Article(id=1200451914975539530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1200451911695586009, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240343, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764139639848, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1734624000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764139639848, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764139639848, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764139639848, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200451911695586009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2024', volume='', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='66', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764139639066, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764139639066, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=50, endPage=55, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200451916284162389, articleId=1200451914975539530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Optimization Design of Thermal Shock Durability for All Aluminum Low-Temperature Water Tank, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problem of the leakage of the flat tube of the all-aluminum low-temperature water tank in the thermal shock test, this article proposes 3 design adjustments, namely, widening the flat tube, changing the O-type collector tube and adding the spacer plate. Finite element analysis software Abaqus is used on the original design scheme and all-aluminum low-temperature water tank under 3 kinds of adjustment scheme for Finite Element Analysis (FEA) analysis, to get the maximum local stress of the flat tube at the leakage area and the maximum plastic strain and its distribution. Thermal shock bench tests are conducted using thermal shock life and the number and location of flat tube leaks as indicators. The results show that the thermal shock life is inversely proportional to the maximum local stress and plastic strain. The location of the leaking flat pipe of the test piece is consistent with the local stress and plastic strain distribution pattern, and the FEA simulation analysis is in good agreement with the test verification. Therefore, in order to extend the thermal shock life of the all-aluminum low temperature water tank, the program sequence is optimized as follows: use of O-type collector tubes, use of narrow flat tubes and use of double bulkheads.

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为解决冷热冲击试验中全铝制低温水箱扁管泄漏的问题,分别提出了扁管加宽、改O型集流管和增加隔板3种设计调整方案,并使用有限元分析软件Abaqus对原设计方案以及3种调整方案下的全铝制低温水箱进行有限元分析(FEA),得到泄漏区域内扁管的最大局部应力和最大塑性应变及其分布情况,以冷热冲击寿命和扁管泄漏的数量和位置为考查指标进行冷热冲击台架试验,结果表明,冷热冲击寿命与最大局部应力和塑性应变成反比,试验件泄漏扁管位置与局部应力及塑性应变分布规律一致,FEA结果与试验验证结果一致性较好。因此,为延长全铝制低温水箱冷热冲击寿命,方案顺序优化为使用O型集流管、使用窄扁管、使用双隔板。

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任远林(1996—),男,工程师,硕士学位,研究方向为新能源汽车热管理系统和零部件开发。

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任远林(1996—),男,工程师,硕士学位,研究方向为新能源汽车热管理系统和零部件开发。

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任远林(1996—),男,工程师,硕士学位,研究方向为新能源汽车热管理系统和零部件开发。

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模型 扁管宽度/mm 集流管管型 中间隔板/个
1 16 D型 1
2 28 D型 1
3 16 O型 1
4 16 D型 2
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全铝制低温水箱不同设计模型

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模型 扁管宽度/mm 集流管管型 中间隔板/个
1 16 D型 1
2 28 D型 1
3 16 O型 1
4 16 D型 2
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参数 数值
密度/kg·m-3 2 710
泊松比 0.33
弹性模量/ MPa 66 000
比热容/J·(kg·K)-1 880
热膨胀系数/K-1 2.32×10-5
导热系数/W·(m·K)-1 124
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扁管材料参数

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参数 数值
密度/kg·m-3 2 710
泊松比 0.33
弹性模量/ MPa 66 000
比热容/J·(kg·K)-1 880
热膨胀系数/K-1 2.32×10-5
导热系数/W·(m·K)-1 124
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产品 样件1 样件2 样件3
A A-S01 A-S02 A-S03
B B-S01 B-S02 B-S03
C C-S01 C-S02 C-S03
D D-S01 D-S02 D-S03
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试验件清单

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产品 样件1 样件2 样件3
A A-S01 A-S02 A-S03
B B-S01 B-S02 B-S03
C C-S01 C-S02 C-S03
D D-S01 D-S02 D-S03
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模型 扁管宽度/mm 集流管类型 中间隔板/个 试验件 循环次数/次 平均次数/次
A 16 D型 1 A-S01 1581 1 549
A-S02 1533
A-S03 1533
B 28 D型 1 B-S01 283 275
B-S02 269
B-S03 273
C 16 O型 1 C-S01 2649 2 665
C-S02 2688
C-S03 2659
D 16 D型 2 D-S01 1604 1 656
D-S02 1677
D-S03 1686
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试验数据

