Article(id=1202250854280687703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1202250853794148439, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20220207, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764568540400, onlineDateStr=2025-12-01, pubDate=1674144000000, pubDateStr=2023-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764568540400, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764568540400, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764568540400, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1202250853794148439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2023', volume='', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='72', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764568540285, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764576081444, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1202282483787194627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1202250853794148439, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1202282483787194628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1202250853794148439, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=24, endPage=27, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1202250854523957337, articleId=1202250854280687703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Improvement on Projection Welding Quality of M12 Ring Projection Welding Nut, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Projection welding of M12 ring convex welding nut and 2.5 mm thick plate has the defect of faulty welding, using energy storage welding machine in place of power frequency convex welding machine can solve the defect of faulty welding. There is an optimal combination of welding voltage, tempering voltage and welding pressure in the welding parameters of the energy storage welder. The orthogonal test is suitable for optimizing the optimal welding parameters. The optimized parameters (welding voltage 650 V, tempering voltage 650 V, welding pressure 16 kN) were used for test welding to obtain a convex welding joint with ejection force of 33.55 kN, which was greater than the target value of 16 kN. The high strength joining between ring convex welding nut and thick plate is realized, proving that the capacitor energy storage welding machine has the advantages of energy saving, high efficiency and stable welding quality, which is suitable for the welding between large nut sizing over M10 and thick plate.

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M12环凸焊螺母与2.5 mm厚板凸焊存在虚焊缺陷,用储能焊机替代工频凸焊机能解决螺母虚焊缺陷。储能焊机焊接参数中的焊接电压、回火电压、焊接压力存在最优组合,正交试验适合优选最优焊接参数,用优选出最优参数(焊接电压650 V、回火电压650 V、焊接压力16 kN)进行试焊获得顶出力为33.55 kN的凸焊接头,大于目标值16 kN,实现了环凸焊螺母与厚板的高强度连接,证明电容储能焊机具有节能、高效、焊接质量稳定的优点,适合M10以上大螺母与厚板的焊接。

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杨黄锐(1973—),男,高级工程师,学士学位,研究方向为超高强钢板电阻点焊与凸焊、搅拌摩擦焊、异种材料连接设备开发、大型高强管型梁架焊接工艺、钣金件尺寸工程。

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杨黄锐(1973—),男,高级工程师,学士学位,研究方向为超高强钢板电阻点焊与凸焊、搅拌摩擦焊、异种材料连接设备开发、大型高强管型梁架焊接工艺、钣金件尺寸工程。

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杨黄锐(1973—),男,高级工程师,学士学位,研究方向为超高强钢板电阻点焊与凸焊、搅拌摩擦焊、异种材料连接设备开发、大型高强管型梁架焊接工艺、钣金件尺寸工程。

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因素水平 A焊接
电压/V
B回火
电压/V
C焊接
压力/kN
D预压
时间/ms
1 650 510 12 400
2 590 590 14 400
3 510 650 16 400
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因素水平表

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因素水平 A焊接
电压/V
B回火
电压/V
C焊接
压力/kN
D预压
时间/ms
1 650 510 12 400
2 590 590 14 400
3 510 650 16 400
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试验号 因素 试件顶出力/kN 飞溅记录 螺纹通过性
A/V B/V C/kN D/ms
1-1 650 510 12 400 18.78 中等飞溅 未通过
1-2 650 590 14 400 21.54 中等飞溅 未通过
1-3 650 650 16 400 38.64 中等飞溅 通过
1-4 590 510 14 400 14.20 中等飞溅 通过
1-5 590 590 16 400 21.06 中等飞溅 通过
1-6 590 650 12 400 20.82 小飞溅 通过
1-7 510 510 16 400 8.70 小飞溅 通过
1-8 510 590 12 400 4.74 微小飞溅 通过
1-9 510 650 14 400 14.46 中等飞溅 通过
), ArticleFig(id=1202250860777664804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1202250854280687703, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验结果记录表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号 因素 试件顶出力/kN 飞溅记录 螺纹通过性
A/V B/V C/kN D/ms
1-1 650 510 12 400 18.78 中等飞溅 未通过
1-2 650 590 14 400 21.54 中等飞溅 未通过
1-3 650 650 16 400 38.64 中等飞溅 通过
1-4 590 510 14 400 14.20 中等飞溅 通过
1-5 590 590 16 400 21.06 中等飞溅 通过
1-6 590 650 12 400 20.82 小飞溅 通过
1-7 510 510 16 400 8.70 小飞溅 通过
1-8 510 590 12 400 4.74 微小飞溅 通过
1-9 510 650 14 400 14.46 中等飞溅 通过
), ArticleFig(id=1202250860865745191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1202250854280687703, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平和 Kj1 78.96 41.68 44.34 54.30
Kj2 56.08 47.34 50.20 51.06
Kj3 27.90 73.92 68.40 57.58
水平均值 avKj1 26.32 13.89 14.78 18.10
avKj2 18.69 15.78 16.73 17.02
avKj3 9.30 24.64 22.80 19.19
极差Rj 17.02 10.75 8.02 2.17
因素平方和Sj 436.08 197.55 104.94 7.09
), ArticleFig(id=1202250860958019886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1202250854280687703, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

