Article(id=1200492475568738905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1200492472695648768, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240171, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764149310247, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1732032000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764149310247, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764149310247, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764149310247, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200492472695648768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2024', volume='', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='72', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764149309561, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764149309561, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=11, endPage=16, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200492475824591455, articleId=1200492475568738905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Laser Filler Wire Welding of Aluminum Plate Material of Passenger Car Door, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the aluminum alloy door of passenger car as the research object, the laser wire filling welding process and welding quality of aluminum alloy sheet are studied through comprehensive application of simulation and process test. The optimal process parameters suitable for laser wire filling welding of aluminum alloy door are obtained by judging the forming quality and mechanical properties of the weld after welding. Using this parameter, the laser wire filling welding of the inner plate assembly of the aluminum door is prototyped and a better welding quality is achieved. The results show that for the laser wire filling lap welding of 5182 aluminum plate and 6016 aluminum plate with thickness of 1.5 mm, better weld forming quality and mechanical properties can be obtained with the following process parameters: 2 600 W laser power, 2.5 m/min welding speed and 7 m/min wire feeding speed, and can satisfy the welding quality requirements of the actual aluminum door inner plate assembly.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qingjun Song, Guochen Li, Qifeng Song, Linyang Zhang, Donghong Gao), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200492479763043008, articleId=1200492475568738905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=CN, title=乘用车车门铝板材料激光填丝焊试验研究, columnId=1200492473513538053, journalTitle=汽车工艺与材料, columnName=铝合金材料应用专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=以乘用车铝合金车门为研究对象,通过仿真模拟与工艺试验的综合应用,研究铝合金板材的激光填丝焊工艺和焊接质量,通过评判焊接后焊缝的成形质量和力学性能等,获得适用于铝合金车门激光填丝焊的最佳工艺参数,并利用此参数进行铝车门内板总成的激光填丝焊试制,获得了较好的焊接质量。结果表明,针对厚度为1.5 mm的5182铝板和6016铝板激光填丝搭接焊,采用激光功率为2 600 W、焊接速度为2.5 m/min、送丝速度为7 m/min的参数配置,可获得较好的焊缝成形质量和力学性能,满足实际铝车门内板总成的焊接质量要求。, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=8RTIp2Zz3Jxx1Zya7ROkUQ==, magXml=jBBc6BV+yiiQgj3ycbcf3w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=hYMcnpAgCXuL6DhBXIFFbg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=FbYJ6P9XK0hrJQJ9BJ7KHQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

宋庆军(1989—),男,工程师,工学硕士,研究方向为汽车用金属材料及连接技术。

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宋庆军(1989—),男,工程师,工学硕士,研究方向为汽车用金属材料及连接技术。

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宋庆军(1989—),男,工程师,工学硕士,研究方向为汽车用金属材料及连接技术。

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材料 屈服强度
/MPa
抗拉强度
/MPa
延伸率/% 杨氏模量
/GPa
泊松比
5182 175 280 15 71 0.3
6016 220 295 12 71 0.3
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上、下板材料性能参数

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材料 屈服强度
/MPa
抗拉强度
/MPa
延伸率/% 杨氏模量
/GPa
泊松比
5182 175 280 15 71 0.3
6016 220 295 12 71 0.3
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激光功率/W 2 400 2 600 2 800 3 000
熔深/mm 0.23 0.68 1.40 1.50
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不同激光功率下的焊缝熔深

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激光功率/W 2 400 2 600 2 800 3 000
熔深/mm 0.23 0.68 1.40 1.50
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试样 试样1 试样2 试样3 平均值
最大拉剪力/kN 5.86 5.93 5.83 5.87
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搭接接头拉剪性能

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试样 试样1 试样2 试样3 平均值
最大拉剪力/kN 5.86 5.93 5.83 5.87
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连接形式 最大拉剪力/kN 断裂吸收功/J
激光填丝焊
(焊缝长度为20 mm)
5.87 8.48
点焊(熔核直径为6 mm) 4.82 6.63
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激光填丝焊和点焊接头性能对比

