Article(id=1195733616425742467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1195733614798357446, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240381, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763014709811, onlineDateStr=2025-11-13, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763014709811, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763014709811, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763014709811, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195733614798357446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2025', volume='', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='72', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763014709424, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763015213929, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195735730925388785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1195733614798357446, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195735730925388786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1195733614798357446, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=12, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195733616706760837, articleId=1195733616425742467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Development Status and Application of Thixomolding Technology for Magnesium Alloys, columnId=1190284220686766583, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=Original article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, thixomolding technology has imparted thriving vigor to the magnesium alloy industry. This paper reviews the development and application prospects of thixomolding technology for magnesium alloys. Firstly, the principle and distinctive advantages of thyroiodin process for magnesium alloys are described in detail. Subsequently, the historical development of magnesium thixomolding machines is summarized, highlighting that China is gradually be coming an innovation leader in the field of large-scale equipment teehnology. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the latest advancements in research on microstructure and properties of magnesium materials utilizing thixomolding technology, and points out that this technology can fully exploit the performance potential of magnesium alloy and effectively reduce casting defects. Beyond the commonly used Mg-Al system, novel semi-solid magnesium alloys are also being researched and developed. Concurrently, magnesium matrix composites by thixomolding have garnered attention due to short process and high performance. Thixomolding technology for magnesium alloys has been applied in consumer electronics, transportation tools, etc., and is gradually expanded to the production of large structural parts, especially demonstrating strong application potential in the field of new energy vehicles.

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半固态注射成型技术近年来为镁合金行业注入了新的活力,综述了镁合金半固态注射成型技术的发展现状与应用前景。首先,阐述了镁合金半固态注射成型工艺的原理及优势,总结了镁合金半固态注射成型机的发展历程,指出中国在大型化装备技术领域正逐步成为创新引领者。进一步分析了基于半固态工艺技术的镁材料组织与性能研究的最新进展,指出该技术是充分挖掘镁合金性能潜力、减少铸造缺陷的重要方法之一。除Mg-Al体系外,随着新型半固态镁合金的研究,半固态注射成型的镁基复合材料因具有短流程、高性能的特点而受到关注。镁合金半固态注射成型技术已在消费电子、交通工具等领域得到应用,正逐步拓展至大型结构件的生产制造,特别是在新能源汽车领域展现出巨大的应用潜力和前景。

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曾小勤(1974—),男,博士学位,教授,研究方向为先进镁合金材料设计与制备,
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=VRhrSt9KkSwIqWnyvN+tDQ==, magXml=ZkJSeXTOwXqWTJyzDzyRhg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=vxJW+aeZbgnPbcm+Fj+c+g==, pdfFileSize=22807931, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=EOma1wcxTxZ8Qra+z1KdqQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Oz/ie5U6M05D6IQLe1zmcQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

谷立东(1993—),男,博士研究生,研究方向为镁合金及半固态注射成型技术。

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谷立东(1993—),男,博士研究生,研究方向为镁合金及半固态注射成型技术。

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生产厂家 设备吨位
(锁模力)/t
锁模机构 螺杆直径/mm 最大理论注射量/kg
日本制钢所(JSW) 3 000 三板式 130 5.3
海天金属 3 000 三板式 150 10.2
伯乐智能 4 000 二板式 170 17.4
伊之密 3 200 三板式 160 11.0
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国内、外部分大型镁合金半固态注射成型机参数

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生产厂家 设备吨位
(锁模力)/t
锁模机构 螺杆直径/mm 最大理论注射量/kg
日本制钢所(JSW) 3 000 三板式 130 5.3
海天金属 3 000 三板式 150 10.2
伯乐智能 4 000 二板式 170 17.4
伊之密 3 200 三板式 160 11.0
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工艺 屈服强度/MPa 抗拉强度/MPa 延伸率/%
冷室压铸[16] 167 258 3.5
热室压铸[16] 159 220 1.5
半固态注射[16] 174 281 3.7
半固态注射[17] 170 273 7.2
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不同铸造工艺下制备的AZ91D合金力学性能