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模型 扁管宽度/mm 集流管类型 中间隔板/个 试验件 循环次数/次 平均次数/次
A 16 D型 1 A-S01 1581 1 549
A-S02 1533
A-S03 1533
B 28 D型 1 B-S01 283 275
B-S02 269
B-S03 273
C 16 O型 1 C-S01 2649 2 665
C-S02 2688
C-S03 2659
D 16 D型 2 D-S01 1604 1 656
D-S02 1677
D-S03 1686
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产品 样件 隔板上侧扁管 隔板下侧扁管
第5根 第4根 第3根 第2根 第1根 第1根 第2根 第3根 第4根 第5根
A A-S01 × × × × ×
A-S02 × × ×
A-S03 × × × ×
B B-S01 × × × × × × ×
B-S02 × × × × × × ×
B-S03 × × × × × × × ×
C C-S01 × ×
C-S02 × ×
C-S03 × × ×
D D-S01 × × × ×
D-S02 × × × ×
D-S03 × × ×
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泄漏点统计

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产品 样件 隔板上侧扁管 隔板下侧扁管
第5根 第4根 第3根 第2根 第1根 第1根 第2根 第3根 第4根 第5根
A A-S01 × × × × ×
A-S02 × × ×
A-S03 × × × ×
B B-S01 × × × × × × ×
B-S02 × × × × × × ×
B-S03 × × × × × × × ×
C C-S01 × ×
C-S02 × ×
C-S03 × × ×
D D-S01 × × × ×
D-S02 × × × ×
D-S03 × × ×
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全铝制低温水箱冷热冲击耐久性优化设计
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任远林 , 任永兵 , 刘凯 , 张琳
汽车工艺与材料 | 材料应用 2024,(12): 50-55
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汽车工艺与材料 | 材料应用 2024, (12): 50-55
全铝制低温水箱冷热冲击耐久性优化设计
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任远林, 任永兵, 刘凯, 张琳
作者信息
  • 上海爱斯达克汽车空调有限公司, 上海 201204
  • 任远林(1996—),男,工程师,硕士学位,研究方向为新能源汽车热管理系统和零部件开发。

Optimization Design of Thermal Shock Durability for All Aluminum Low-Temperature Water Tank
Yuanlin Ren, Yongbing Ren, Kai Liu, Lin Zhang
Affiliations
  • ESTRA Automotive Air-conditioning Systems (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201204
出版时间: 2024-12-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240343
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为解决冷热冲击试验中全铝制低温水箱扁管泄漏的问题,分别提出了扁管加宽、改O型集流管和增加隔板3种设计调整方案,并使用有限元分析软件Abaqus对原设计方案以及3种调整方案下的全铝制低温水箱进行有限元分析(FEA),得到泄漏区域内扁管的最大局部应力和最大塑性应变及其分布情况,以冷热冲击寿命和扁管泄漏的数量和位置为考查指标进行冷热冲击台架试验,结果表明,冷热冲击寿命与最大局部应力和塑性应变成反比,试验件泄漏扁管位置与局部应力及塑性应变分布规律一致,FEA结果与试验验证结果一致性较好。因此,为延长全铝制低温水箱冷热冲击寿命,方案顺序优化为使用O型集流管、使用窄扁管、使用双隔板。

全铝制低温水箱  /  冷热冲击寿命  /  局部应力  /  塑性应变

In order to solve the problem of the leakage of the flat tube of the all-aluminum low-temperature water tank in the thermal shock test, this article proposes 3 design adjustments, namely, widening the flat tube, changing the O-type collector tube and adding the spacer plate. Finite element analysis software Abaqus is used on the original design scheme and all-aluminum low-temperature water tank under 3 kinds of adjustment scheme for Finite Element Analysis (FEA) analysis, to get the maximum local stress of the flat tube at the leakage area and the maximum plastic strain and its distribution. Thermal shock bench tests are conducted using thermal shock life and the number and location of flat tube leaks as indicators. The results show that the thermal shock life is inversely proportional to the maximum local stress and plastic strain. The location of the leaking flat pipe of the test piece is consistent with the local stress and plastic strain distribution pattern, and the FEA simulation analysis is in good agreement with the test verification. Therefore, in order to extend the thermal shock life of the all-aluminum low temperature water tank, the program sequence is optimized as follows: use of O-type collector tubes, use of narrow flat tubes and use of double bulkheads.

