Article(id=1203042822292201976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1203042820773863912, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240289, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764757360289, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1729353600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764757360289, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764757360289, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764757360289, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203042820773863912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2024', volume='', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='72', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764757359927, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764757432605, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203043125666214193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1203042820773863912, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203043125666214194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1203042820773863912, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=35, endPage=40, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203042823470801408, articleId=1203042822292201976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Research on the Fully Automatic and Flexible Assembly of Integrated Castings, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the flexibility level of the integrated body casting production line, through the study of the flexibility and full automation of the material rack, gripper, fixture, logistics and assembly unit, the forward products is designed for the purpose of manufacturing needs, which takes into account the needs of the manufacturing process, and satisfies the requirement of reliable performance, strong practicability, and flexible and rapid switching of multiple platforms and models so as to meet the production requirements of high quality, high efficiency, low cost and multi-model.

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为提升一体化车身铸件生产线柔性化水平,通过研究料架、抓具、夹具、物流、装配单元的柔性化和全自动化,同时以制造需求为目进行前倾产品设计,兼顾制造工艺需求,达到了性能可靠、实用性强、兼顾多平台、多车型柔性快速切换的要求,降低了车型导入成本,满足了高质量、高效率、低成本和多车型的生产需求。

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罗代富(1988—),男,高级工程师,学士学位,研究方向为通用工艺。

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罗代富(1988—),男,高级工程师,学士学位,研究方向为通用工艺。

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一体化铸件全自动、柔性装配的研究
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罗代富 , 于立群 , 肖成平 , 白恩霖
汽车工艺与材料 | 2024中国汽车工程学会年会优秀论文(选登) 2024,(10): 35-40
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汽车工艺与材料 | 2024中国汽车工程学会年会优秀论文(选登) 2024, (10): 35-40
一体化铸件全自动、柔性装配的研究
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罗代富, 于立群, 肖成平, 白恩霖
作者信息
  • 重庆长安汽车股份有限公司制造中心, 重庆 400021
  • 罗代富(1988—),男,高级工程师,学士学位,研究方向为通用工艺。

Research on the Fully Automatic and Flexible Assembly of Integrated Castings
Daifu Luo, Liqun Yu, Chenping Xiao, Enlin Bai
Affiliations
  • Engine Manufacturing Center, Chongqing Chang’an Automobile Co, Ltd., Chongqing 400021
出版时间: 2024-10-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240289
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为提升一体化车身铸件生产线柔性化水平,通过研究料架、抓具、夹具、物流、装配单元的柔性化和全自动化,同时以制造需求为目进行前倾产品设计,兼顾制造工艺需求,达到了性能可靠、实用性强、兼顾多平台、多车型柔性快速切换的要求,降低了车型导入成本,满足了高质量、高效率、低成本和多车型的生产需求。

一体化  /  柔性化  /  自动化  /  低成本

In order to improve the flexibility level of the integrated body casting production line, through the study of the flexibility and full automation of the material rack, gripper, fixture, logistics and assembly unit, the forward products is designed for the purpose of manufacturing needs, which takes into account the needs of the manufacturing process, and satisfies the requirement of reliable performance, strong practicability, and flexible and rapid switching of multiple platforms and models so as to meet the production requirements of high quality, high efficiency, low cost and multi-model.