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工艺 屈服强度/MPa 抗拉强度/MPa 延伸率/%
冷室压铸[16] 167 258 3.5
热室压铸[16] 159 220 1.5
半固态注射[16] 174 281 3.7
半固态注射[17] 170 273 7.2
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工艺 屈服强度/MPa 抗拉强度/MPa 延伸率/%
高压压铸[26] 130 225 8
半固态注射成型-板状试样[27] 135 240 10
半固态注射成型-棒状试样[28] 142 266 24.2
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半固态注射成型AM60B镁合金的力学性能

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工艺 屈服强度/MPa 抗拉强度/MPa 延伸率/%
高压压铸[26] 130 225 8
半固态注射成型-板状试样[27] 135 240 10
半固态注射成型-棒状试样[28] 142 266 24.2
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材料 屈服强度
/MPa
延伸率/% 工艺
Mg-10Zn/ SiC-Al2O3(质量分数10%) 186 6.8 半固态注射
Mg-3Al/玻璃态碳 135 2.4 压铸
AZ91D/15% SiC 134 1.2 搅拌铸造
AZ91-T4/15% SiC[42] 93 2.5 搅拌铸造
AZ91-T6/15% SiC[42] 158 1.3 搅拌铸造
AZ61/1% SiC[43] 108 4.5 搅拌铸造
AZ61/2% SiC[43] 100 3.4 搅拌铸造
AZ91D/10% SiC 171 1.4 搅拌铸造
Mg-10Gd-3Y-1Zn
-0.4Zr/Al18B4O33W
364 0.2 挤压铸造
AZ91/14% SiC[36] 200 1.7 注射成型
AJ62/12% SiC[36] 166 2.9 注射成型
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不同铸造工艺成型镁基复合材料的力学性能对比[37]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 屈服强度
/MPa
延伸率/% 工艺
Mg-10Zn/ SiC-Al2O3(质量分数10%) 186 6.8 半固态注射
Mg-3Al/玻璃态碳 135 2.4 压铸
AZ91D/15% SiC 134 1.2 搅拌铸造
AZ91-T4/15% SiC[42] 93 2.5 搅拌铸造
AZ91-T6/15% SiC[42] 158 1.3 搅拌铸造
AZ61/1% SiC[43] 108 4.5 搅拌铸造
AZ61/2% SiC[43] 100 3.4 搅拌铸造
AZ91D/10% SiC 171 1.4 搅拌铸造
Mg-10Gd-3Y-1Zn
-0.4Zr/Al18B4O33W
364 0.2 挤压铸造
AZ91/14% SiC[36] 200 1.7 注射成型
AJ62/12% SiC[36] 166 2.9 注射成型
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镁合金半固态注射成型技术的发展现状与应用前景
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谷立东 1 , 李子昕 1 , 尚晓晴 1 , 王杰 1 , 李德江 1, 2 , 曾小勤 1, 2
汽车工艺与材料 | 镁合金汽车产业创新论坛优秀论文 2025,(4): 1-12
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汽车工艺与材料 | 镁合金汽车产业创新论坛优秀论文 2025, (4): 1-12
镁合金半固态注射成型技术的发展现状与应用前景
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谷立东1, 李子昕1, 尚晓晴1, 王杰1, 李德江1, 2, 曾小勤1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 上海交通大学 材料科学与工程学院, 上海 200240
  • 2 上海交通大学 深圳研究院, 深圳 518063
  • 谷立东(1993—),男,博士研究生,研究方向为镁合金及半固态注射成型技术。

通讯作者:

曾小勤(1974—),男,博士学位,教授,研究方向为先进镁合金材料设计与制备,
Development Status and Application of Thixomolding Technology for Magnesium Alloys
Lidong Gu1, Zixin Li1, Xiaoqing Shang1, Jie Wang1, Dejiang Li1, 2, Xiaoqin Zeng1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240
  • 2 Shenzhen Research Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shenzhen 518063
出版时间: 2025-04-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240381
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半固态注射成型技术近年来为镁合金行业注入了新的活力,综述了镁合金半固态注射成型技术的发展现状与应用前景。首先,阐述了镁合金半固态注射成型工艺的原理及优势,总结了镁合金半固态注射成型机的发展历程,指出中国在大型化装备技术领域正逐步成为创新引领者。进一步分析了基于半固态工艺技术的镁材料组织与性能研究的最新进展,指出该技术是充分挖掘镁合金性能潜力、减少铸造缺陷的重要方法之一。除Mg-Al体系外,随着新型半固态镁合金的研究,半固态注射成型的镁基复合材料因具有短流程、高性能的特点而受到关注。镁合金半固态注射成型技术已在消费电子、交通工具等领域得到应用,正逐步拓展至大型结构件的生产制造,特别是在新能源汽车领域展现出巨大的应用潜力和前景。