All-aluminum low temperature water tanks  /  Cold and hot shock life  /  Localized stress  /  Plastic strain
任远林, 任永兵, 刘凯, 张琳. 全铝制低温水箱冷热冲击耐久性优化设计. 汽车工艺与材料, 2024 , (12) : 50 -55 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240343
Yuanlin Ren, Yongbing Ren, Kai Liu, Lin Zhang. Optimization Design of Thermal Shock Durability for All Aluminum Low-Temperature Water Tank[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2024 , (12) : 50 -55 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240343
与传统燃油汽车不同,新能源汽车(特指纯电汽车)的水箱需用于驱动电机、电控系统以及车载充电器等的散热,电机的工作温度低于发动机,因此称为低温水箱,混合动力汽车既有发动机也有电机,所以同时具备高温水箱和低温水箱[1]
汽车运行中环境和运行状态不断变化,水箱受冷热介质的不断冲击,热应力堆积会引起扁管结构变形渗漏,造成安全隐患。国内关于提高水箱冷热冲击可靠性的研究较少,且多为铝塑水箱试验因素分析和试验装置优化,对全铝制低温水箱设计优化的研究较少。谭何灵等[2]通过对失效件进行分析,判断出散热器在左、右下角存在应力集中,并提出采用挡板开槽工艺可显著提高散热器的抗温度疲劳强度。张良等[3]进行了散热器变温载荷试验研究,设计了一套精准控温、控压、控流的试验装置,控温精度和可靠性较高。武文超等[4]分析了水箱热应力失效机理并结合温度交变幅度和频率,设计了一种针对水箱热应力失效的新型冷热循环台架试验方法,该方法能很好地复现热应力失效模型。顾振飞等[5]建立了散热器温度冲击模型,分析了实际工况下温度冲击数据,按照正态分布计算并验证了温度冲击循环次数理论数值。邱宇等[6]结合客户实际行驶数据,建立了温度冲击台架试验规范。
本文对试验件进行失效原因分析,提出3种优化方案,借助Abaqus软件对原始设计和3种方案进行有限元分析(Finite Element Analysis,FEA),探讨局部应力及塑性应变分布规律和热应力、塑性应变与耐冷热冲击寿命的关系,通过台架试验得到不同方案下全铝制低温水箱耐冷热冲击寿命,以期获得延长水箱耐冷热冲击寿命的最佳设计方案。
现有某全铝制低温水箱产品A采用U型流道设计,主要由散热扁管、翅带、侧边片和D型集液管等构成,如图1所示。
水箱在冷热冲击台架试验过程中,进、出口中间隔板的两侧扁管和D型集液管的钎焊连接处出现泄漏现象,泄漏部位剖切后进行显色处理和金相检查,显色结果表明,隔板两侧散热扁管管鼻处存在裂纹,泄漏的扁管为中间隔板上侧第1根和第2根扁管、下侧第1根和第2根扁管,结合金相断面特征,确认泄漏为热应力疲劳损伤所致,如图2所示。
热胀冷缩是自然现象,水箱在试验中遭受高温和低温冷却液循环冲击,U型流道设计使中间隔板上、下产生温度差,铝合金材料发生不同步的膨胀或收缩变形,对扁管材料产生不可逆的破坏,最终导致扁管泄漏失效。
本文采用Abaqus开展有限元分析[7],该软件在铝合金材料热应力分析方面有较好的表现,分析过程如图3所示。
研究本文失效问题须建立适用的数学模型,本文研究是针对热应力下的材料形变,因此,主要考虑热传递和热应力模型。热传导是冷却液与散热扁管热量交换的主要形式,因此按照仅有热传导进行计算,从而简化模型传热过程,在Abaqus模拟计算时不会产生较大偏差。
三维热传导计算为:
$\rho c\frac{\partial T}{\partial t}=\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left(\lambda \frac{\partial T}{\partial x}\right)+\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\left(\lambda \frac{\partial T}{\partial y}\right)+\frac{\partial }{\partial z}\left(\lambda \frac{\partial T}{\partial z}\right)$
式中:ρ为材料的密度,c为材料的比热容,t为时间,λ为导热系数,T为温度场。
热应力计算为:
ε=εethptp
其中:
${\epsilon }_{th}=\alpha (\theta, {f}_{\beta })\left(\theta -{\theta }_{0}\right)-\alpha ({\theta }_{I}, {f}_{\beta }^{I})({\theta }_{I}-{\theta }_{0})$
式中:εe为弹性应变张量,εth为热应变张量,εp为塑性应变张量,εtp为相变塑性张量,α为热膨胀系数,θ为当前时刻温度,θI为初始时刻温度,fβ为场变量当前取值,f ${}_{\beta }^{I}$为场变量初始取值,θ0为热膨胀系数参考温度。
为解决扁管泄漏失效问题,基于产品A提出3种设计调整方案,即扁管加宽、D型管改为O型管、增加一个带孔隔板,如表1所示,其中模型1采用原始方案。
对4种设计方案进行几何建模,模型的构建对网格划分和提高仿真分析效率至关重要,因此,需要对产品模型进行简化处理,简化后模型如图4所示。
使用Abaqus网格生成模块分别对4个模型进行分区网格划分,扁管和两侧集流管分别采用六面体、四面体网格结构,经过多次调试,模型1、模型2、模型3、模型4的最终网格数量分别定为10 818 719个、11 436 477个、10 099 386个、10 954 842个。Abaqus运行前需设定模型的材料参数,包括密度、泊松比、弹性模量、比热容、热膨胀系数和导热系数,本文研究重点是水箱扁管,扁管材料设定参数如表2所示。
模型1、模型2、模型3、模型4均采用U型流道设计,温度条件输入以中间隔板为界,上、下分别赋予100 ℃和-10 ℃的温度场。在温度作用下,隔板上侧热胀、下侧冷缩,这也是扁管冷热冲击失效的原因,以模型1为例设置温度场,Abaqus模拟结果如图5所示。芯体中间扁管出现数根变形弯曲,100 ℃区域扁管热胀变形程度大于-10 ℃收缩变形程度,两侧变形不同步,出现向红色区域微微弯曲的现象。
局部应力来自温度作用下的材料收缩和膨胀,塑性应变是局部应力全部消失后材料单元体不可恢复的应变。模型1、模型2、模型3、模型4的中间隔板处局部应力以及塑性应变如图6所示。图6a图6b表明:隔板上方扁管的局部应力及塑性应变略大;离隔板越远,局部应力及塑性应变越小;在靠近中间隔板处,第2根扁管局部应力和塑性应变略大于第1根扁管。
模型2云图所反映规律与模型1相同,但模型2最大局部应力和最大塑性应变相比模型1分别增大87.88%和24.3%。分析认为,扁管加宽导致其宽度方向上应力累积增加,因此,减小扁管宽度可有效减少应力累积。
模型3云图所反映规律与模型1相同,与D型集流管相比,O型集流管管壁与扁管的搭接面由平面变为弧面,有效降低了热应力影响[8],模型3最大局部应力和最大塑性应变相较于模型1分别降低39.6%和6%。
模型4云图所反映规律与模型1略有不同,新增的上隔板起到了约束作用,降低了原隔板上方区域扁管的应力,与模型1相比,其最大局部应力和最大塑性应变分别降低23%和1.7%,不同之处为,新增隔板的上方的第2根扁管位置成为局部应力和塑性应变作用的最大位置。
