Article(id=1200451915839566158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1200451911695586009, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240182, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764139640054, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1734624000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764139640054, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764139640054, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764139640054, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200451911695586009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2024', volume='', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='66', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764139639066, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764139639066, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=11, endPage=15, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200451916263190867, articleId=1200451915839566158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Application on Ultrasonic Phased Array Technology in the Detection of Vehicle Body Coating, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

At present, the automotive industry mainly through the process monitoring based on coating specifications, as well as the result monitoring based on the final bonding effect to effectively ensure the quality of the coating. In order to improve coating quality detection efficiency, this paper, by learning from to the ultrasonic welding spot nondestructive testing technology, explores the application of ultrasonic phased array technology in the detection of body glue, and proves its feasibility theoretically, Moreover, this paper also uses ultrasonic phased array nondestructive testing instrument for practical application inspection, and finally realizes the nondestructive testing of body glue.

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目前,汽车制造中主要通过基于涂布规格的过程监控和基于最终贴合效果的结果监控保证涂胶品质,为提高涂胶质量检测效率,通过借鉴超声波焊点无损检测技术,探索超声波相控阵技术在车身涂胶检测中的应用,从理论上论证其可行性,并运用超声波相控阵无损检测仪进行实际应用验证,最终实现车身涂胶的无损检测。

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罗瑞(1989—),男,学士学位,研究方向为车身焊装。

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罗瑞(1989—),男,学士学位,研究方向为车身焊装。

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罗瑞(1989—),男,学士学位,研究方向为车身焊装。

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介质 空气
密度/g·cm-3 7.8 1.4 1.0 0.001 29
声速/m·s-1 5 918 2 540 1 473 340
阻抗/g·(cm2·s)-1×102 46 160.4 3 556 1 473 0.438 6
), ArticleFig(id=1200462050028810654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1200451915839566158, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同介质的声阻抗值

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介质 空气
密度/g·cm-3 7.8 1.4 1.0 0.001 29
声速/m·s-1 5 918 2 540 1 473 340
阻抗/g·(cm2·s)-1×102 46 160.4 3 556 1 473 0.438 6
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界面 钢/胶 钢/水 钢/空气
声压反射率: $r=\frac{{Z}_{2}-{Z}_{1}}{{Z}_{2}+{Z}_{1}}$ -0.857 -0.938 -0.999 98
声压透射率: $t=\frac{2{Z}_{2}}{{Z}_{2}+{Z}_{1}}$ 0.143 0.062 0.000 02
声强反射率: $R={\left(\frac{{Z}_{2}-{Z}_{1}}{{Z}_{2}+{Z}_{1}}\right)}^{2}$ 0.734 0.880 0.999 96
声强透射率: $T=\frac{4{Z}_{1}\bullet {Z}_{2}}{{\left({Z}_{2}+{Z}_{1}\right)}^{2}}$ 0.266 0.120 0.000 04
), ArticleFig(id=1200462050175611297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1200451915839566158, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

超声波在不同界面的反射率、透射率

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界面 钢/胶 钢/水 钢/空气
声压反射率: $r=\frac{{Z}_{2}-{Z}_{1}}{{Z}_{2}+{Z}_{1}}$ -0.857 -0.938 -0.999 98
声压透射率: $t=\frac{2{Z}_{2}}{{Z}_{2}+{Z}_{1}}$ 0.143 0.062 0.000 02
声强反射率: $R={\left(\frac{{Z}_{2}-{Z}_{1}}{{Z}_{2}+{Z}_{1}}\right)}^{2}$ 0.734 0.880 0.999 96
声强透射率: $T=\frac{4{Z}_{1}\bullet {Z}_{2}}{{\left({Z}_{2}+{Z}_{1}\right)}^{2}}$ 0.266 0.120 0.000 04
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超声波相控阵技术在车身涂胶检测中的应用
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罗瑞 , 郝敏
汽车工艺与材料 | 视界 2024,(12): 11-15
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汽车工艺与材料 | 视界 2024, (12): 11-15
超声波相控阵技术在车身涂胶检测中的应用
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罗瑞, 郝敏
作者信息
  • 广汽本田汽车有限公司, 广州 510700
  • 罗瑞(1989—),男,学士学位,研究方向为车身焊装。

