据涵盖产品的工序数据和下线检测时的综合质量结果数据,对基础样本数据进行数据清洗、数据转换、数据打标,保障基础样本数据质量。采用皮尔逊(Pearson)相关系数和主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)方法分析质量样本数据的参数,保留高相关性的质量特征用于基础模型的训练。
性能质量检测模型采用XGBoost(eXtreme Gradient Boosting)、LightGBM(Light Gradient Boosting Machine)和CatBoost(Categorical Features+Gradient Boosting)作为基础模型,基于样本对所有基础模型开展参数调整,确认最优参数,保障性能质量合格和不合格数据特征的分类能力。其中:XGBoost模型计算速度快、模型表现好,可用于分类和回归问题;LightGBM模型的训练速度和效率较高,并支持并行化学习与处理大规模数据;Catboost模型采用的策略是在降低过拟合的同时保证所有数据集均可用于学习,鲁棒性与通用性较好,易使用且较为实用。由于单个模型的表现存在差异,选择投票法开展模型融合,综合计算3个模型的分类预测结果,以少数服从多数的原则确认最终产品性能综合检测质量。
由于初始性能质量检测模型存在预测精确度不足、基础样本不够等风险,因此,建立自训练机制,基于每日新产生的产品数据开展模型预测,记录模型性能波动情况,并将预测失败及产生的不合格样本作为新增样本重新训练模型,记录模型版本及性能,每日选择最优版本模型开展性能质量综合检测,持续优化模型预测性能。
本研究在模型构建验证中,以某型号产品为试点,验证模型构建及分类检测能力。根据模型构建策略,模型主体结构设计如图2所示,模型整体获取合格、不合格产品历史样本数据各100份,经分析,对一次性下线合格且终检合格的100份样本和一次性下线合格但终检不合格的37份样本进行分类建模,验证集验证准确率为80%~95%,具备合格性预测参考价值。
首先,获取产品加工历史数据作为原始样本数据,针对样本数据开展清洗和打标。数据清洗阶段主要对数据集中的离散数据进行集成整合,以形成满足模型开发需要的数据宽表样式。在样本标注中,以产品预检台和终检台的综合质量检测结果为判断标准,检测合格产品质量标识为1,不合格产品质量标识为0,分别作为合格产品和不合格产品质量数据样本,最终形成132行×350列的数据宽表作为基础样本。其中,产品加工历史数据项主要有:
a. 拧紧工位数据,包括拧紧力、拧紧角度;
b. 压装工位数据,包括压装力、压装位移;
c. 泄漏工位数据,包括泄漏量、充气时间、压力;
d. 测量工位数据,包括断面高度、孔深度、垫片测量值;
e. 称重工位数据,主要为称重结果;
f. 检测台数据,包括预检台和终检台的检测项、检测值。
其次,选择Pearson相关系数判断各个工位与产品合格和不合格的相关性,完成相关性分析,并开展PCA降维,精炼模型特征,筛选相关性系数ρX,Y≥0.5的参数。相关性系数ρX,Y的计算过程为:
${\rho }_{X,Y}=\frac{cov(X,Y)}{{\sigma }_{X}{\sigma }_{Y}}$
式中:X为特征数据,Y为标签数据,cov(X,Y)为特征数据与标签数据的协方差,σX、σY分别为特征数据、标签数据的标准差。
PCA降维将原始特征表现压缩,去除噪声影响,取m个产品数据,包含n个数据特征,组成原有数据矩阵X(m×n),对矩阵每一行进行零均值化,计算X(m×n)的协方差矩阵S:
$S=\frac{1}{m}{X}_{(m\times n)}{X}_{(m\times n)}^{T}$
求得协方差矩阵的特征值和对应的特征向量后,按照特征值由大到小排序,取前k个特征值对应的特征向量组成矩阵P,计算降维后的数据矩阵Xk=PX(m×n)
其中,将原有数据矩阵降低为k维,取前k个特征值的特征向量投影前、后方差的比例作为k的取值标准,判断条件为${V}_{ar{x}_{k}}/{V}_{arx}\ge 0.99$,其中,Varx为原数据矩阵特征向量的方差,Varxk为降低至k维后数据矩阵特征向量的方差。