Integrated  /  Flexible  /  Automatic  /  Low-cost
罗代富, 于立群, 肖成平, 白恩霖. 一体化铸件全自动、柔性装配的研究. 汽车工艺与材料, 2024 , (10) : 35 -40 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240289
Daifu Luo, Liqun Yu, Chenping Xiao, Enlin Bai. Research on the Fully Automatic and Flexible Assembly of Integrated Castings[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2024 , (10) : 35 -40 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240289
在一体化车身铸件的生产过程中,需要将标准件装配到一体化车身铸件上,期间需使用螺栓自攻、螺母拉铆、螺柱拉铆等装配工艺。当前,通常采用人工或半自动的方式将标准件装配到一体化车身铸件上,自动化程度低且装配质量难以保证;通常采用抓具快换、夹具快换以及增加装配工位的方式实现单生产线兼容多平台、多车型、多规格的一体化车身铸件的装配,存在投资成本高、生产线占地面积大、抓具和夹具切换时间长且生产线柔性化水平低的技术问题;现有技术中的抓具和夹具结构复杂,在对抓具和夹具进行柔性化改造时需要较多的伺服组件,甚至存在难以柔性化改造的问题,不利于生产线柔性化水平的提升。本文阐述了一体化车身铸件的装配单元,从铸件抓具、夹具、料架、装配工艺、产线自动化等方面进行研究,减少或消除传统装配的缺点。
本文对装配单元的全自动生产线进行研究[1]。如图1所示,装配区设置至少2种装配单元,一种装配单元为拉铆装配单元6,另一种装配单元为自攻装配单元8。在具体实施时,2种装配单元可设置多个,多个装配单元之间可共用1台搬运机器人装置10,搬运机器人可沿轨道移动,实现对多个装配单元的上、下料。采用拉铆装配单元6进行全自动拉铆装配的过程如下:第1搬运机器人抓取一体化车身铸件沿第1轨道移动,将一体化车身铸件上料至铸件夹具,利用第1装配机器人带动拉铆装置对一体化车身铸件进行拉铆装配。装配时,可通过转台旋转将1个铸件夹具转到工作位,另1个铸件夹具转到上料位等待第1搬运机器人下料和上料,减少工位上、下料的等待时间,如在60 s设计节拍中,可节约20 s(取放工件时间),减少1/3的无效时间。采用自攻装配单元9进行全自动自攻装配的过程与拉铆装配的过程相似。
装配区设置有用于对一体化车身铸件去毛刺的单元12和用于检测一体化车身铸件是否合格的单元11,有助于提升一体化车身铸件的产品质量。
图2所示,每个夹持组件均包括变位组件[2]、限定成单自由度直线移动的夹臂以及用于驱动夹臂移动的抓具气缸,变位组件包括用于限定夹臂的夹持行程止点的限位部和用于调节限位部位置的直线驱动器。采用上述技术方案,利用直线驱动器和限位部调整夹臂的夹持行程止点,从而调整2个夹持组件之间的夹持间距,具有结构简单、易于调整和自动化程度高的特点。
铸件抓具包括抓具底座、滑轨、夹臂、抓具气缸以及变位组件,4个夹臂上各设置有1个抓具定位销,每个夹持组件包括2条抓具滑轨、2个夹臂、2个抓具气缸、2个抓具定位销和2个变位组件。在该示例中,每根抓具定位销分别设置抓具滑轨、夹臂、抓具气缸和变位组件,能够降低对一体化车身铸件抓取孔的要求,易于实现且适用范围广。铸件抓具还包括用于与搬运机器人连接的快换机构,可实现铸件抓具快换。
以某车型的一体化铸造后地板为例,对铸件抓具的结构进行说明,如图3所示。铸件抓具包括柔性抓具的所有结构(图2),4个抓具定位销与一体化车身铸件侧面的4个抓具孔匹配,变位组件兼容了全系车型外形的宽度,利用上述铸件抓具抱夹一体化车身铸件,可实现夹紧和定位。在具体实施时,还可在铸件抓具上设置视觉装置,对搬运机器人、铸件料架、一体化车身铸件的实际位置进行理论纠偏,起到抓取引导作用;一体化车身铸件上的4个抓取孔为预铸孔,不增加额外制造成本,且不同一体化车身铸件的左、右两侧均较容易布置预铸孔,在具体实施时,同侧预铸孔的连线需经过一体化车身铸件的重心,以减少偏心距对搬运机器人造成的多余负载。以上方案将常规技术中的6个抓取定位点减少至4个,兼容多种车型的一体化车身铸件所用的伺服组件由原来的12个减少至4个,有助于提高效率、降低搬运机器人的负载,实现了结构简单、成本低的柔性铸件抓具,降低了调整和控制难度,提升了自动化水平。