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连接形式 最大拉剪力/kN 断裂吸收功/J
激光填丝焊
(焊缝长度为20 mm)
5.87 8.48
点焊(熔核直径为6 mm) 4.82 6.63
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乘用车车门铝板材料激光填丝焊试验研究
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宋庆军 , 李国臣 , 宋起峰 , 张林阳 , 高东宏
汽车工艺与材料 | 铝合金材料应用专题 2024,(11): 11-16
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汽车工艺与材料 | 铝合金材料应用专题 2024, (11): 11-16
乘用车车门铝板材料激光填丝焊试验研究
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宋庆军, 李国臣, 宋起峰, 张林阳, 高东宏
作者信息
  • 中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院, 长春 130013
  • 宋庆军(1989—),男,工程师,工学硕士,研究方向为汽车用金属材料及连接技术。

Experimental Study on Laser Filler Wire Welding of Aluminum Plate Material of Passenger Car Door
Qingjun Song, Guochen Li, Qifeng Song, Linyang Zhang, Donghong Gao
Affiliations
  • Global R&D Center, China FAW Corporation Limited, Changchun 130013
出版时间: 2024-11-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240171
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以乘用车铝合金车门为研究对象,通过仿真模拟与工艺试验的综合应用,研究铝合金板材的激光填丝焊工艺和焊接质量,通过评判焊接后焊缝的成形质量和力学性能等,获得适用于铝合金车门激光填丝焊的最佳工艺参数,并利用此参数进行铝车门内板总成的激光填丝焊试制,获得了较好的焊接质量。结果表明,针对厚度为1.5 mm的5182铝板和6016铝板激光填丝搭接焊,采用激光功率为2 600 W、焊接速度为2.5 m/min、送丝速度为7 m/min的参数配置,可获得较好的焊缝成形质量和力学性能,满足实际铝车门内板总成的焊接质量要求。
铝合金  /  激光填丝焊  /  焊接仿真  /  工艺试验

With the aluminum alloy door of passenger car as the research object, the laser wire filling welding process and welding quality of aluminum alloy sheet are studied through comprehensive application of simulation and process test. The optimal process parameters suitable for laser wire filling welding of aluminum alloy door are obtained by judging the forming quality and mechanical properties of the weld after welding. Using this parameter, the laser wire filling welding of the inner plate assembly of the aluminum door is prototyped and a better welding quality is achieved. The results show that for the laser wire filling lap welding of 5182 aluminum plate and 6016 aluminum plate with thickness of 1.5 mm, better weld forming quality and mechanical properties can be obtained with the following process parameters: 2 600 W laser power, 2.5 m/min welding speed and 7 m/min wire feeding speed, and can satisfy the welding quality requirements of the actual aluminum door inner plate assembly.