最后,在当前验证条件下,考虑低数据量和标签类型数据量分布不均匀的情况,切分降维后的合格与不合格数据集,随机取70%的数据作为训练集,其余30%的数据作为验证集。面向训练数据集,基于XGBoost、LightGBM、CatBoost基础模型开展模型调参和融合,并以准确率作为算法模型的验证指标。
其中,产品加工的工位数据集作为模型的输入数据集,预测的产品检测台综合质量检测结果为输出数据,输出为1代表预测质量合格,输出为0代表预测质量不合格。
将训练数据集输入XGBoost基础模型,通过调参获取基于XGBoost基础模型的最优目标模型x1:设置max_depth的参数区间为6~15,调参步长为1;设置learning_rate的参数区间为0.05~0.30,调参步长为0.02;设置n_estimators的参数区间为150~200,调参步长为10;设置gamma的参数区间为0~1,调参步长为0.1;设置reg_lambda的调参范围为[0,0.1,0.5,1];设置min_child_weight的调参范围为[1,3,5,7]。
整体调参后,得到最优目标模型x1的训练参数:max_depth为10、learning_rate为0.25、n_estimators为160、gamma为0、min_child_weight为1。
基于x1对传入的产品数据data进行质量合格性判断,${x}_{1}\left(data\right)=\left\{\mathrm{0,1}\right\}$,0代表判断质量不合格,1代表判断质量合格。
将训练数据集输入LightGBM基础模型,通过调参获取基于LightGBM基础模型的最优目标模型x2:设置max_depth的参数区间为15~30,调参步长为1;设置learning_rate的参数区间为0.05~0.30,调参步长为0.02;设置n_estimators的参数区间为300~600,调参步长为10;设置num_leaves的参数区间为10~30,调参步长为2。
整体调参后,得到最优目标模型x2的训练参数:max_depth为25,learning_rate为0.2,n_estimators为500,num_leaves为25。
基于x2对传入的产品数据data进行质量合格性判断,${x}_{2}\left(data\right)=\left\{\mathrm{0,1}\right\}$,0代表判断质量不合格,1代表判断质量合格。
将训练数据集输入CatBoost基础模型,通过调参获取基于CatBoost基础模型的最优目标模型x3:设置iterations的参数区间为1 000~5 000,调参步长为500;设置learning_rate的参数区间为0.05~0.3,调参步长为0.02;设置depth的参数区间为5~15,调参步长为1;设置early_stopping_rounds的参数区间为100~500,调参步长为50;设置min_data_in_leaf的参数区间为10~30,调参步长为5。
整体调参后,得到最优目标模型x3的训练参数:iterations为1 000,learning_rate为0.05,depth为6,early_stopping_rounds为200,min_data_in_leaf为20。
基于x3对输入的产品数据data进行质量合格性判断,${x}_{3}\left(data\right)=\left\{\mathrm{0,1}\right\}$,0代表判断质量不合格,1代表判断质量合格。
针对产品单条加工数据的预测结果,以所有单个模型预测结果中的多数结果为主,融合生成质量检测模型y,将产品数据data输入模型y,最终合格性判断如下:
$y\left(data\right)=\sum _{n=1}^{3}{x}_{n}\left(data\right)$
式中:xn为对应的基础模型,计算3个基础分类模型对同一产品的预测情况,当$y\left(data\right)=\left\{\mathrm{0,1}\right\}$时,预测产品质量不合格,$y\left(data\right)=\left\{\mathrm{2,3}\right\}$时,预测产品质量合格。
利用融合后的性能质量检测模型对30%的验证集数据进行预测分类,通过对比模型预测效果和实际质量情况,得到整体预测准确率为80%~95%,由于不合格样本量较少,部分不合格产品被预测为合格产品,而合格产品中未出现预测错误的情况。