试验结果分析表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平和 Kj1 78.96 41.68 44.34 54.30
Kj2 56.08 47.34 50.20 51.06
Kj3 27.90 73.92 68.40 57.58
水平均值 avKj1 26.32 13.89 14.78 18.10
avKj2 18.69 15.78 16.73 17.02
avKj3 9.30 24.64 22.80 19.19
极差Rj 17.02 10.75 8.02 2.17
因素平方和Sj 436.08 197.55 104.94 7.09
), ArticleFig(id=1202250861037711667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1202250854280687703, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件1顶出力 试件2顶出力 试件3顶出力 试件4顶出力 试件5顶出力 平均顶出力
33.42 37.56 33.12 32.04 31.62 33.55
), ArticleFig(id=1202250861138374969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1202250854280687703, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

验证结果表 kN

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件1顶出力 试件2顶出力 试件3顶出力 试件4顶出力 试件5顶出力 平均顶出力
33.42 37.56 33.12 32.04 31.62 33.55
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M12环凸焊螺母凸焊质量改进
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杨黄锐 , 熊玮 , 唐大庆 , 范贵鹏
汽车工艺与材料 | 生产现场 2023,(1): 24-27
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汽车工艺与材料 | 生产现场 2023, (1): 24-27
M12环凸焊螺母凸焊质量改进
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杨黄锐, 熊玮, 唐大庆, 范贵鹏
作者信息
  • 东风实业有限公司,武汉 430056
  • 杨黄锐(1973—),男,高级工程师,学士学位,研究方向为超高强钢板电阻点焊与凸焊、搅拌摩擦焊、异种材料连接设备开发、大型高强管型梁架焊接工艺、钣金件尺寸工程。

Improvement on Projection Welding Quality of M12 Ring Projection Welding Nut
Huangrui Yang, Wei Xiong, Daqing Tang, Guipeng Fan
Affiliations
  • Dongfeng Industrial Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430056
出版时间: 2023-01-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20220207
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M12环凸焊螺母与2.5 mm厚板凸焊存在虚焊缺陷,用储能焊机替代工频凸焊机能解决螺母虚焊缺陷。储能焊机焊接参数中的焊接电压、回火电压、焊接压力存在最优组合,正交试验适合优选最优焊接参数,用优选出最优参数(焊接电压650 V、回火电压650 V、焊接压力16 kN)进行试焊获得顶出力为33.55 kN的凸焊接头,大于目标值16 kN,实现了环凸焊螺母与厚板的高强度连接,证明电容储能焊机具有节能、高效、焊接质量稳定的优点,适合M10以上大螺母与厚板的焊接。

厚板凸焊  /  正交试验  /  储能焊机

Projection welding of M12 ring convex welding nut and 2.5 mm thick plate has the defect of faulty welding, using energy storage welding machine in place of power frequency convex welding machine can solve the defect of faulty welding. There is an optimal combination of welding voltage, tempering voltage and welding pressure in the welding parameters of the energy storage welder. The orthogonal test is suitable for optimizing the optimal welding parameters. The optimized parameters (welding voltage 650 V, tempering voltage 650 V, welding pressure 16 kN) were used for test welding to obtain a convex welding joint with ejection force of 33.55 kN, which was greater than the target value of 16 kN. The high strength joining between ring convex welding nut and thick plate is realized, proving that the capacitor energy storage welding machine has the advantages of energy saving, high efficiency and stable welding quality, which is suitable for the welding between large nut sizing over M10 and thick plate.