模型计算中,由于隔板上方赋予100 ℃温度场,铝合金属于热膨胀材料,高温热胀比低温收缩体积变化更大,因此,表现为隔板上方局部应力和塑性应变普遍比下方大。冷热冲击试验循环进行,可初步认为隔板上、下累积相同程度应力,离隔板越近,受到的温差形变作用越大,局部应力增大,提高了铝合金材料的塑性应变,反之,离隔板越远,局部应力越小,塑性应变越小;由于靠近中间隔板的第1根扁管受隔板的约束,应力有所下降,所以最大局部应力和最大塑性应变均出现在靠近中间隔板的第2根扁管位置,4个模型的最大局部应力和最大塑性应变如图7所示。
基于上文模拟分析,同步进行了冷热冲击试验,按照模型1、模型2、模型3、模型4设计制作产品A、产品B、产品C、产品D的试验件,为排除其他因素对试验造成误差,4种产品的所有零部件原材料、加工工艺、装配工艺、过炉工艺等完全相同。随机选取4种产品各3个试验样件,编码如表3所示。
冷热冲击试验条件为:固定入口压力值,先通入100 ℃冷却液,待稳定后再通入-10 ℃冷却液,稳定后完成1个循环,每个循环的变温时间固定。
试验采用德国VAF公司的水箱温度交变试验台,该台架包含1个热水箱和1个冷水箱,可同时控制液体流量、时间、温度和压力,并同时对3个产品进行试验,每个试验均可单独开启和结束,当试验件发生泄漏失效,压力传感器将反馈信号并报警。试验后的试验件采用气密性检漏仪进行检查,其原理为向封口产品内持续充入压力为2.25 MPa的压缩空气,将产品放入试验观察水池中,若无泄漏,则保压1 min后结束,若出现泄漏,可直接观察到泄漏位置有气泡冒出,温度交变试验台和气密仪装置如图8所示。
试验误差无法避免,因此,每个试验件的循环寿命略有不同,取3个试验件的平均循环次数作为产品寿命,试验数据如表4所示。
由FEA模拟计算和试验验证对比分析可知:相较于模型1和产品A,产品B的循环寿命降低了82.3%,产品C的循环寿命提高了72%,产品D的循环寿命提高了6.9%,隔板上、下区域内冷热冲击寿命与最大局部应力和最大塑性应变成反比。4种产品的泄漏点统计如表5所示,其中,产品D的新增隔板在原设计隔板上侧第2、第3根扁管之间,为方便对照,仍按原设计隔板统计,因此,上侧第3、第4根扁管可视为第1、第2根扁管。在模拟分析中,最大应力作用在靠近隔板的第2根扁管上,试验结果与模拟计算结果相符,所有产品极限试验后靠近隔板的第2根扁管均发生了泄漏。
隔板两侧出现泄漏现象的扁管数量和位置基本对称,冷热冲击试验中冷热介质交替循环,理论上隔板上、下侧扁管泄漏情况应完全一致,而试验后4种产品的隔板上侧出现扁管泄漏的随机性比下侧略高,分析认为,隔板上侧为进口侧,进口压力比出口压力略大,所以隔板上侧比下侧扁管泄漏数量略多。
本文对全铝制低温水箱冷热冲击试验进行研究,在产品A的基础上,提出了3种设计调整方案并进行有限元分析,对调整设计后的产品开展冷热冲击台架试验,结论如下:
a. 隔板上、下区域内冷热冲击寿命与最大局部应力和最大塑性应变成反比;产品极限试验后隔板两侧扁管泄漏的数量和位置与有限元分析结果相符。
b. 中间隔板上、下区域的扁管是冷热冲击试验的薄弱点,该区域扁管受温差影响,热应力较为集中,双隔板设计是为了削弱这一区域应力集中问题,但对冷热冲击寿命的提升效果有限。
c. 扁管越小,受到的局部应力越小,使用窄扁管能有效提高产品冷热冲击寿命,但扁管尺寸调整需兼顾产品换热性能。
d. 相较于D型集流管,O型集流管管壁与扁管的搭接面更长,对延长产品冷热冲击寿命有较明显作用,且不会对产品换热性能产生较大影响,可以作为延长冷热冲击寿命的首选方案。
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240343
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
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    上海爱斯达克汽车空调有限公司, 上海 201204
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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