镁合金  /  半固态  /  注射成型  /  力学性能

In recent years, thixomolding technology has imparted thriving vigor to the magnesium alloy industry. This paper reviews the development and application prospects of thixomolding technology for magnesium alloys. Firstly, the principle and distinctive advantages of thyroiodin process for magnesium alloys are described in detail. Subsequently, the historical development of magnesium thixomolding machines is summarized, highlighting that China is gradually be coming an innovation leader in the field of large-scale equipment teehnology. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the latest advancements in research on microstructure and properties of magnesium materials utilizing thixomolding technology, and points out that this technology can fully exploit the performance potential of magnesium alloy and effectively reduce casting defects. Beyond the commonly used Mg-Al system, novel semi-solid magnesium alloys are also being researched and developed. Concurrently, magnesium matrix composites by thixomolding have garnered attention due to short process and high performance. Thixomolding technology for magnesium alloys has been applied in consumer electronics, transportation tools, etc., and is gradually expanded to the production of large structural parts, especially demonstrating strong application potential in the field of new energy vehicles.

Magnesium alloy  /  Semi-solid  /  Thixomolding  /  Mechanical properties
谷立东, 李子昕, 尚晓晴, 王杰, 李德江, 曾小勤. 镁合金半固态注射成型技术的发展现状与应用前景. 汽车工艺与材料, 2025 , (4) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240381
Lidong Gu, Zixin Li, Xiaoqing Shang, Jie Wang, Dejiang Li, Xiaoqin Zeng. Development Status and Application of Thixomolding Technology for Magnesium Alloys[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2025 , (4) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240381
