Article(id=1203042821604336108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1203042820773863912, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240296, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764757360125, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1729353600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764757360125, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764757360125, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764757360125, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203042820773863912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2024', volume='', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='72', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764757359927, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764757432605, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203043125666214193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1203042820773863912, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203043125666214194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1203042820773863912, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=9, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203042821776302575, articleId=1203042821604336108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Calibration of Interlaminar Failure Parameters and Establishment of Impact Models for CFRP Based on Critical Shear Strain Potential Difference, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This article proposes a method for calibrating and verifying interlayer parameters related to delamination in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) laminates, as well as establishing a failure model based on *MAT_58. In terms of interlayer parameter calibration, the critical shear strain potential difference under interlayer failure is mainly extracted from the out of plane shear strain and normal strain cloud map of the short beam shear experiment to calculate the interlayer shear strength of composite materials. Furthermore, drop hammer impact experiments are conducted on the materials at 10 J and 200 J energy levels, as well as simulations of laminated shells and refined mesh sizes, to verify the effectiveness and modeling practicality of interlayer parameters. The results showed that the P16M2 model had a threshold load error of 5.09% and a peak force error of 8.99%, proving the effectiveness of interlayer parameters. Furthermore, based on the performance of each model in simulation accuracy and computational cost, increasing the number of layers of laminated shells is more effective than refining mesh sizes.