图4所示,铸件夹具还包括2个水平位置调节装置和2个竖向位置调节装置。通过设置位置调节装置即可实现铸件夹具的柔性化,能够适应不同车型的一体化车身铸件,将现有技术中所需要的12个伺服组件减少至4个,降低了成本,精简了夹具结构,实现多种车型装配的兼容。
铸件夹具包括夹具底座、4个夹具支撑座、4个旋转压紧机构、2个水平位置调节装置、2个竖向位置调节装置、4个夹具定位面、4个夹具定位销。水平位置调节装置包括长度沿前、后方向延伸的水平导轨以及用于驱动支撑座沿水平导轨移动的水平直线驱动,水平导轨固定安装在夹具底座上,水平直线驱动可采用伺服电机直线驱动器。竖向位置调节装置包括长度沿上、下方向延伸的竖向导轨以及用于驱动支撑座沿竖向导轨移动的竖向直线驱动器,竖向导轨固定安装在夹具底座上,竖向直线驱动器可采用伺服电机直线驱动器。
4个定位机构上均设置有旋转压紧机构,旋转压紧机构能够在旋转过程中逐渐向下压紧,能够适应不同厚度的铸件,有助于提升铸件夹具的柔性化水平。
以某车型的一体化铸造的后地板为例,当以后地板的顶面进行定位,对底面进行装配时,如图5所示,可以采用后地板前部的2个安全带孔端面、后部的2个预铸孔以及2个预铸孔的端面进行定位;当以后地板的底面进行定位,对底面进行装配时,可采用后地板前部的2个焊接滑橇孔端面、后部的2个产品定位孔以及2个产品定位孔的端面进行定位。上述技术方案采用4个伺服组件即可实现铸件夹具的柔性化,能够适应多种一体化车身铸件,柔性铸件夹具结构简单、成本低,降低了调整难度和控制难度,有助于提升自动化水平。
单工位设计为转动的转台,转台上设置有至少2个夹具安装部,分别安装有铸件夹具。上述技术方案可在1个铸件夹具上进行装配,另一个铸件夹具上、下料,有助于提升生产效率。
装配单元包括至少2个装配台,2个装配台之间可以共用装配机器人装置,有助于提升场地利用率,降低成本。如图5所示,2个装配台可与3台装配机器人装置配合使用,其中1台装配机器人装置可对2个装配台上的一体化车身铸件14进行装配。
装配单元还包括用于为装配机器人装置提供标件的标件筛料装置。利用标件筛料装置为装配机器人装置自动提供标件,有助于提升自动化水平。
图6所示,标件筛料装置包含料箱、振动料盘、防错装置、输送辊道。料箱采用磁吸门+可编程逻辑控制器(Programmable Logic Controller,PLC)的方案,扫描来料二维码,标件筛料装置自动比对实际来料与设定来料的零件号,零件号一致则打开磁吸门加料,否则无法打开,起到防错的作用。防错装置可对标件大小、长短特点设计防错判定,实现了标件从料箱到上料全过程的防错。
图7图8所示为自动拉铆装置。利用自动拉铆装置可实现标件的自动拉铆,有助于提升自动化水平。自动拉铆装置上设置有拉铆视觉装置。如图6所示,标件筛料完成后,通过气管将标件吹至标件上料系统的端头处,上料夹抓取标件为自动拉铆装置的拉铆枪头上料。装配机器人对一体化车身铸件上的拉铆底孔进行拍照,识别其XYZ坐标,引导装配机器人自动找正,同时对拉铆底孔直径是否合格进行检测预警,有效保护自动拉铆装置,修正装配机器人移动轨迹后带动拉铆装置对标件进行装配。采用装配机器人、拉铆装置和视觉装置配合工作,实现拉铆装配全过程自动走位、多机器人协同、任意位置的高效拉铆装配,有助于提升装配单元的柔性化水平。
图9所示为自动自攻装置。自动自攻装置主要由自攻拧紧轴、自攻快换结构、自攻气缸、自攻套筒组成。标件筛料装置将标件按队列排好后,根据本次生产任务选择正确的自攻套筒,通过自攻快换结构拾取自攻套筒,自攻视觉装置引导装配机器人移动认帽螺栓,带动自攻拧紧轴找正底孔,自攻气缸持续提供自攻过程的下压力,克服自攻时反作用力。如图10所示,将标件筛料装置设置为双通道辊道,在节拍允许范围内可提供多个自动自攻装置认帽,自攻快换结构可快速自动更换套筒,实现不同规格螺栓结构自攻装配。
部分搬运机器人装置配有第1视觉装置。视觉装置用于对固有特征进行拍照,对装配机器人、铸件料架、一体化车身铸件的实际位置理论纠偏起到抓取引导作用。
部分装配机器人装置还配有第2视觉装置。第2视觉装置用于引导装配,如上述自攻视觉装置和拉铆视觉装置。
铸件竖放结构为兼容多种一体化车身铸件的柔性结构,铸件料架上设置有视觉识别点,作为上料识别拍照点及工件特征点,由第1搬运机器人装置准确找到抓取位置,同时可判定一体化车身铸件在料架的相对位置,为柔性结构放置铸件提供了基础。