镁合金是一种极具发展潜力的新兴金属,其密度约为铝的2/3、钢的1/4,同时展现出优异的成型性、散热性和阻尼减振等特性,且资源丰富、易回收,因而在航天器、新能源汽车、消费电子等多个亟需轻量化制造的领域受到广泛关注。自2023年下半年以来,国内镁的价格趋于稳定,镁产业迎来了其大规模拓展应用的关键时期。高压压铸(High-Pressure Die Casting,HPDC)工艺是镁合金构件制造中应用最为广泛的方法,1930年,甲壳虫汽车便已采用镁压铸件[1]。然而,镁合金液态压铸技术的应用长期面临多重挑战,如需使用SF6保护气体所带来的环境污染、除渣过程繁琐、熔体安全风险高、能耗较高以及传统压铸件生产过程中易受氧化夹杂和气孔缺陷的影响,导致性能不稳定等问题。镁合金的应用需更为安全、环保且可靠的成型技术,以满足日益增长的轻量化制造需求。
半固态成型技术是一种介于液态和固态之间的新型成型方法,由Flemmings等于1970年代首次提出,它是将一种固液混合的浆料(坯料)直接加工成型的方法,这种浆料中含有等轴、均匀、细小的初生固相晶粒,均匀分布于液相中,具有流变与触变特性,即在外力作用下可展现出很好的流动性,兼具层流充型特点,可采用压铸、挤压铸造等多种常规方法加工成型[2-3]。起初,有研究者尝试通过改进传统压铸工艺创造出半固态流变压铸技术来制备AZ91D镁合金,并发现采用该工艺制备的样品在力学性能和耐腐蚀性能上表现更佳[4-6]。然而,从工业应用的角度来看,即使在半固态流变压铸工艺条件下,镁易与空气接触并氧化,导致浆料在转运至压室的过程中形成夹杂缺陷,无法适应大规模批量生产。鉴于此,研究人员转而探索能否借鉴注塑成型工艺制造镁合金构件。此时,镁合金与铁之间相对较弱的亲和力使钢制螺杆及机筒能够满足镁合金的成型要求,而铝合金与铁之间的亲和力较强,并不适用。因此,半固态注射成型技术应运而生,其又称触变注射成型技术,成为镁合金的专用成型方式,20世纪末至21世纪初,随着该技术的发展,其应用范围逐渐扩大。如今,半固态注射成型技术已成为全球镁合金构件绿色制造中最具前景的技术之一。
镁合金半固态注射成型工艺属于触变铸造技术,其利用镁合金由固态加热至半固态后展现出的流动性进行零件成形,具体原理及成型流程如图1所示。首先,从镁合金锭材上切削大小如米粒般的镁合金粒子作为原材料,在重力或负压作用下,镁合金粒子从料斗进入机筒;机筒内,螺杆的旋转配合外部加热器提供的热量(机筒通常分为5~7段,从进料口至喷嘴温度逐渐升高),使镁合金颗粒在向前输送的过程中被加热和剪切;在机筒中部,镁合金受螺杆压缩段挤压产生热塑性变形,实现密实化;当抵达螺杆前端的储料段时,镁合金颗粒已转变为部分熔融状态且含有球形固相的半固态浆料,这种浆料具备出色的流动性和充型性;随后,该浆料通过喷嘴高速注入模具中,在高速高压下快速冷却凝固,从而形成具有一定形状和尺寸的零件。注射完成后,喷嘴的最前端降温形成冷塞以实现自密封,从而在不需要保护气体且不需要完全熔化的条件下完成连续式成型作业。
镁合金半固态注射成型技术相比传统液态压铸具有以下优势:
a. 安全性高。镁合金在液态下易燃,而半固态注射成型工艺使镁合金在密闭条件下将触变制浆和成型集成,无需使用安全风险较高的镁熔炉,同时省去镁液转运的步骤,确保了镁合金零件的安全生产。
b. 环境友好。传统铸造工艺在熔炼镁合金时会产生大量挥发性气体,并需额外使用SF6作为保护气体,易造成环境污染,而半固态注射成型工艺过程不需要完全熔化和使用保护气,且不会产生熔化废渣,是一种绿色制造技术。
c. 氧化夹杂少。半固态成型工艺的温度比传统铸造工艺更低,因此,氧化风险显著降低。同时,由于注射成型方式使镁熔体不直接接触外界空气,在成型过程中引入氧化夹杂物的概率几乎为零。
d. 卷气缺陷少。液态镁在充填型腔时易形成紊流,产生气孔缺陷;而半固态镁合金呈现出非牛顿流体的特性,更倾向于以层流方式进行充填,可有效减少成型过程中的卷气现象,使铸件更加致密。
e. 力学性能优。半固态注射成型的镁合金呈现为非枝晶凝固组织,在高冷速条件下,其平均晶粒尺寸和第二相尺寸均极为细小,同时由于气孔、夹杂等缺陷的减少,具有更优异的强度和韧性。