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提出了一种应用于校准和验证碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)层压板分层相关的层间参数标定方法及基于*MAT_58的冲击模型。层间参数标定方面,主要利用短梁剪切试验面外剪应变与正应变云图提取层间失效条件下的临界剪应变势差计算复合材料层间剪切强度。进一步对材料进行10 J和200 J能量水平的落锤冲击试验和叠层壳及细化网格尺寸模拟,以验证层间参数的有效性和建模实用性。结果表明,P16M2模型分层阈值载荷误差为5.09%,峰值力误差为8.99%,证明了层间参数的有效性,同时根据各模型在仿真精度及计算成本方面表现,增加叠层壳的层数较细化网格尺寸更为有效。

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宋通(1998—),男,助理工程师,硕士学位,研究方向为汽车先进工艺与材料。

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宋通(1998—),男,助理工程师,硕士学位,研究方向为汽车先进工艺与材料。

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tableContent=
名称 数值
厚度t/mm 0.3
密度ρ/t·mm-3 1.27×10-9
纤维方向拉伸模量E11/GPa 146.25
基体方向拉伸模量E22/GPa 7.56
面外拉伸模量E33/GPa (E33=E22 7.56
12面内主泊松比ν12 0.273
13面内主泊松比ν13 (ν1312 0.273
面外主泊松比ν23 0.35
12面内剪切模量G12/MPa 3 196.84
13面内剪切模量G13/MPa (G13=G12 3 196.84
基体剪切模量G23/MPa (G23=E22/2(1+ν23)) 2 799.73
纤维方向抗拉强度Xt/MPa 2 112.51
基体方向抗拉强度Yt/MPa 24.06
纤维方向抗压强度Xc/MPa 735.31
基体方向抗压强度Yc/MPa 116.30
面内剪切强度/MPa 64.09
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单向带材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 数值
厚度t/mm 0.3
密度ρ/t·mm-3 1.27×10-9
纤维方向拉伸模量E11/GPa 146.25
基体方向拉伸模量E22/GPa 7.56
面外拉伸模量E33/GPa (E33=E22 7.56
12面内主泊松比ν12 0.273
13面内主泊松比ν13 (ν1312 0.273
面外主泊松比ν23 0.35
12面内剪切模量G12/MPa 3 196.84
13面内剪切模量G13/MPa (G13=G12 3 196.84
基体剪切模量G23/MPa (G23=E22/2(1+ν23)) 2 799.73
纤维方向抗拉强度Xt/MPa 2 112.51
基体方向抗拉强度Yt/MPa 24.06
纤维方向抗压强度Xc/MPa 735.31
基体方向抗压强度Yc/MPa 116.30
面内剪切强度/MPa 64.09
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符号 名称
NFLS 层间拉伸失效应力
SFLS 剪切失效应力
PARAM 临界失效位移
CT2CN 层间剪切刚度与法向刚度之比
CN 层间拉伸刚度
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Tiebreak接触主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
符号 名称
NFLS 层间拉伸失效应力
SFLS 剪切失效应力
PARAM 临界失效位移
CT2CN 层间剪切刚度与法向刚度之比
CN 层间拉伸刚度
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参数 数值 参数 数值 参数 数值 参数 数值 参数 数值 参数 数值
MID 1 GAB 3 196.8 AOPT 2 XP 0 E11C 0.005 03 XC 735.31
RO 1.27×10-9 GBC 3 196.8 TSIZE 1.00×10-20 YP 0 E11T 0.014 45 XT 2 112.5
EA 146 200 GCA 2 799.7 ERODS 0.56 ZP 0 E22C 0.015 39 YC 116.30
EB 7 559.3 SLIMT1 0.2 SOFT 0.57 A1 1 E22T 0.003 19 YT 24.086
EC 7 559.3 SLIMC1 0.75 FS 1 A2 0 GMS 0.03 SC 64.091
PBRA 0.01 411 SLIMT2 0.2 SLIMC2 0.75 A3 0 PRCA 0.014 11 PRCB 0.35