Projection welding of thick plate  /  Orthogonal test  /  Stored energy welding machine
杨黄锐, 熊玮, 唐大庆, 范贵鹏. M12环凸焊螺母凸焊质量改进. 汽车工艺与材料, 2023 , (1) : 24 -27 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20220207
Huangrui Yang, Wei Xiong, Daqing Tang, Guipeng Fan. Improvement on Projection Welding Quality of M12 Ring Projection Welding Nut[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2023 , (1) : 24 -27 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20220207
凸焊是一种电阻焊工艺,常用于白车身螺母、螺栓焊接工艺中, M12环形凸台螺母与2.5 mm镀锌钢板凸焊时(工频焊机)因其焊接能量需求大,影响电网恒定输出电流,会出现螺母虚焊缺陷,需额外增加补焊工序确保螺母与板材牢固连接,熔化极活性气体保护电弧焊(Metal Active Gas Arc Welding,MAG)补焊工序浪费工时,应采用先进的凸焊工艺取代落后的凸焊+补焊“双保险”焊接工艺。
储能焊机利用电容储存电能,焊接时瞬间释放电量,同时集中大电流穿过小面积点而达致熔接效果。对于螺母焊接件,如果螺母承载力较大,或零件材质(难焊材质)对焊接质量影响较大,储能凸焊机有明显优势。储能式凸焊机适用材料广泛,就汽车零部件而言,与螺母焊接的板材不论是冷冲压零件还是高强度热压零件,均可达到较好的焊接质量[1]
图1是凸焊螺母与螺母盒装配关系图,螺母底部设置高1.2 mm、宽2 mm、直径24 mm环形尖角凸筋,凸焊后在凸台与板材结合部形成环形凸焊连接。螺母盒为冲压件,板材厚2.5 mm,材料牌号HC420LAD+Z 50/50,表面双面镀锌。
M12螺母被焊在螺母盒封闭腔内,一旦脱落不易返修,因此必须保证两者可靠连接。为确保牢固连接,产品设计采用带法兰盘的特殊凸焊螺母,在法兰盘端面设置环形尖角凸筋代替普通凸焊螺母的凸点,环状凸筋增加了螺母与螺母盒接触面积,目的是提高连接强度及连接可靠性。但由于工频焊机在焊接时需从电网获取3万安培以上的瞬时大电流,导致电网电压不稳,难以输出稳定的电流,引发螺母虚焊,凸焊后每个零件需要再用MAG焊补焊确保螺母可靠连接。增加补焊工序违背了产品设计初衷。
产品方面,与3凸点或4凸点的凸焊螺母相比,环凸焊螺母理论上有更高的连接强度,但环凸焊螺母因凸筋的结合面比凸点螺母的接触面积大,在相同电流下导致电流密度相对较低,难以形成有效熔核。设备方面,在工频焊机与车间电网之间存在不可调和的矛盾,采用强规范大电流会影响车间电网供电平衡,带来电网瞬时压降,甚至烧毁初级电路汇流排;在不能采用强规范的情况下,只能采用软规范小电流、低压力、长时间的焊接参数进行焊接,由于焊接压力低、电流小,热量在凸筋处无法形成熔核,长时间通电加热导致热量消耗在螺母上(图2),螺母的法兰盘被加热变深色也不能获得合格的凸焊接头。
电容储能式凸焊机的工作方式是从电网以小电流、长时间的方式给电容充电,电容放电时能瞬时、大电流向工件输出额定焊接能量,由于凸焊过程脱离车间电网,即使焊接电流很大也不会对车间电网产生冲击,同时提高了焊接稳定性,储能焊机解决了焊机与车间电网之间存在的能量供需矛盾,短时、大电流、高焊接压力的焊接参数能满足M12环凸焊螺母与2.5 mm厚板焊接工艺要求。为提高凸焊质量,决定采用广州亨龙智能装备公司出品的20 kJ储能焊机替代500 kVA工频凸焊机焊接M12环凸焊螺母。