Application on Ultrasonic Phased Array Technology in the Detection of Vehicle Body Coating
Rui Luo, Min Hao
Affiliations
  • GAC Honda Automobile Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510700
出版时间: 2024-12-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240182
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目前,汽车制造中主要通过基于涂布规格的过程监控和基于最终贴合效果的结果监控保证涂胶品质,为提高涂胶质量检测效率,通过借鉴超声波焊点无损检测技术,探索超声波相控阵技术在车身涂胶检测中的应用,从理论上论证其可行性,并运用超声波相控阵无损检测仪进行实际应用验证,最终实现车身涂胶的无损检测。

超声波  /  相控阵  /  车身涂胶  /  无损探伤

At present, the automotive industry mainly through the process monitoring based on coating specifications, as well as the result monitoring based on the final bonding effect to effectively ensure the quality of the coating. In order to improve coating quality detection efficiency, this paper, by learning from to the ultrasonic welding spot nondestructive testing technology, explores the application of ultrasonic phased array technology in the detection of body glue, and proves its feasibility theoretically, Moreover, this paper also uses ultrasonic phased array nondestructive testing instrument for practical application inspection, and finally realizes the nondestructive testing of body glue.

Ultrasonic wave  /  Phased array  /  Body coating  /  Nondestructive testing
罗瑞, 郝敏. 超声波相控阵技术在车身涂胶检测中的应用. 汽车工艺与材料, 2024 , (12) : 11 -15 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240182
Rui Luo, Min Hao. Application on Ultrasonic Phased Array Technology in the Detection of Vehicle Body Coating[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2024 , (12) : 11 -15 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240182
车身是汽车的重要组成部分,是整个汽车零部件的载体。车身制造主要是将钢材、铝材等冲压零部件通过焊接、铆接、螺栓连接等方式组装、连接到一起,形成完整的车身。在汽车行驶过程中,为降低车身的钢材、铝材等之间的振动异响、缝隙漏水、连接力不足等风险,金属板材之间往往需要适宜的胶水涂布。目前,各汽车制造工厂主要通过涂布规格的过程监控、涂装烘烤硬化后的全破坏检查等方式检测涂胶品质,但成本偏高,效率较低,准确性和时效性不足。目前,对于其他车身涂胶检查的新技术应用国内外鲜有报道[1]。本文借鉴行业内广泛使用的超声波无损焊点检测,探索超声波在车身涂胶检测中的应用,实现车身涂胶的无损检测,在提升车身涂胶品质保证能力的同时,实现车身制造过程的降本增效。