SLIMS 1
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*MAT_58模型*MAT_LAMINATED_COMPOSITE_FABRIC输入参数表

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参数 数值 参数 数值 参数 数值 参数 数值 参数 数值 参数 数值
MID 1 GAB 3 196.8 AOPT 2 XP 0 E11C 0.005 03 XC 735.31
RO 1.27×10-9 GBC 3 196.8 TSIZE 1.00×10-20 YP 0 E11T 0.014 45 XT 2 112.5
EA 146 200 GCA 2 799.7 ERODS 0.56 ZP 0 E22C 0.015 39 YC 116.30
EB 7 559.3 SLIMT1 0.2 SOFT 0.57 A1 1 E22T 0.003 19 YT 24.086
EC 7 559.3 SLIMC1 0.75 FS 1 A2 0 GMS 0.03 SC 64.091
PBRA 0.01 411 SLIMT2 0.2 SLIMC2 0.75 A3 0 PRCA 0.014 11 PRCB 0.35
SLIMS 1
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OPTION NFLS SFLS PARAM ERATEN ERATES CT2CN CN
8 70 128 0.15 0 0 0.37 1.26×106
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*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_TIEBREAK主要输入参数

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OPTION NFLS SFLS PARAM ERATEN ERATES CT2CN CN
8 70 128 0.15 0 0 0.37 1.26×106
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模型名称 分层阈值载荷/N 误差/% 峰值载荷
/N
误差/% 计算时间
/min
试验数据 3 130 15 127
P1M2 21 402 41.48 10
P4M2 7 928 153.29 14 383 4.92 27
P4M1 6 219 99.55 14 337 5.22 206
P16M2 32 881 5.09 13 767 8.99 130
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200 J能量水平冲击不同模型仿真结果与计算时间

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模型名称 分层阈值载荷/N 误差/% 峰值载荷
/N
误差/% 计算时间
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试验数据 3 130 15 127
P1M2 21 402 41.48 10
P4M2 7 928 153.29 14 383 4.92 27
P4M1 6 219 99.55 14 337 5.22 206
P16M2 32 881 5.09 13 767 8.99 130
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基于临界剪应变势差的复合材料层间失效参数标定及冲击模型建立
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宋通 , 张赛 , 孟宪明
汽车工艺与材料 | 2024中国汽车工程学会年会优秀论文(选登) 2024,(10): 1-9
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汽车工艺与材料 | 2024中国汽车工程学会年会优秀论文(选登) 2024, (10): 1-9
基于临界剪应变势差的复合材料层间失效参数标定及冲击模型建立
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宋通, 张赛, 孟宪明
作者信息
  • 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司, 天津 300300
  • 宋通(1998—),男,助理工程师,硕士学位,研究方向为汽车先进工艺与材料。

Calibration of Interlaminar Failure Parameters and Establishment of Impact Models for CFRP Based on Critical Shear Strain Potential Difference
Tong Song, Sai Zhang, Xianming Meng
Affiliations
  • China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300300
出版时间: 2024-10-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240296