f. 尺寸精度高。半固态镁合金具备良好的成型能力,可实现复杂薄壁结构的近净成形,且凝固收缩较小,抗热裂能力提升,因此,所制得的铸件尺寸精度较高。
g. 模具寿命长。半固态工艺成型温度相较于传统压铸工艺降低近100 ℃,显著减轻了镁熔体对模具的热冲击,提升了模具寿命,如半固态薄壁件模具的使用寿命可达20万~40万模次。
h. 材料利用率高。压铸工艺制备的镁合金零部件因含有大量的浇排系统,原材料利用率普遍低于50%。相比之下,半固态成型工艺能够大幅减小料柄的尺寸,简化流道和溢流槽等结构,能够将原材料的利用率提升至70%以上。
i. 产品良率高。半固态注射成型工艺对镁合金实施精密控温,材料充填品质稳定,无压铸过程中可能出现的预结晶问题,缺陷率低。
j. 能耗降低。镁合金的半固态成型与压铸工艺成型效率高,无需熔炉且成型温度较低,与液态压铸相比,电能能耗可降低50%。
此外,半固态注射成型技术为镁合金的热处理强化提供了基础,高致密非枝晶组织的半固态镁合金铸件可通过固溶及时效热处理进一步优化,有望获得更加优异的机械性能。
半固态注射成型机的基本结构虽然与注塑机类似,但系统压力、速度及控制复杂性方面存在显著差异,其注射螺杆与机筒的使用温度远高于注塑机,因此,需采用特种钢材并经过特殊设计,提高了装备的研发难度。
图2所示[7-8],早在1977年,Dow Chemical公司将半固态概念应用于镁合金,并在1988年制作出半固态镁合金300 t原型机。1990年,加拿大Husky公司与日本制钢所(JSW)公司相继推出半固态注射成型设备及相关的产品。在2000年~2010年间,日本逐渐掌握了该项装备技术的主导权,并推出了改进后的第二代和第三代机型。2016年,全球范围内已安装使用的半固态镁合金设备超过450台,吨位范围为280~1 300 t。在中国,650 t机型占比为80%,主要用于笔记本电脑壳体制造[9-10]。历经近30年的发展,镁合金半固态装备的设计重心一直为薄壁件的成型,与消费电子市场的迅猛增长保持同步。直至2020年,新能源汽车的迅速崛起再次推动了镁合金半固态装备的升级。产业界开始寻求制造更大的镁合金一体化汽车结构件,但传统1 300 t级镁合金半固态注射成型设备的理论最大注射量不足5 kg,仅能满足小型中控屏背板、转向盘、扶手支架等部件的生产,远不能达到汽车轻量化的需求。近年来,国内设备制造商着手研发大型装备,并陆续推出3 000~4 000 t的超大型镁合金半固态装备,如表1所示,为大尺寸镁合金材质的多联屏背板、车内门板、仪表板骨架、三电(电池、电机、电控)结构件等产品提供理想的解决方案。
当前,半固态注射成型机正朝大型化发展,然而,此进程中仍需解决若干关键技术问题,包括大型射台结构的创新设计、低成本高性能耐热钢材的研发、制浆效率的提升、射出速度与压力的增强以及整体控制系统的优化等。总之,在镁合金半固态注射成型装备领域,中国的装备技术实力正持续增强,为镁合金制造产业的发展提供了强有力的支撑。
半固态成型工艺适用于具有一定凝固区间的合金体系,若固液区间过于狭窄,浆料将对温度异常敏感,使固相率控制变得困难,甚至严重影响其充型能力;此外,镁合金的液相线温度应尽量低,避免加热温度过高而降低螺杆寿命。目前,半固态注射成型工艺主要采用的商用镁合金材料为AZ91D和AM60B,这2种合金因Al元素含量相对较高,液相线温度较低。
AZ91D是目前应用最为广泛的镁合金,其凝固区间为437~597 ℃[15],展现出优异的半固态成型能力。Okayasu等[16]对比了AZ91D合金在冷室压铸、热室压铸和半固态注射成型工艺下的组织与力学性能,如图3所示,采用半固态注射成型工艺制备的合金晶粒尺寸明显小于热室压铸工艺,略小于冷室压铸工艺,同时,在实际零件中,半固态注射成型工艺的铸造缺陷率低,因此,该工艺成型的AZ91D合金力学性能显著优于其他2种工艺,具体的力学性能对比数据如表2所示。