以一体化铸造的后地板铸件料架为例,如图11图12所示,铸件料架包括底部架体、底部架体两侧架体、底部的V型支撑块、侧部的限位块、料架限位槽以及底部架体上的视觉识别点。V型支撑块限定后地板Z向、X向位置,料架限位槽防止后地板倾倒,料架挡料块限定后地板Y向位置。V型支撑块还可将位置偏差小于10 mm的后地板导正;料架限位槽可兼容10°的倾斜角度,料架挡料块可兼容Y向20 mm的差异。视觉识别点作为上料识别拍照点及工件特征,有助于准确找到相对位置,对搬运机器人进行预警和保护,所有部件均可适应性调整,具有更好的兼容性。
在实际应用中,铸件料架宽度不仅需要考虑多种机型自身宽度,还需考虑物流通道、铸件抓具、上下料工位的宽度。由于铸件抓具采用侧面抱抓,因此需要考虑同侧2个抓取孔的Y向距离、铸件抓具退出时躲避铸件的最大距离、铸件抓具的定位组件与工件的安全距离、铸件抓具的定位组件安装面相对抓具底座外延的距离、铸件抓具的柔性变位范围;其次考虑铸件在料架中的适应范围;然后考虑自动导向车(Automated Guided Vehicle,AGV)通行的物流通道的宽度和生产线上下料工位的安全宽度;最后经过计算,设计出柔性合适的铸件料架。料架前、后呈开放式,便于选择铸件抓取姿态。
装配区的节拍为60 s,单台加工设备节拍大于400 s,单个装配区可配置8台以上加工设备(即每个装配区对应多个加工区),设置双下料通道,通过AGV运输至装配区,装配区设置有双上料通道,避免机器人等待AGV上料(等待时间为1 min)。配置料框射频识别(Radio Frequency,RFID)确认来料车型,自动切换夹具和抓具,效率提升10%(节省换型时间6 s)。区域内采用机器人抓取,设置交换式转台,提升有效装配效率约16%(减少抓放时间20 s,增加转台转动时间10 s,综合节约10 s)。设置三下料通道,2个合格下料通道+1个待处理下料通道,减少AGV空满框交换时间1 min和待处理工件对产线扰动。通过本柔性设计,实现多车型共线且提升整体效率约226%。
在具体实施时,生产线有多个加工单元,同时对多种一体化车身铸件进行机加工,AGV小车从加工区域1下料工位接料,通过物流通道将装有一体化车身铸件的料架运输至装配区的上料工位。根据制造运营管理(Manufacturing Operation Management,MOM)系统下达的生产车型,装配区的铸件夹具、铸件抓具和装配程序自动切换,匹配对应的一体化车身铸件,搬运机器人从上料工位的铸件料架中抓取铸件,通过读取铸件二维码内的车型信息并与MOM下发的车型信息进行核对,核对一致后,线内搬运机器人沿轨道移动,逐一通过去毛刺单元、检测单元、拉铆装配单元、自攻装配单元、下料工位进行检测和装配。整个过程通过AGV调度系统、生产线PLC及MOM实现生产任务全过程信息传递调度。
本文为一体化机加线装配提供了一种全自动柔性装配方案,具有性能可靠、实用性强、兼顾多平台、多车型柔性快速切换的特点,实现了“零”人员、“零”等待和“零”库存切换的全自动化柔性方案,改变了车型导入需要高额费用的现状,同时,所有过程均由设备自动完成,将扭矩、拉力、视觉拍照数据、机器人运动参数等全过程全范围采集监控,满足高质量、高效率、低成本和多车型的生产要求。
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雄邦压铸(南通)有限公司. 一种新能源汽车大铸件产品的自动装配线: CN202223342830.1[P]. 2023-04-11[2024-08-11].
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东风柳州汽车有限公司. 一种汽车门槛柔性定位夹具及焊接工装: CN202211002460.9[P]. 2022-11-08[2024-08-11].
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240289
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2024-10-20
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    重庆长安汽车股份有限公司制造中心, 重庆 400021
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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