Article(id=1200492477284209283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1200492472695648768, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240152, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764149310655, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1732032000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764149310655, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764149310655, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764149310655, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200492472695648768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2024', volume='', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='72', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764149309561, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764149309561, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=22, endPage=26, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200492477670085259, articleId=1200492477284209283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Research on Annealing Process of 3003 Aluminum Alloy for Lithium Battery of New Energy Vehicle, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the effect of annealing process on the properties and microstructure of 3003 aluminum alloy for lithium battery of new energy vehicle, the evolution characteristics of room temperature mechanical properties, hardness, cupping value, earing rate and microstructure of 3003 aluminum alloy for lithium battery of new energy vehicle after annealing at different temperatures (150 ~ 500 ℃) and holding for 3 h are studied by means of electronic universal testing machine, hardness tester, cupping test machine, forming test machine and optical microscope. The preferred experimental annealing process of 3003 aluminum alloy is determined. The results show that the best combination of mechanical properties, formability and microstructure of 3003 aluminum alloy is obtained when the annealing temperature is 400 ℃ and the holding time is 3 h. This annealing process is applied to the box-type annealing furnace on the production site for verification, which is in good agreement with the test results.

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李永欣(1983—),男,工程师,硕士学位,研究方向为铝合金化学成分设计、表面化学处理及热处理工艺。

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李永欣(1983—),男,工程师,硕士学位,研究方向为铝合金化学成分设计、表面化学处理及热处理工艺。

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李永欣(1983—),男,工程师,硕士学位,研究方向为铝合金化学成分设计、表面化学处理及热处理工艺。

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动力电池壳用3003铝合金带材工艺研究[C]//2020年中国铝加工产业年度大会论文集(下册). 佛山: 中国有色金属加工工业协会, 2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200511841769214085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1200492477284209283, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=40, issue=9, pageStart=1027, pageEnd=1030, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=程海峰, 黄奎, 覃丽萍, journalName=特种铸造及有色合金, refType=null, unstructuredReference=程海峰, 黄奎, 覃丽萍, 等. 气垫炉与箱式炉退火对3003铝合金组织和性能的影响[J]. 特种铸造及有色合金, 2020, 40(9): 1027-1030., articleTitle=气垫炉与箱式炉退火对3003铝合金组织和性能的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200511841853100169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1200492477284209283, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=56, issue=11, pageStart=136, pageEnd=137, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=刘春梅, journalName=现代制造技术与装备, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘春梅. 退火温度对3003铝合金带材性能的影响[J]. 现代制造技术与装备, 2020, 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项目 Si Fe Cu Mn Zn Ti
要求值 0.60 0.70 [0.05,0.20] [1.00,1.50] 0.10 0.05
实测值 0.28 0.59 0.11 1.15 0.02 0.03
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3003铝合金化学成分(质量分数) %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 Si Fe Cu Mn Zn Ti
要求值 0.60 0.70 [0.05,0.20] [1.00,1.50] 0.10 0.05
实测值 0.28 0.59 0.11 1.15 0.02 0.03
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项目 要求值 实测值
抗拉强度/MPa [100,130] 117
屈服强度/MPa ≥40 46
延伸率/% ≥30 40.1
维氏硬度/HV0.5 30.1
杯突值/mm ≥10 14.82
制耳率/% ≤5 1.65
), ArticleFig(id=1200511839583981664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1200492477284209283, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

现场箱式退火检测数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 要求值 实测值
抗拉强度/MPa [100,130] 117
屈服强度/MPa ≥40 46
延伸率/% ≥30 40.1
维氏硬度/HV0.5 30.1
杯突值/mm ≥10 14.82
制耳率/% ≤5 1.65
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新能源汽车锂电池用3003铝合金退火工艺研究
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李永欣
汽车工艺与材料 | 铝合金材料应用专题 2024,(11): 22-26
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汽车工艺与材料 | 铝合金材料应用专题 2024, (11): 22-26
新能源汽车锂电池用3003铝合金退火工艺研究
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李永欣
作者信息
  • 天津忠旺铝业有限公司, 天津 301700
  • 李永欣(1983—),男,工程师,硕士学位,研究方向为铝合金化学成分设计、表面化学处理及热处理工艺。