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提出了一种应用于校准和验证碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)层压板分层相关的层间参数标定方法及基于*MAT_58的冲击模型。层间参数标定方面,主要利用短梁剪切试验面外剪应变与正应变云图提取层间失效条件下的临界剪应变势差计算复合材料层间剪切强度。进一步对材料进行10 J和200 J能量水平的落锤冲击试验和叠层壳及细化网格尺寸模拟,以验证层间参数的有效性和建模实用性。结果表明,P16M2模型分层阈值载荷误差为5.09%,峰值力误差为8.99%,证明了层间参数的有效性,同时根据各模型在仿真精度及计算成本方面表现,增加叠层壳的层数较细化网格尺寸更为有效。

复合材料层压板  /  分层失效  /  短梁剪切  /  落锤冲击  /  有限元分析

This article proposes a method for calibrating and verifying interlayer parameters related to delamination in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) laminates, as well as establishing a failure model based on *MAT_58. In terms of interlayer parameter calibration, the critical shear strain potential difference under interlayer failure is mainly extracted from the out of plane shear strain and normal strain cloud map of the short beam shear experiment to calculate the interlayer shear strength of composite materials. Furthermore, drop hammer impact experiments are conducted on the materials at 10 J and 200 J energy levels, as well as simulations of laminated shells and refined mesh sizes, to verify the effectiveness and modeling practicality of interlayer parameters. The results showed that the P16M2 model had a threshold load error of 5.09% and a peak force error of 8.99%, proving the effectiveness of interlayer parameters. Furthermore, based on the performance of each model in simulation accuracy and computational cost, increasing the number of layers of laminated shells is more effective than refining mesh sizes.

CFRP laminate  /  Interlaminar failure  /  Short beam shear  /  Drop weight impact  /  Finite element analysis
宋通, 张赛, 孟宪明. 基于临界剪应变势差的复合材料层间失效参数标定及冲击模型建立. 汽车工艺与材料, 2024 , (10) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240296
Tong Song, Sai Zhang, Xianming Meng. Calibration of Interlaminar Failure Parameters and Establishment of Impact Models for CFRP Based on Critical Shear Strain Potential Difference[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2024 , (10) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240296
连续纤维复合材料层间失效预测对于实际部件开发具有重要作用[1-4],获取复合材料层间失效参数可以在仿真层面准确预测层压板分层损伤行为,实现对复合材料部件应用工况下的合理评估。
复合材料层压板的分层行为常使用内聚力模型(Cohesive Zone Model,CZM)来表征[5-7],相较于虚拟裂纹闭合技术(Virtual Crack Closure Technique,VCCT)和扩展有限元方法(Extended Finite Element Method,XFEM),CZM具有较高的计算效率和良好的收敛效果[8]。双线性拉伸分离定律是使用最广泛的一种内聚力模型[9],其主要输入参数包括层间刚度、强度和临界位移,许多学者针对这些参数进行了详细的研究。例如:Cherniaev等人[10]通过双悬臂梁(Double Cantilever Beam,DCB)试验和缺口弯曲(End Notch Flexure,ENF)试验获取了断裂韧性,并进行低速冲击仿真校正层间参数。Turon等[11]通过DCB试验对层间参数进行了分析,认为层间刚度对仿真结果影响不大,但应保持在一个区间内来维持数值稳定性,而层间强度控制裂纹的萌生,临界位移控制裂纹扩展。Panciroli等[12]使用堆叠壳单元进行了玻璃纤维复合材料冲击试验与仿真,通过试错法获得了层间强度。Heimlb 等人[13]通过DCB试验得I型断裂韧性,通过仿真得到层间强度,进而计算得到临界位移。Kesava Rao等[14]基于高维模型(High Dimensional Model,HDM)技术进行单角弯曲接头试验和仿真,并拟合出层间参数。