Aluminum alloy  /  Filler wire welding  /  Welding simulation  /  Process testing
宋庆军, 李国臣, 宋起峰, 张林阳, 高东宏. 乘用车车门铝板材料激光填丝焊试验研究. 汽车工艺与材料, 2024 , (11) : 11 -16 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240171
Qingjun Song, Guochen Li, Qifeng Song, Linyang Zhang, Donghong Gao. Experimental Study on Laser Filler Wire Welding of Aluminum Plate Material of Passenger Car Door[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2024 , (11) : 11 -16 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240171
汽车行业轻量化可有效降低油耗、减少尾气排放,提高驾驶操控性[1],材料替代可显著提升汽车轻量化水平,目前铝合金材料已在乘用车车身中大量应用,采用铝合金车门代替传统的钢制车门,可使车门总成质量减轻20%~30%,轻量化效果显著。然而,铝合金在焊接时焊缝成形性较差,易产生气孔、裂纹、咬边、接头软化等缺陷。激光焊接技术作为一种先进的焊接技术,具有能量密度高、热输入小、焊缝深宽比大、焊接变形小等优点[2],已广泛应用于车身铝合金构件的焊接制造中,如奥迪A8车门采用了铝合金激光焊接技术,凯迪拉克CT6行李箱盖外板采用了激光焊进行连接,焊缝成形美观,而蔚来全铝车身在顶盖与侧围、车门等部位大量应用了铝合金激光填丝焊技术,实现了高效、高质量和高美观度的焊接效果[3]
本文采用激光填丝焊技术进行乘用车车门用铝板的焊接工艺及性能研究,首先选用Simufact有限元分析软件进行焊接工艺参数优选,其次利用优化的焊接参数进行铝合金激光填丝焊工艺试验,分析焊缝成形质量及力学性能等,同时对比激光填丝焊接头与铝点焊接头力学性能的优劣,探讨烘烤处理对焊缝性能的影响,最后进行铝合金车门内板总成的激光填丝焊试制,并检验焊接质量。
激光填丝焊主要应用于乘用车铝合金车门内板与窗框加强板的连接,如图1所示,连接位置主要位于车门玻璃四周,局部连接结构如图2所示,采用搭接接头形式,门内板为上板,窗框加强板为下板,基于此,本文研究搭接形式的激光填丝焊技术,为与实际铝车门的焊接材料一致,选用的接头上板为厚度1.5 mm的5182铝板,下板为厚度1.5 mm的6016铝板,性能参数如表1所示,激光束倾斜45°照射上板端部与下板交界处,形成2层板材的有效连接。试验选取焊丝牌号为ER4043铝硅焊丝,其硅含量约为5%,该焊丝流动性好,具有优良的焊接工艺性能和抗热裂性能,可有效避免铝合金焊接过程中产生的热裂纹,试验选取直径为1.2 mm的铝焊丝。
试验所用激光焊接设备为IPG-10000型光纤激光焊接系统,匹配KUKA机器人及Fronius送丝系统,如图3所示,其光纤芯径为200 μm,聚焦镜焦距为300 mm,准直镜焦距为150 mm。焊缝成形质量评价采用Observer A 1 m金相显微镜,接头力学性能评价采用Zwick/Roell Z100电子拉力试验机,接头的断裂吸收功为接头拉力试验所得的力-位移曲线下的面积,利用Origin软件求取。焊缝外观成形质量采用目视或低倍显微镜进行评价;焊缝内部成形质量分析需沿垂直于焊缝长度方向截取焊缝完整截面,依次进行磨样、抛光、腐蚀等工序,最后置于显微镜下观察焊缝成形质量;力学性能分析中,选取试验样板尺寸为110 mm×40 mm,装配为搭接接头形式,在上板端部与下板交界处进行焊接,焊缝位置如图4所示,焊缝长度为20 mm,所测得的力学性能结果为3组试样的平均值。