Research on Annealing Process of 3003 Aluminum Alloy for Lithium Battery of New Energy Vehicle
Yongxin Li
Affiliations
  • Tianjin Zhongwang Aluminum Co., Ltd., Tianjin 301700
出版时间: 2024-11-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240152
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为研究退火工艺对新能源汽车锂电池用3003铝合金性能与组织的影响,利用电子万能试验机、硬度计、杯突试验机、成形试验机与光学显微镜等,研究了新能源汽车锂电池用3003铝合金在不同温度(150~500 ℃)下保温3 h试验炉退火后的室温力学性能、硬度值、杯突值、制耳率与显微组织的演变特性,确定了3003铝合金较优的试验退火工艺。结果表明,3003铝合金在退火温度为400 ℃、保温时间为3 h时,获得了力学性能、成形性能与显微组织的最佳组合,将该退火工艺应用于生产现场的箱式退火炉,结果与试验结果相吻合。
锂电池  /  铝合金  /  退火工艺  /  显微组织

In order to explore the effect of annealing process on the properties and microstructure of 3003 aluminum alloy for lithium battery of new energy vehicle, the evolution characteristics of room temperature mechanical properties, hardness, cupping value, earing rate and microstructure of 3003 aluminum alloy for lithium battery of new energy vehicle after annealing at different temperatures (150 ~ 500 ℃) and holding for 3 h are studied by means of electronic universal testing machine, hardness tester, cupping test machine, forming test machine and optical microscope. The preferred experimental annealing process of 3003 aluminum alloy is determined. The results show that the best combination of mechanical properties, formability and microstructure of 3003 aluminum alloy is obtained when the annealing temperature is 400 ℃ and the holding time is 3 h. This annealing process is applied to the box-type annealing furnace on the production site for verification, which is in good agreement with the test results.