目前,主流的层间参数捕捉方法主要基于DCB试验或ENF试验得到的层间断裂韧性试验数据,仍存在一定的不足:
a.试样需要制备过程中预制层间缺口,制样难度增加;
b.试验过程中裂纹扩展长度的记录较为困难,人为因素影响大;
c.层间断裂韧性在常见仿真设置(例如LS-DYNA的Tiebreak接触)中不是直接输入参数[15]
通过短梁剪切试验捕捉复合材料层压板的层间参数,同时利用LS-DYNA显示动力学有限元软件建立短梁剪切仿真模型,并进行冲击试验验证,最终通过比较冲击试验与仿真结果,验证相关层间参数在仿真模型中的有效性。
研究对象为一种碳纤维增强复合材料(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic,CFRP)层压板,碳纤维选用了中国石化上海石油化工股份有限公司的SCF35S,这是一种经高温碳化生产的聚丙烯腈基(Polyacrylonitrile,PAN)碳纤维,拉伸模量可达230 GPa;基体选用惠柏新材料科技(上海)股份有限公司的WP-2120-1环氧树脂,该树脂能够在150 ℃下实现5 min固化。碳纤维复合材料层压板通过将碳纤维和环氧树脂混合形成的预浸料按设定顺序堆叠后置于热压中,在加热、加压条件下固化成型制备。利用ASTM标准测试单向带的力学性能,结果如表1所示,主要研究2种不同堆叠顺序的碳纤维增强复合材料矩形层压板,其参数如下:
a.短梁剪切试样,24层正交各向异性铺层为[0/45/90/-45/0/-45/90/45/0]s,尺寸为32.4 mm×10.8 mm×5.4 mm;
b.冲击试样,16层正交各向异性铺层为[45/0/-45/90]2s,尺寸为150 mm×100 mm×4.8 mm。
图1为短梁剪切试验准备阶段,所采用的设备型号为Instron 5982,试样尺寸,支撑和冲头的间距及半径和满足ASTM D2344[16]要求;试验过程中,预先施加10~20 N的预紧力保证冲头与试样的完全接触,设置冲头的加载速率为1 mm/min,力和位移的采集频率为60 Hz;在试样表面制备分布均匀的黑白散斑,使用高分辨率相机对试样变形过程进行拍摄,相机拍照频率为2 Hz。
根据ASTM D7136[17],在Instron CEAST 9350落锤试验机中完成落锤冲击试验,如图2所示。冲头半径为8 mm,通过改变冲头高度或改变配重块质量的方式实现指定的冲击能量;试样被放置于冲击夹具中,中心处有125 mm×75 mm冲击区域,上表面被4个橡胶压头压紧以防止翘曲。
*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_TIEBREAK,Option=8是LS-DYNA基于如图3所示双线性拉分离定律的用来模拟复合材料层间失效的一种常见的Tiebreak接触设置,许多学者对其进行了分析及应用[18-20],其主要参数如表2所示。
失效准则如下:
${\left(\frac{\left|{\sigma }_{n}\right|}{NFLS}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\frac{\left|{\sigma }_{s}\right|}{SFLS}\right)}^{2}\ge 1$
式中:σn为法向应力,σs为剪切应力,NFLSSFLS分别为层间拉伸和剪切失效应力。
对于接触参数设置,PARAM为临界失效位移,面与面之间节点距离大于PARAM时,节点从tied状态被释放变为正常的接触;对于层间拉伸刚度CN,为了保证数值稳定性和避免计算时间增加,CN不应过小或过大。
对于层内的建模采用LS-DYNA中的*MAT_58模型*MAT_LAMINATED_COMPOSITE_FABRIC,其最早由Matzenmiller提出[21],该模型是基于Hashin失效准则[22]的连续损伤力学模型,用于描述纤维增强复合材料的弹脆性行为。考虑损伤后应变与等效应力的关系如下:
$\epsilon ={S}_{d}\left(w\right)\widehat{\sigma }, {S}_{d}\left(w\right)=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{1}{(1-{w}_{11}){E}_{11}}& -\frac{{\nu }_{21}}{{E}_{22}}& 0\\ -\frac{{\nu }_{12}}{{E}_{11}}& \frac{1}{(1-{w}_{22}){E}_{22}}& 0\\ 0& 0& \frac{1}{(1-{w}_{12}){G}_{12}}\end{array}\right]$
式中:ε为应变,Sd(w)为考虑损伤的复合材料单向带柔度矩阵,w为损伤因子,$\widehat{\sigma }$为等效应力。
层内参数对仿真结果的影响显著,本文侧重于层间参数的获取及验证,对于层内参数的获取方法不再进行详细阐述。在此仅列出所使用的输入参数值,如表3所示。