随着汽车制造技术的发展和性能要求的不断提高,车身涂胶在汽车制造中的应用越来越广泛,不仅可以起到增强车身结构、紧固防锈、隔热减振和内外装饰的作用,还能够代替某些部件的焊接、铆接等,实现相同或不同材料之间的连接,简化生产工序,优化产品结构。
车身的涂胶工艺是指在零件上按规格要求涂胶,再与装配零件贴合。常用的胶水包括点焊胶、减振胶、折边胶、结构胶、指压胶等[2],其主要成分多为热固化型合成橡胶、热固化型环氧树脂等,通过多种化工原材料按比例混合、搅拌加工而成。涂胶的最终品质与涂布规格、涂胶位置的零件配合间隙相关。
从车身涂胶的工艺过程来看,当前涂胶检测主要有基于涂布规格的过程监控以及基于最终贴合效果的结果监控。
基于涂布规格的过程监控的检测手段包括目视、直尺或量规测量、涂胶定量监控、视觉检测等,主要监控涂胶的有无、胶径、长度、涂布位置。目视、直尺或量规测量依靠人工检测,更有利于手工涂胶作业的检测,通过涂胶作业者直接、及时地进行检查,其中,目视为感官检查,精度低,但效率高,且能实现全数检查确认,对防止漏胶、明显的胶径不足、长度不足、涂胶偏位等品质风险效果显著,实用性强。而直尺或量规测量,虽能精确到具体数值,但效率低,一般仅用于抽检。对于自动涂胶,在保证涂胶的稳定、精准、一致性的同时,涂胶设备多自带定量机对涂胶量进行精准控制,实现涂胶过程的定量监控,但存在涂胶规格超差而胶量监控却未超限的风险,此时不良品不能被有效检出。如当一段胶粗细不均,胶径局部超限,但涂胶量却在设定范围内时,胶量监控无法识别。目前,行业内领先的涂胶规格监控手段为涂胶视觉检测[3],跟随胶枪对涂胶过程进行实时拍照检测,或涂胶后进行定点拍照检测,能够实现对涂胶质量的实时、快速、精准检测,且具备数据存储、可追溯的功能,可有效提升涂胶品质保证能力。
基于涂胶贴合效果的结果监控的检测手段包括内窥镜检查、涂装烘烤硬化后的全破坏检查等,主要监控胶体在零件之间的最终贴合效果,确认是否存在贴合不到零件、胶体移位、胶体撕裂等缺陷。其中,内窥镜检查受限于车身结构,检测区域有限,无法检测探头无法进入的区域。目前,行业内主要依赖涂装烘烤硬化后的全破坏检查进行结果监控,将经涂装烘烤、胶体硬化后的车身或部品进行全破坏拆解,对胶体的贴合效果、长度、位置、有无缺陷进行目视、测量,以对涂胶的最终形态进行全面检查确认,但也存在拆解结果仅反映拆解对象实绩、拆解工时费用高、车身或部品损耗费用高的问题,一般仅用于较低频率的抽检监控。
基于涂布规格的过程监控仅能反映涂胶过程的规格品质,不能反映最终的贴合效果,而基于涂胶贴合效果的结果监控,主要依赖于全拆解检测,检测手段单一、成本高。因此,急需一种新的快速、高效、无损的涂胶贴合效果监控手段。
超声波是一种波长极短的机械振动波,振动频率高于20 kHz,超出人耳的听觉上限,可在任何介质中传播,广泛应用于医学、工业领域。因其波长比一般声波短,具有较好的方向性,能像光波一样定向射束,穿透能力强、能量高,对人体无害,遇有界面时产生反射、透射和波型的转换,经过巧妙设计即可实现灵活、精确的超声检测。目前,汽车领域已广泛应用超声波无损探伤技术进行焊点的检测[4],能有效检测出焊点的压痕深度、焊核直径、内部缺陷[5]
电与超声波间相互的、可逆的转化主要通过二氧化硅材质的压电效应实现,从而完成超声波的产生和接收。
超声波相控阵技术来源于雷达电磁波相控阵技术,后广泛应用于医用超声成像与诊断,2000年以来开始进入工业领域。超声波相控阵换能器由多个独立的压电晶片组成阵列,阵列类型包括一维的线阵列、环阵列,二维的矩阵列以及非平面的柱面阵列等[6],电子系统控制按一定的规则和时序激发晶片单元,以调节和控制焦点的位置和聚焦方向,从而得到不同角度、不同聚焦点的波阵面和声束,对被测物体进行扫查[7]
超声波从一种介质传播到另一种介质时,在2种介质的分界面上会发生反射和透射,一部分声波反射回原介质,另一部分声波透过界面在另一种介质内传播,反射率和透射率与介质的声阻抗相关。介质的声阻抗为:
Z=ρc
式中:Z为介质声阻抗,ρ为介质密度,c为介质中声速。
计算钢、胶、水、空气的声阻抗,结果如表1所示,其中,胶的声速按环氧树脂的声速进行估算。