试验前首先通过模拟仿真优化焊接工艺参数,本文选用Simufact有限元分析软件进行焊接模拟,网格划分、热源模型建立、材料性能输入、焊接参数确定和初始边界条件设置等均在此软件中进行,其中,模型网格划分采用六面体实体单元,单元边长为0.5 mm,热源模型采用软件中适用于激光填丝焊的高斯圆锥热源模型,材料性能从软件材料库中获取,焊接工艺参数中焊接速度为2.5 m/min,送丝速度为7 m/min,激光功率为2 400 W、2 600 W、2 800 W、3 000 W,仿真模型如图5所示,通过设置不同的激光功率来优化铝合金激光填丝焊工艺参数,获得最佳的焊缝成形质量。
铝合金板材激光填丝搭接焊试验采用仿真模拟获得的优化工艺参数,评价焊缝成形质量和接头力学性能,其中,焊缝成形质量包括外观成形质量和内部成形质量,并研究激光束偏移量对焊缝成形的影响;接头力学性能评价中,测试搭接接头的拉剪力学性能,并将激光填丝焊接头与铝点焊接头的力学性能进行对比,同时研究烘烤处理过程对焊缝性能的影响。最后利用优化的工艺参数进行车门内板与窗框加强板焊接,评价焊接质量,并分析激光填丝焊技术在铝合金车门焊接中的应用可行性。
利用前文所述的4种激光功率参数进行焊接过程仿真,分析焊缝成形质量,所得的焊缝截面形貌如图6所示,焊缝熔深尺寸如表2所示。随着激光功率的提高,焊接热输入量逐渐升高,焊缝截面面积和熔深尺寸均逐渐增大,根据产品设计标准,铝合金搭接接头激光填丝焊的焊缝熔深需大于下层板厚的25%,因此,本文所用的厚度为1.5 mm的板材,焊缝熔深需大于0.375 mm,故2 400 W激光功率下的焊缝熔深不满足要求,且焊趾部位存在未熔合现象,焊缝承载面积不足,而其他3种激光功率下的焊缝熔深均满足要求,但当激光功率为2 800 W和3 000 W时,由于焊接热输入较大,会产生较大的焊接应力和变形,严重影响焊接总成的形状和尺寸精度,且提高了焊接成本。因此,从焊缝熔深、焊缝承载面积、焊接变形等角度考虑,最优的工艺参数为焊接速度2.5 m/min、送丝速度7 m/min、激光功率2 600 W。
选取上述最优工艺参数进行厚度为1.5 mm的铝板激光填丝搭接焊试验,激光束倾斜45°照射上板端部与下板交界处,使上板端部与下板部分材料发生熔化,凝固后形成焊缝,该焊接结构和焊接方法对接头装配精度的要求较低,焊接过程稳定,且能有效减少焊缝气孔和裂纹等缺陷,获得较高的接头力学性能,因此,国内外铝车门焊接普遍采用搭接焊结构和激光填丝焊技术。
本文利用最优工艺参数获得的焊缝外观质量和内部质量如图7所示,可以看出,焊缝的外观成形质量和内部成形质量良好,焊缝规则、饱满,无气孔、裂纹、飞溅、未焊透、未熔合、烧穿等缺陷,同时,焊缝熔深尺寸达到了0.72 mm,满足相关设计标准。综上,采用上述工艺参数可获得质量较好的搭接焊缝,满足铝合金车门激光填丝焊缝对成形质量的要求。
在上述最优工艺参数基础上研究了光束偏移量对焊缝成形质量的影响,光束偏移量是指激光束相对光束对中位置的偏离值,如图8所示,光束对中位置指激光束倾斜45°射入上板端面根部与下板上表面的交点位置,试验中分别设置光束偏移量为0 mm、+0.5 mm、+1.0 mm、-0.5 mm和-1.0 mm,其中,0 mm代表激光束位于光束对中位置,“+”代表激光束相对光束偏向上层板,“-”代表激光束相对光束偏向下层板。
利用前文最优工艺参数进行焊接,经多轮次的工艺优化后,得到5种光束偏移量所对应的焊缝内部成形质量,如图9所示。该5种焊缝内部质量良好,无气孔、裂纹、烧穿、未焊透、未熔合等焊接缺陷,其中,当偏移量为0 mm、+0.5 mm、+1.0 mm时,焊缝表面饱满,承载面积大,但当偏移量为+1.0 mm时,激光能量更多地作用于上板,导致下板的热输入量不足,焊缝熔深过小,不满足设计标准;偏移量为-0.5 mm和-1.0 mm时,激光能量更多地作用于下板,上板的热输入量不足、熔化量过小,导致焊缝表面出现凹陷,上、下板连接面积较小,焊缝承载力不足,因此,铝合金搭接接头激光填丝熔焊的光束偏移量为0~+0.5 mm比较理想。
选取工艺参数为焊接速度2.5 m/min、送丝速度7 m/min、激光功率2 600 W、光束偏移量0 mm,焊缝长度设定为20 mm,焊接3组搭接接头力学性能试样,测量接头的拉剪性能,拉剪速率为3 mm/min,结果如表3所示。长度为20 mm的激光填丝焊缝所能承受的最大拉剪力均值为5.87 kN。力学性能测试后的试样断裂照片如图10所示,可以看出,接头沿上层板材与焊缝金属的交界面发生断裂,整个焊缝均遗留在下层板上,说明上层板与焊缝金属的交界面为整个接头的最薄弱区域。