图4所示,由于复合材料层合板的分层失效源自相邻层之间的树脂断裂,理论上通过获取层间剪切模量(G13)和剪切应变便可获得层间剪切强度。然而,实际铺层间的树脂在该过程中的应变无法直接通过数字图像相关法(Digital Image CorrelaYion, DIC)提取,因此考虑通过计算相邻两层纤维铺层在临界失效状态前的应变势差(Δγ13)用于层间剪切失效强度计算。
载荷先以较大的斜率快速增长至3 600 N左右然后突然下降到约2 000 N,代表碳纤维复合材料试样内部发生层内或层间的部分失效,仍具有承受载荷的能力;随后,载荷以较小的斜率继续提高,在此过程中伴随多次小幅度的载荷突降,说明试样在该阶段持续发生损伤,整体弯曲刚度逐渐减小;最终,试样在约2 mm附近载荷增长的斜率趋近于0,随后载荷大幅度下降,此处可能发生较大规模的损伤。
图5所示为位移点1~3处试样的DIC云图。图5a中位移点2、位移点3均出现明显的层间分层,说明试验过程中层间失效主导材料的失效。图5b中的Sigma云图是一种能够快速识别裂纹等缺陷的云图变量,颜色越红,代表区域萌生裂纹的可能性越大,当压头位移到达1处时,在图5b1试样中部的位置出现了明显缺陷特征,结合a1可判断此处缺陷为层间缺陷;类似地,当压头位移达到位移点2处时,在试样上部产生了层间裂纹。图5c~图5d中,位移点1处出现了面外剪应变和正应变集中,而位移点2处主要出现了剪应变集中,因此,可以认为短梁剪切试验载荷多段下降失效模式由面外剪应变主导,而面外正应变辅助参与的层间剪切失效。
进一步对中部缺陷(图5b1)和上部缺陷(图5b2)相邻层的剪应变进行势差分析,剪应变势差数据是通过DIC选取特定像素区内2个相邻铺层之间的剪应变之差,结果分别如图4中的中部和上部缺陷所示。当压头位移在位置1之前时,2条剪应变势差曲线一直保持为0,表明在相邻层上选取的分析点之间没有相对移动,即层间未出现分层迹象。当压头位移达到位置1附近时,载荷下降,势差曲线1的数值以很大的斜率急剧增长,并在红色圈附近位置产生斜率的突然下降,随后继续线性增长,缺陷区域经历了“分层未产生-分层产生但不稳定扩展-分层稳定扩展”的过程;在位置1处,势差曲线2也发生明显斜率变化,但根据图5b1,试样上部缺陷此时并不明显,因此该斜率变化可以被归因于试样中部区域缺陷的分层程度强于试样上部,导致势差曲线1高于势差曲线2;当压头位移达到位置2时,载荷再次下降,此时势差曲线2发生斜率的突变,对应试样上部产生层间分层现象;位置1和位置2发生的2次分层失效所对应的面外剪应变数值几乎相同,有理由认为该处的剪应变势差对应层间分层剪切应变,大约在0.046,层间剪切强度SLFS为:
$SLFS={G}_{13}\Delta {{\gamma }_{13}}_{c}$
式中,Δγ13c为层间分层发生时的临界剪应变势差。
经计算,SLFS=128 MPa。
在LS-DYNA中建立短梁剪切有限元模型,如图6所示。
考虑到短梁剪切试验是三维应力状态,使用*PART_COMPOSITE_TSHELL对碳纤维增强复合材料层压板进行建模;为了最大程度地保留分层对试验的影响并缩减计算成本,模型采用3层堆叠厚壳单元,每层壳单元之间通过*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_TIEBREAK模拟接触层间分层行为,静摩擦因数参考文献[23]设置为0.5;CFRP层压板与冲头或支撑之间的接触作用通过*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE定义;冲头和支撑使用*MAT_20_RIGID进行建模,其能够方便地对实体(Part)的自由度进行约束,支撑采用全固定(自由度为0),而冲头允许垂直试样厚度方向的平移(自由度为1);使用*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_RIGID设置冲头的运动边界条件,以模拟试验中试样被挤压的过程。
图7所示为不同层间参数对试验力-位移曲线的影响,结果表明:
a.不使用tiebreak模型时,峰值力高于使用tiebreak模型和试验的情况,这表明层间分层是曲线在峰值处下降的主要原因,与3.1节中的结论相符;
b.NFLSSFLS都会影响峰值力和载荷下降后的平台应力,层间强度是决定曲线走势的关键因素;
c.PARAM主要影响峰后的平台应力以及多段载荷下降行为,这是由于PARAM与层间断裂韧性成正比,因此PARAM代表层间抵抗裂纹扩展的能力,较大的PARAM能够更好地抵抗分层的扩展,进而提高试样抵抗变形的能力。
目前已经通过2.1节的试验计算得到SFLS的数值,其他参数可以根据Turan等的研究[11],通过基体拉伸模量和单向带厚度计算得到CNCT2CN可以通过拉梅第二系数的表达式计算得到,对于NFLSPARAM数值的获取,采用试错法。如图8所示为仿真与试验对比结果,可以看出仿真曲线与试验曲线在峰值力、载荷多段下降行为和载荷下降后的平台力方面均比较吻合。表4所示为最终*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_TIEBREAK输入参数。
复合材料层合板在工程应用中常常受到面外冲击的载荷,这种冲击载荷能直接影响材料的冲击性能表现,例如冲击容限[24],对冲击试验进行有限元建模,以验证第2节中层间性能参数的可靠性。