Gu等[17]对不同半固态注射成型温度(即不同固相率条件)下AZ91D镁合金的组织与性能进行了系统研究。如图4所示,随着成型温度的升高,固相率变化显著:当成型温度为580 ℃时,初生α-Mg的固相率高于40%;当成型温度超过610 ℃时,固相率则下降至低于5%。AZ91D合金流动性测试结果表明,成型温度越高,铸造流动性越好。然而当成型温度过高时,虽然平均晶粒尺寸减小,但第二相的分布开始呈现不均匀趋势,且较高的温度易导致较大缺陷带开始产生。因此,力学性能受到多个因素的综合影响,在中等成型温度下可获得较好的强度和延伸率。值得注意的是,上述性能表现是基于薄壁件的分析结果,对厚壁件的影响可能会有所不同,如在对流动性要求不高的情况下,高固相率的浆料因其触变特性更佳,能够更有效地减少卷气和凝固收缩缺陷,从而获得更优的强度和延伸率。
Zhang等[18]探究了螺杆转速对半固态注射成型AZ91D合金微观组织的影响,发现随着螺杆转速的增加,初生α-Mg固相晶的形态经历了从树枝状到球状,再到玫瑰状的转变,同时其平均尺寸持续减小。Murakami等[19]研究了注射速度对AZ91D合金组织与性能的影响,发现提高注射速度能够细化凝固组织,但铸件内部缺陷的体积分数也会随之上升,力学性能受2个因素的共同作用,适中的注射速度能够获得最优强度。此外,Zander等[20]对比研究了AZ91D合金在铸轧、压铸和半固态注射成型工艺下的腐蚀性能,发现采用半固态注射成型的合金表现出了最佳的耐腐蚀性能。从腐蚀形貌(图5)来看,铸轧和压铸工艺下的合金表面出现了明显的腐蚀迹象,由于压铸态表面不够致密,更易发生点蚀。相比之下,半固态组织因其连续细小的网状β相结构、均匀且细小的晶粒尺寸、最小程度的Al和Zn偏析以及最多的β相含量,能够形成有效的屏障阻碍腐蚀作用,在盐水浸泡下,其腐蚀速率不足压铸态的50%。
与AZ91D合金相比,AM60B合金一般具有更高的延伸率[21-22]。半固态注射成型工艺同样适用于AM60B合金,并且能够获得比压铸更高的力学性能(表3)。然而在实际使用中,为获得理想的成型效果,AM60B合金的半固态成型温度通常比AZ91D合金高10~20 ℃。Patel等[23]对比研究了半固态注射成型AZ91D和AM60B的机械性能、断裂机制与微观组织特征,研究结果显示,由于AM60B镁合金中的Al含量较低,其半固态共晶组织中的Mg17Al12脆性相含量低于AZ91D,在图6所示的断口形貌中,AZ91D合金的断裂面附近存在沿共晶结构的裂纹,而AM60B合金的断裂面附近未出现类似的裂纹,呈现出由微孔聚集形成的韧窝状特征,具有较好的延展性。Patel等[24]对半固态注射成型AM60B合金进行了疲劳性能试验,发现合金在拉伸和压缩过程中表现出基本对称的迟滞回线,其抗疲劳性能明显优于压铸态。Chen等[25]利用半固态注射成型AM60板材作为原料,在其无织构的组织基础上进一步施加热轧变形处理,可使晶粒尺寸再次显著减小,将屈服强度提高至331 MPa,且断裂韧性提高近一倍。
未来,将半固态注射成型工艺与适当热变形工艺相结合以实现高强度、高韧性镁合金的制造,有望成为制造高性能镁合金薄板的新途径。相较于传统铸造轧制工艺,首先采用半固态注射成型技术直接产出较薄的镁板,其具有细小均匀的晶粒组织,可变形能力强,在经过热变形时可大幅降低总下压量,且显著减少轧制道次,不仅大幅降低轧制环节的成本,且经过组织调控后的镁合金能够具备特别优异的力学性能。
研究人员也在尝试开发新型半固态镁合金新材料,以更好地应用于半固态注射成型技术和提升使用性能。Tsukeda等[29]探究了Mg-Al-Ca合金与AE42合金在半固态注射成型下的组织与性能,发现添加Ca元素能使网状组织更多且更加显著,并大幅提升合金在高温下的力学性能和蠕变性能,然而当Ca含量过高时,会降低合金的塑性。因此,虽然添加Ca元素的半固态镁合金能够增强强度,但如果Al2Ca或Mg2Ca脆性相的数量过多会导致合金在铸态下的延伸率损失较大。Suzuki等[30]在Mg-Al-Ca合金基础上进一步添加了混合稀土元素,并进行了半固态注射成型试验,发现微量混合稀土(质量分数约为0.1%)能有效提高蠕变强度,但过量添加会降低蠕变强度。这主要与组织中形成的金属间化合物的形态有关,如图7所示,少量添加混合稀土可保持网状组织结构,从而提高蠕变过程中的微观结构稳定性。Buzolin等[31]研究了含有微量Ca和Sr元素的MRI153M合金,并将其与AZ91D合金在半固态注射成型后的组织性能进行对比:2种合金的耐腐蚀性明显优于通过铸锭或压铸工艺生产的类似材料,不过MRI153M合金的腐蚀速率略高于AZ91D合金,这是因为Ca元素富集在次生α-Mg的晶界附近,易造成α-Mg局部溶解。此外,Mg-Zn体系是一种潜在的适用于半固态注射成型工艺的镁合金体系,Mg-Zn合金具有较宽的凝固区间[32],在常规的压铸工艺中易产生热裂现象[33],而采用半固态注射成型技术有望大幅降低Mg-Zn合金的热裂倾向。如Gu等[34]通过半固态注射成型技术成功制备了Mg-10Zn合金,能够成型出壁厚仅为0.9 mm的薄壁零件,其组织中含有细小的Mg-Zn近网状相,不仅表现出较高的屈服强度和延伸率,还具备良好的导热性能,导热系数高达117.1 W/(m·K)。