将厚度为1.5 mm的5182铝板和6016铝板进行点焊连接,制成点焊搭接试样,经多轮参数优化后使点焊熔核直径稳定在6 mm,选取表面质量较好的点焊搭接试样进行拉剪性能测试,结果如表4所示,点焊试样的最大拉剪力和断裂吸收功分别为4.82 kN和6.63 J,激光填丝焊试样的最大拉剪力和断裂吸收功分别为5.87 kN和8.48 J,均高出点焊试样20%以上,因此,采用激光填丝焊代替点焊焊接铝合金车门可显著提升车门的静载强度和碰撞安全性。
为模拟汽车车身经涂装后的烘烤过程,对试验中所得的激光填丝焊样品进行烘烤处理,烘烤温度为180 ℃,烘烤时间为30 min,分析烘烤处理对焊缝性能的影响。经烘烤处理后,接头的最大拉剪力均值为5.95 kN,与未经烘烤处理的接头性能相比变化不大,因此,可认为涂装烘烤过程不会对激光填丝焊接头的性能产生较大影响。
利用上述优化的工艺参数进行铝合金车门内板和窗框加强板的焊接,采用搭接断续焊形式,总计21条焊缝,每条焊缝长度为20~25 mm,相邻焊缝间隔为50~70 mm,每件车门总成激光填丝焊接用时为30~40 s,焊接后的总成样件及焊缝局部如图11所示,可见焊缝表面成形良好,焊缝规则、饱满,未见气孔、裂纹、飞溅等焊接缺陷,满足乘用车车门总成对焊缝表面质量的要求。利用专用检具进行车门总成尺寸精度检测,检测结果均满足产品尺寸精度要求,说明热输入量较小的激光焊工艺不会使焊接总成产生过大的形变,使用该工艺的零部件能够很好地满足产品质量要求。
随机抽检3个位置的焊缝进行内部质量检测,结果如图12所示,可见3个位置的焊缝内部成形质量较好,与试板样品的截面形貌相当,无气孔、裂纹、未焊透、未熔合、烧穿等缺陷,焊缝熔深尺寸满足相关设计标准,综上,激光填丝焊应用于铝合金车门总成焊接具有良好可行性。
本文采用激光填丝焊技术进行车门铝板的焊接工艺及性能研究,并利用优化的工艺参数进行铝合金车门的焊接试制,得出如下结论:
a. 通过仿真模拟可知,随着激光功率的提高,焊缝截面面积和熔深尺寸均逐渐增大;厚度为1.5 mm的5182铝板和6016铝板搭接焊的较优工艺参数为焊接速度 2.5 m/min、送丝速度7 m/min、激光功率2 600 W、光束偏移量0~0.5 mm。
b. 激光束偏向上层板时,焊缝表面饱满,承载面积大;激光束偏向下层板时,焊缝表面存在凹陷,上、下板连接面积较小,焊缝承载力低。
c. 长度为20 mm的激光填丝焊接头相比于熔核直径为6 mm的点焊接头,最大拉剪力和断裂吸收功均提升20%以上;涂装烘烤过程对激光填丝焊接头的力学性能影响不大。
d. 利用仿真模拟和试验中优化的工艺参数进行铝合金车门的激光填丝焊试制,可获得成形质量良好且无缺陷的焊缝,激光填丝焊技术能够很好地满足铝合金车门产品的质量要求。
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
谢朝辉. 轿车车身轻量化及其对连接技术的挑战[J]. 南方农机, 2021, 52(2): 126-127.
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周含宣, 刘蓓蓓, 刘艳磊, 等. 6063铝合金激光自熔焊焊接力学性能研究[J]. 焊接技术, 2023, 52(12): 35-38.
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彭欣强, 杨臣, 苏明, 等. 铝合金激光焊接技术与应用前景[J]. 汽车工程师, 2018(9): 15-18.
2024年第卷第11期
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240171
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-11-20
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    中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院, 长春 130013
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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