图9所示为冲击有限元模型,该模型依据图2实际试验设置边界条件,并与短梁剪切中的复合材料属性设置一致,CFRP层合板采用*PART_COMPOSITE_TSHELL建模,应用层叠壳的方法来考虑层间性能的影响,在125 mm×75 mm的矩形冲击区域内自由度为6,在固定区域自由度为0,单壳元采用Belytschko-Tsay缩减积分单元以提高计算效率;冲头选用与其半径相同的球体进行实体建模,设置合理密度使其质量等于总冲击质量,通过*INITIAL_VELOCITY赋予冲头初始速度使得冲击初始动能分别为10 J和200 J;冲头与CFRP层合板、不同壳单元之间的接触与3.2节中短梁剪切模型一致;分别建立不同网格密度(1 mm和2 mm)和不同堆叠壳单元层数(1层、4层、8层、16层)的模型进行仿真。对不同的模型采用简化记法,如2 mm单元尺寸下的4层堆叠壳单元记作P4M2。
图10所示为单元尺寸为2 mm的16层堆叠壳模型(P16M2)仿真与试验的力-位移曲线,结果如下。
a.10 J能量水平的冲击试验在CFRP层合板表面造成的是几乎不可见损伤(Barely Visible Impact Damage),属于低能量冲击; 而200 J能量水平的冲头贯穿了CFRP层合板,在力-位移曲线中位移没有发生明显回弹,也证明层合板在冲击区域所有层都已失效,表现为高能量冲击。
b.尽管10 J冲击能量没有产生可见损伤,但力-位移曲线载荷上升过程经历了斜率的明显下降,说明内部产生了损伤,其为基体裂纹导致的分层损伤[26]。根据力-位移曲线的走势可以将曲线分为3个区域,分别为峰前未损伤区,峰前损伤区和峰后损伤区,分层阈值载荷被定义为由峰前未损伤区进入峰前损伤区的峰值力,在10 J的冲击能量下约为2 838 N。相似的趋势也出现在200 J能量冲击的试验曲线中,但由于分层阈值载荷(3 130 N)相对峰值载荷(15 127 N)较低,因此,体现得并不明显。
c.在10 J能量水平下,P16M2的曲线在峰前区域与试验结果吻合较为良好,其在1.5 mm经历了载荷的突降进入峰前损伤区,经过查看LS-DYNA的过程信息MESSAG文件,此处发生了由面外剪切主导的层间失效,分层阈值载荷约为3 419 N,与试验结果相近;然而P16M2在峰后区域与试验结果存在严重的差异,经调查后发现,这是由于本文采用的*MAT_58连续介质损伤模型在峰后区域采用弹性软化而没有塑性应变积累,其能够提高计算效率但无法准确描述材料的卸载行为[26],因此,P16M2在峰后位移会趋于0。
d.在200 J能量水平下,P16M2与试验在峰前区域的重合度极高,其中分层阈值载荷为3 288 N,峰值载荷为13 767 N,另外,在峰后区域,二者也有相同的走势,这是由于该能量下冲头没有回弹,而是完全贯穿了CFRP层合板,因此,材料的卸载行为并不明显。
由上述分析可知,本文选用的材料模型更适合描述无卸载行为200 J高能量冲击试验,因此着重对200 J仿真进行分析。如图11所示为200 J能量水平不同仿真模型的冲击结果,P1M2为没有预设层间分层触发器的模型,曲线与其他模型相比有较大偏移,表现为更高的载荷增长速率、更高的峰值载荷和峰后回弹行为,该现象侧面反映了层间参数会显著降低CFRP层合板的整体抗冲击性能表现;P4M2相比于P16M2表现出更高的分层阈值载荷以及更剧烈的载荷突降行为,这是由于该模型内部设置的层数不符和实际情况(16层),而较少的层数能够提高层合板在冲击初期抵抗载荷的能力,即有更高的分层载荷阈值,但是较少的层数也意味着分层一旦发生,没有足够的层间区域抵抗分层裂纹扩展,因此载荷下降更加剧烈。P4M1相比于P4M2细化了壳单元网格尺寸,能够更加真实地反映冲击试样结构上的连续损伤,因此,分层载荷阈值有一定程度的降低。
表5总结了200 J能量水平冲击试验与不同模型的结果以及计算成本,单层壳模型与试验结果偏差较大。不同的堆叠壳模型在峰值载荷上均与试验结果相近,误差均在10%以内;然而,分层阈值载荷不同模型之间表现出一定的差异性,只有P16M2误差较小(5.09%);从计算成本和仿真精度上,相比增加网格密度,增加堆叠壳的层数的建模策略更为优化(图12)。
本文提出了一种基于简单短梁剪切试验与仿真相结合的方法,用于测试纤维增强复合材料层压板的层间参数,并通过冲击试验对所得到的参数进行了验证。主要结论如下:
a.通过DIC云图分析,短梁剪切试验的多段载荷下降行为是由面外剪切主导的层间失效造成的;通过分析不同失效位置的剪应变势差,结合面外剪切模量计算出层间剪切强度SFLS,并将其作为层间参数带入冲击模型计算。
b.低能量(10 J)和高能量(200 J)冲击试验和仿真总体上结果吻合度较高,但由于*MAT_58材料模型不适合描述材料的卸载行为,10 J能量水平冲击力-位移曲线后半段对应程度较差。基于试验结果,带有层间参数的P16M2模型分层阈值载荷误差为5.09%,峰值力误差为8.99%,证明层间参数的标定在冲击仿真中具有一定的必要性。同时,通过不同模型仿真结果发现,增大网格密度和增加堆叠壳的层数均会提高仿真的精度,但增加层数是保证计算成本提高精度的工程化优先策略。
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240296
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2024-10-20
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国家重点研发计划政府间国际科技创新合作重点专项(2019YFE0124100)
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    中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司, 天津 300300
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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