正交试验可以用最少的试验次数、最低的消耗获得最佳的试验结果[2]。焊接参数正交试验适用于4因素3水平L9(34)正交表,正交试验选择参数时应采用较大的水平差值,即拉开各水平之间的差距,虽然试验结果(顶出力)会呈现较大散差,但易于找出最大试验强度的最优参数水平组合。本试验选择焊接电压、回火电压和电极压力为试验因素,预压时间作为随机因素,分别简称为A因素,B因素、C因素和D因素。
每因素取3水平设计出4因素3水平的因素水平表(表1)。储能焊机的电容放电时间小于20 ms,电容放电时间即为焊接时间,电容放电时间不可调,因此焊接时间不列入因素水平表。
焊前准备,为确保螺母的环状凸筋与螺母盒均匀接触,焊前要检查上下电极端面平行度,用压印纸检验电极接触面积,印迹面积占电极理论接触面积80%以上为合格(图3)。电极修磨后上下电极在不通电状态下开闭5次以上,用于磨合电极工作端面,提高电极端面接触电阻稳定性。
按L9(34)正交表所列9种焊接规范利用储能焊机在螺母盒上凸焊9个M12螺母并记录飞溅状态。破坏试验方法如图4所示,即用螺钉拧入凸焊螺母,将凸焊试件放在夹具上,再对凸焊螺母上的螺钉施加压力,直到凸焊螺母上的焊点撕裂,记录此时顶出力的压力值。
将9个样件的破检顶出力(亦即指标)数据输入正交试验助手软件中,经计算机软件处理后得试验结果记录表(表2)。
在各因素中,某一因素水平变动时,引起指标变动大,则说明该因素对指标影响大,是主要因素,这个影响程度用因素极差Rj表示[3]
本试验仅做极差分析,从表3可知,A因素1水平均值(26.32)大于其它两个水平(18.69、9.3),即Ka1>Ka2>Ka3,亦即A1>A2>A3,说明因素A取A1水平最好,焊接电压取650 V对提高凸焊接头连接强度有利;B因素有关数据中B3>B2> B1,以B3水平最好;C因素有关数据中C3>C2>C1,以C3水平最好;D因素水平没有差值,作为随机误差不参与分析。极差表中Ra>Rb>Rc,可见本次试验A极差最大,是主要因素。因素主次排列的顺序是A>B>C>D。
依据上述结果,确定本轮试验参数最优水平组合为A1B3C3,即焊接电压为650 V,回火电压为650 V,焊接压力为16 kN,预压时间为400 ms。该最优水平组合与表2中序号1~3最大顶出力水平组合(A1B3C3D3)相吻合,其试验结果(指标列)顶出力38.64 kN(试验力—变形)是9个试件中最大的顶出力,大于目标值16 kN(针对电池盒安装螺母,其顶出力一般要达到16 kN 以上)。
用上述最优水平参数焊接5个凸焊螺母,平均顶出力为33.55 kN,满足产品设计要求(表4)。
通过凸焊螺母顶出破坏试验,选出了M12环凸焊螺母与2.5 mm厚板螺母盒的最佳焊接参数:电容储能焊机焊接电压650 V、回火电压650 V、焊接压力16 kN。该参数下获得的凸焊接头平均顶出力为33.55kN,为顶出力目标值16 kN的2.1倍,并且不会发生螺母虚焊脱落缺陷,取消了螺母补焊工序。
电容储能焊机放电时间不可控,瞬间释放大电流,电流冲击大,凸焊时不可避免地会产生焊接飞溅。本次试验发现,储能焊机低焊接电压焊接时虽然无飞溅,但也无法获得合格焊接接头(见表2试验号1-7~1-9试验结果),正交试验破检显示,高焊接电压(650V以上,有短程飞溅)配合回火电压焊接的M12环凸焊螺母其连接强度高,并且没有焊渣堵塞螺纹。
参考文献 引证文献
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董争. 电容储能凸焊机和普通固定式凸焊机螺母焊接质量分析[J]. 时代汽车, 2019(3): 128-129.
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原道宽. 用正交试验法对螺栓凸焊工艺的研究[J]. 汽车科技, 1993(1): 60-64.
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20220207
  • 首发时间:2025-12-01
  • 出版时间:2023-01-20
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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