由于验证样本量不足,模型预测准确率波动较大,需建立模型自训练机制,按日自动获取新增产品数据,加载模型开展检测,记录模型检测情况,并将检测结果与实物检测不一致的样本和不合格样本插入训练样本集,通过模型基础数据的变化和历史模型比较择优的形式提升模型效果,实现性能质量检测模型的自训练功能。
在自训练机制中,需基于每日全量样本开展训练,生成新模型,全量样本包括历史样本、每天新增的不合格样本、与现场检测结果不一致的预测样本和保持样本均衡的合格样本。
历史模型比较择优是将约30个训练的历史版本模型与当日全量模型进行比较,选择准确率最高的模型版本作为当日的最终模型;在当日最优模型确定后,将预测过程中出现的预测错误数据,按照历史基础数据中合格量与不合格量的比例范围为1∶1~1.5∶1选择性补充历史基础数据,实现模型迭代。
为验证实际应用逻辑,在生产线下线侧搭建质量运营看板,在线展示工位加工数据、波动情况和生产质量关重指标等信息。当产品加工完成下线时,获取该产品加工工位数据,调用对应产品的性能质量检测模型(每个产品类型对应一种模型,每个产品类型对应的模型最优参数不一致),开展性能质量综合检测并将结果反馈至运营看板,与现场实物检测结果进行对比,提示异常并支持数据追溯。根据现场产品下线节拍,单台产品完成模型调用预测及结果反馈的时间不超过30 s。
通过现场试点检测,产品性能质量检测模型初期准确率达到80%,经过为期3个月的数据样本累积和模型自训练,模型预测能力明显提升,准确率约为87%,最高可达95%,证明基于电驱动关重加工参数构建的质量模型检测性能质量具备可行性。
此外,可通过以下措施进一步精细化模型算法,持续提高准确率:
a. 在业务层面上,可将取数范围从关键参数过点数据扩大至加入过程数据及产品零部件加工数据;
b. 在模型构建上,可加入工序间质量关联分析逻辑、工序与检测项间质量关联分析逻辑,增加产品质量评判标准;
c. 在技术选型上,可使用深度学习技术,提高在产品工艺参数变更等情况下的检测模型泛化能力。
在后续产品质量检测扩展应用中,可通过记录产品标识、不合格项目、问题原因、问题工位等,建立检测台的质量问题库,对具备重复样例的问题,获取其加工数据,训练形成对应的异常表现曲线。当模型检测出不合格产品时,可将整体数据曲线匹配异常曲线库,推演可能的问题原因,并与正常的加工曲线对比,识别可能存在的问题工位,由此,推演不合格产品可能出现的根本原因和问题工位,辅助排查产品加工问题。
同时,深化应用可基于生产质量参数,进一步关联产品研发设计的性能数据、试验数据、工艺数据以及原材料加工数据等,形成产品质量数据链,基于全程质量数据开展产品综合质量判断、研发质量优化、质量问题根因分析、质量数据链追溯等应用场景建设,实现产品质量智能分析。
本研究将人工智能技术和电驱动系统性能质量检测场景相结合,研究了电动汽车传动系统性能质量检测模型的构建及应用建设逻辑,验证了基于模型检测电驱动系统性能质量的可行性,能够有效提升检测效率,解决对检测台依赖较大的问题。
构建应用可分为3个阶段,第1阶段以单个产品型号为试点探索,打通数据获取、模型开发、模型部署、应用,实现整体自动化链路;第2阶段完善人工智能开发环境,规范化模型管理,将质量模型检测应用推广至生产线其他符合条件的产品,辅助业务质量管控,并开展深化质量应用建设;第3阶段推广至其他生产线,并根据质量模型检测表现情况,考虑融合上游研发设计相关质量参数、原材料加工参数以及售后服务质量参数,形成全参质量分析模型,提升产品验证能力。
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240288
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2024-10-20
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    重庆青山工业有限责任公司, 重庆 402776
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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