根据超声波垂直入射到界面的反射率、透射率公式,进一步计算出钢/胶界面、钢/水界面、钢/空气界面的声压反射率r、声压透射率t、声强反射率R、声强透射率T,如表2所示。其中,负值表示相位改变。由计算结果可知,超声波能从钢介质透射入胶、水介质,而几乎不能透射入空气介质,因此,超声波能对胶的贴合状况进行检测。
检测原理如图1所示,当胶贴合不良时,板材与胶之间存在空气,超声波到达板材/空气界面,几乎不透射,超声波被反射,即超声波只在板材间进行传播。当胶贴合良好时,超声波到达板材/胶界面,透射波穿透入胶体,直至遇到空气再反射,即超声波透过板材、胶体进行传播。通过反射回波的强弱、波的传播时长即可判断胶是否贴合良好。
检测使用的设备为超声波相控阵无损检测仪,其由主机、检测探头、编码器构成,主机同时具备常规超声波检测(Ultrasonic Testing,UT)、超声波相控阵(Phased Array,PA)检测功能,并具有相应通道接口,通过连接配置相关检测探头即可实现常规UT检测或超声波PA检测[8]。其中,PA检测的扫查类型为扇形或线性,检测结果能以A扫描、B扫描、C扫描、S扫描的图像在屏幕上直观呈现,具体呈现形式可选择设定。其中C扫描图像带有测量光标,通过移动光标,可读取胶的尺寸信息。本文应用的检测探头为相控阵PA检测探头,由64个晶片组成,呈线性排列,每个晶片可独立触发并接收超声波。为更好地适应不同厚度板材的检测,配置了超声波频率分别为10 MHz、15 MHz的探头各一个,其中,频率为15 MHz的检测探头比频率为10 MHz的检测探头的灵敏度更高,可检测更小的缺陷,但探测深度更浅,更适用于薄板材的涂胶检测。编码器为拉线编码器,具备磁吸固定功能,通过拉绳记录位移量。
检测方法是:在被测零件表面涂布耦合剂,将拉线编码器通过磁吸固定在零件上,拉绳与检测探头连接,通过移动检测探头对被测零件进行扫查检测,如图2所示。
根据实际需求,设定超声波相控阵无损检测仪检测参数,包括门位/门宽、增益、扫描距离等,对被测工件、车身进行检测,如图3所示。
以试片、实车检测为例,对板材无漆胶未烘烤硬化、板材有漆胶烘烤硬化2种状态进行检测,检测完成后进行全破坏对比,结果如图4所示。
经实际应用,超声波相控阵无损检测仪能对车身涂胶进行有效检测,能检测出胶长、胶宽及断胶缺陷。
通过超声波相控阵无损检测仪对车身涂胶进行检测,新增了一种快速、高效、无损的车身涂胶检测手段,在提高车身涂胶品质保证能力的同时,有效避免了全破坏检查造成的材料、工时成本损失。可将该检测手段应用于车身涂胶品质的日常监控、品质不良解析中,以实现车身制造过程的降本增效。
超声波检测过程需要使用耦合剂。经实际验证,在使用超声波相控阵无损检测仪检测车身涂胶的过程中,用水代替专用耦合剂进行耦合是可行的,通过喷壶在零件表面喷淋一层均匀、细密的水珠后检测,能够清晰成像,但需要注意零件的生锈风险,必要时需采用防锈液剂。对于漆面完整的零件检测,为防止探头楔块造成的刮痕,可使用医用固态耦合剂进行耦合。
在实际使用过程中,受车身结构的限制,部分涂胶零件表面可能存在凹凸不平的现象,或受限于其他零件遮挡,标准检测探头无法有效检测,此时,可通过制作弧形、异形检测探头楔块,提高检测覆盖率。
本文通过对现有车身涂胶检测方式及其优缺点进行分析,借鉴行业内广泛使用的超声波焊点无损检测技术,探索了超声波相控阵技术在车身涂胶检测中的应用。通过分析超声检测原理,从理论上论证其可行,运用超声波无损检测仪对试片、实车开展实际应用开发,总结相关经验,最终实现车身涂胶的无损检测,在降本增效的同时,有效提高了车身涂胶品质保证能力。
为使超声波相控阵技术在车身涂胶检测中得到更高效、更广泛的运用,后续将在探头行程的编码方式开发、探头楔块的形状设计与材质开发、耦合介质的运用开发等方面进行更广泛的探索,以进一步提高车身无损检测的效率、覆盖率。
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240182
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
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    广汽本田汽车有限公司, 广州 510700
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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