Lithium battery  /  Aluminum alloy  /  Annealing process  /  Microstructure
李永欣. 新能源汽车锂电池用3003铝合金退火工艺研究. 汽车工艺与材料, 2024 , (11) : 22 -26 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240152
Yongxin Li. Research on Annealing Process of 3003 Aluminum Alloy for Lithium Battery of New Energy Vehicle[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2024 , (11) : 22 -26 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240152
研究表明,新能源汽车自身质量降低10%,其续驶里程可增加7.5%,并可提高车辆的操控性[1-2]。铝合金因其质量轻、耐腐蚀、成形性优良,在新能源汽车轻量化技术中广泛应用。新能源汽车锂电池壳体应用的铝及其合金主要有1050、3003和3005,其中,由于1050强度低、3005焊接性能不良,现已很少使用。3003具有良好的综合性能,成为新能源汽车锂电池壳体材质的主要选择,国内方形锂电池外壳大多采用3003铝合金。曾勇谋等[3]通过向3003铝合金中添加Mg和Zr元素,研究了改变化学成分后的3003铝合金板的组织和性能,熊志方等[4]研究了均匀化处理对3003铝合金析出行为的影响。因铸轧生产成本较低,近年来不少研究者对3003铸轧材料进行了研究,但尚未解决晶粒粗大的问题[5-7]。现有研究者大都对3003铝合金的单个性能指标进行研究[8-10],而对全部性能指标研究较少。因此,本文对3003铝合金退火后的力学性能(抗拉强度、屈服强度、延伸率)、硬度、成形性能(杯突值、制耳率)与显微组织(晶粒尺寸)进行研究与评价。
本文试验材料采用3003铝合金带材,其化学成分符合GB∕T 3190—2020《变形铝及铝合金化学成分》中的要求,如表1所示。
3003铝合金带材的生产流程为:采用半连续直冷铸造铝合金铸锭,锯切机切头去尾,铣面机铣削加工成610 mm×1 600 mm×8 000 mm的坯料,经均匀化加热工艺(600 ℃×12 h+500 ℃×2 h)处理,使用1+4热连轧机轧成7.0 mm的热轧带材,精轧卷取温度为(300±10) ℃,热轧带材冷却至室温后,经过单机架连续可变凸度(Continuously Variable Crown,CVC)六辊冷轧机3道次冷轧至1.65 mm后取样,在实验室的Naberthem NA120/65型空气循环炉中进行不同温度的试验退火,温度范围为150~500 ℃,温度间隔为50 ℃,保温时间为3 h。经过试验炉退火后的材料样板分别进行室温力学性能、硬度值、杯突值、制耳率与显微组织的检测。根锯实验室退火试样的检测结果,确定3003铝合金较优的试验退火工艺,将该退火工艺用于生产现场的箱式退火炉,再次进行以上各项性能指标的检测。
依据GB/T 16865—2023《变形铝、镁及其合金加工制品拉伸试验用试样及方法》,采用Zwick Z100型电子万能试验机进行室温力学性能检测;依据GB/T 4340.1—2009《金属材料 维氏硬度试验 第1部分:试验方法》,采用KB30S-FA维氏硬度计进行硬度值检测;依据GB/T 4156—2020《金属材料 薄板和薄带 埃里克森杯突试验》,采用BUP600板材成形试验机进行杯突检测;依据GB∕T 24183—2021《金属材料 薄板和薄带 制耳试验方法》,采用GBS-60数显自动杯突试验机进行制耳率测试;依据GB/T 3246.1—2024《变形铝及铝合金制品组织检验方法 第1部分:显微组织检验方法》,采用Axio-Vert-A1型光学显微镜(Optical Microscope,OM)进行显微组织观察。
3003铝合金冷轧板试样在不同温度下(第1组试样未退火,即图1左侧第1点)退火,保温3 h后,材料的力学性能变化如图1所示。由检测结果可知,当退火温度由150 ℃升高至500 ℃时,试样的抗拉强度与屈服强度逐渐降低,而伸长率逐渐增大。材料的抗拉强度、屈服强度分别由221 MPa和201 MPa降低至117 MPa和47 MPa,而伸长率从4.7%上升至40.5%后小幅下降。当退火温度为400 ℃时,强度与延伸率达到平衡状态,不再发生变化。
3003铝合金冷轧板试样在不同温度下(第1组试样未退火,即图2左侧第一点)退火,保温3 h后,材料的硬度变化如图2所示。由检测结果可知,当退火温度由150 ℃升高至500 ℃时,硬度由64.2 HV0.5下降至30.5 HV0.5,其变化规律与抗拉强度、屈服强度变化趋势一致。
3003铝合金冷轧板试样在不同温度下(第1组试样未退火,即图3左侧第1点)退火,保温3 h后,材料的杯突值变化如图3所示。由检测结果可知,除第1组试样未进行退火处理外,当退火温度由150 ℃升高至500 ℃时,杯突值由10.89 mm增加至14.71 mm后小幅下降,在400 ℃时达到最大。
3003铝合金冷轧板试样在不同温度下(第1组试样未退火,即图4左侧第1点)退火,保温3 h后,材料的制耳率(Earing)变化如图4所示。由检测结果可知,除第1组试样未进行退火处理,当退火温度由150 ℃升高到500 ℃时,制耳率由7.87%下降至1.37%后小幅上升,当退火温度为400 ℃时达到最小值,与杯突值的变化趋势相反。
3003铝合金冷轧板试样在不同温度下退火,保温3 h后,材料的显微组织变化如图5所示。由检测结果可知,当退火温度由150 ℃升高至300 ℃时,材料由纤维组织变成部分再结晶组织,到退火温度为400 ℃时,再结晶完成,晶粒尺寸未出现长大现象,退火温度超过400 ℃后,材料的晶粒尺寸有长大的趋势。
由上述力学性能、硬度、杯突值、制耳率与显微组织的检测检测结果可知,3003铝合金冷轧板试样在不同温度下退火,较佳的退火温度为400 ℃,保温时间为3 h。
将实验室退火炉较优的工艺用于生产现场的箱式退火炉进行验证,将经过清洗的3003铝合金带材打孔后用热电偶测量金属温度,采用带材悬挂在套筒支撑的方式退火。为提高生产效率,采用差温加热方法,炉气温度设置为500 ℃,当金属温度达到400 ℃时,炉气温度降低至400 ℃,保温3 h后,温度冷却至150 ℃出炉,冷却至室温后取样检测,检测结果如表2图6所示。各项性能指标与3.1节中的试验结果相符,均满足GB/T 33824—2017《新能源动力电池壳及盖用铝及铝合金板、带材》的规定。
3003铝合金属于Al-Mn系,是不可热处理强化铝合金,Mn是主要的合金元素,与Al可生成MnAl6相,Fe能溶于MnA16中形成化合物(FeMn)Al6,从而降低Mn在铝中的溶解度,通常Mn+Fe的质量分数≤1.85%,可有效细化3003材料退火后的晶粒度,Si也能降低Mn在Al中的溶解度,提高合金的力学性能,Cu元素能够显著提高合金强度,含量过高会降低合金的耐腐蚀性能,但少量的Cu能够使材料的严重的点腐蚀变为轻微的均匀腐蚀,提高耐腐蚀性能[8],Zn元素会降低合金的焊接性能。
3003铝合金经过76.4%加工率冷轧,铝合金晶粒沿长度方向被压扁、拉长、变细,并出现纤维组织,提高了铝合金强度,未经退火的3003铝合金力学性能已经达到超硬状态(H19)。在退火温度为150~250 ℃时,3003铝合金处于回复阶段,材料的强度下降与温度基本呈线性关系,抗拉强度、屈服强度分别由220 MPa、152 MPa降低至160 MPa、152 MPa,当退火温度为250~300 ℃时,合金强度陡然降低,抗拉强度、屈服强度分别降低至121 MPa、54 MPa,延伸率达到39%,塑性大幅度提升,合金的组织由纤维组织变成再结晶组织,直到退火温度为400 ℃时完成再结晶,性能趋于稳定。硬度与强度的变化规律一致,若没有电子万能试验机,可采用维氏硬度计快速初步判断合金的力学性能。
杯突值与制耳率是衡量材料成形性能的重要指标,杯突值反映材料的深冲拉伸性能,杯突值越大,材料的深冲拉伸性能越好,制耳率反映材料的各向异性,制耳率越小,材料的各项异性越小,材料在使用过程中的利用率越高。采用本文的退火工艺生产的3003铝合金材料的杯突值与制耳率分别达到14.82 mm与1.65%,高于标准的要求。
显微组织(晶粒尺寸)影响材料的力学性能成形性能。晶粒尺寸过大,铝合金表面会产生橘皮纹,在电池壳冲压过程中,壳体表面会形成不美观“雪花纹”,且长时间的冲压会导致冲压模具摩擦力增大,造成生产停机甚至损坏冲压设备,因此,晶粒尺寸越小越好。但当前没有晶粒尺寸相关标准,通常默认晶粒度≤1级为宜。
综上所述,由试验炉确定新能源汽车锂电池用3003铝合金较优的退火工艺后,经生产现场的箱式退火炉生产验证,结果表明,该退火工艺不仅适用于3003-O产品的完全退火,也可用于3003-H1N(H12/H14/H16/H18/H19)产品的中间退火。
a. 本文研究了新能源汽车锂电池用3003铝合金在不同温度试验炉退火后的室温力学性能、硬度、杯突值、制耳率与显微组织的变化规律,随退火工艺温度的升高,抗拉强度、屈服强度、维氏硬度与制耳率先降低后趋于稳定,延伸率、杯突值逐渐增大后趋于稳定,以上所有指标在退火温度约为300 ℃时变化显著。
b. 确定了3003铝合金较优的试验退火工艺:退火温度为400 ℃,保温时间为3 h,获得了力学性能(高塑性)、成形性能(高杯突值、低制耳率)与显微组织(晶粒尺寸细小均匀)的最佳组合。
c. 将较优的试验退火工艺应用于生产现场箱式退火炉进行生产验证,其结果与试验结果非常吻合。该退火工艺不仅可用于3003-O产品的完全退火,也可用于3003-H1N(H12/H14/H16/H18/H19)产品的中间退火。
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240152
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-11-20
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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