目前,针对半固态注射成型技术的镁合金新材料开发较少。随着应用性能要求的提升和多样化需求的增加,未来对新型半固态镁合金的研究将愈来愈多。不过需要特别注意的是,半固态镁合金的开发首要考虑的是满足半固态工艺性,即必须具备合适的固液区间和低液相线,同时需严格控制高熔点相(如稀土第二相化合物)的含量,避免螺杆加热温度过高或卡料。在工艺适配的基础上,高性能的半固态镁合金设计还可考虑结合热处理强化,以实现最终优异的性能。
采用半固态注射成型工艺制备镁基复合材料是一种创新而巧妙的加工技术。通过在镁粒子进料的同时加入增强体颗粒,并利用螺杆的剪切力使增强体均匀分散于半固态复合浆料中,随后通过高速注射直接将此浆料成型为镁基复合材料构件,达到一次近净成型[35]。该技术可有效避免传统搅拌铸造工艺中的二次熔化导致的颗粒团聚或沉降,同时简化了熔体转运过程。Rauber等[36]针对注射成型SiC颗粒增强AZ91和AJ62镁基复合材料进行了研究,发现微米级的SiC颗粒能够在基体中均匀分布,此外,由于该制备工艺全程温度较低,有效避免了基体与增强体之间发生化学反应,陶瓷增强体的加入能够显著提升半固态镁合金的力学性能。Gu等[37]在半固态注射成型Mg-10Zn合金的过程中,添加了SiC-Al2O3颗粒,成功制备出了壁厚仅为1 mm的镁基复合材料板状样品。在添加质量分数为10%陶瓷增强颗粒后,镁材料的强度提升近20%,延伸率略有降低,但仍高于6%。在一次成型工艺下使镁基复合材料获得了优异的强度-塑性匹配性,且模量也得到提升。相较于传统铸造工艺的镁基复合材料,其性能效果显著提升,如表4所示。图8展示了镁基复合材料的典型组织形态,半固态镁合金呈现出胞状组织特征,第二相以“网络状”包围镁基体,在半固态复合材料中,增强颗粒均匀弥散分布,未出现团聚。陶瓷颗粒不仅起到了异质形核的作用,还与初生α-Mg发生碰撞,共同促进了晶粒的细化。也有研究人员通过半固态注射成型工艺在镁合金中添加纳米碳、炭黑、石墨烯等碳类物质,发现碳类增强体能够进一步细化晶粒组织,改善材料的流动性和力学性能[38-41]。综上所述,半固态注射成型工艺在短流程制备镁基复合材料方面表现出独特的优势,具有极高的研究价值和应用潜力。
目前,镁合金半固态注射成型技术已在多个领域广泛应用,其中,消费电子(3C)行业是首要应用领域(图9)。半固态注射成型广泛应用于笔记本电脑的A/C/D壳制造,这些作为外观件的部件对表面质量要求极高。镁合金注射成型技术不仅可实现厚度低于1 mm的薄壁成型,还确保了高直通良率。因此,部分企业已逐步淘汰传统压铸工艺。此外,该技术还被应用于游戏机内板、VR/AR眼镜骨架等内部构件,为电子产品实现极致轻薄化提供了有力支持。同时,如消费级无人机的壳体、散热内板等结构件也开始采用半固态注射成型工艺,以实现更高的性能可靠性和轻量化收益。
另一个新兴的半固态注射成型技术应用领域是汽车领域。当前,随着汽车屏幕数量的增加和智能化发展,对镁合金结构件在车内轻量化方面的需求急剧上升。镁合金半固态注射成型技术能够制造结构复杂、薄壁、轻质且尺寸精度高的结构件,如中控屏背板(图10),其设计已从单屏演进至双联屏、三联屏,且最大结构件长度已超过1.5 m。半固态设备能力和工艺成型技术在此领域正不断突破。国内不少结构件制造厂商已从3C行业向汽车行业拓展。
越来越多的交通工具结构件制造从传统镁合金压铸转向半固态注射成型工艺,如自行车前叉、两轮电动车轮毂以及汽车转向盘等,如图11所示,这些产品对延伸率有较高要求。半固态制造技术不仅可提升以上部件的可靠性,还能实现更高的材料利用率。
近2年来,半固态注射成型技术已开始应用于汽车关键结构件领域,目前已诞生半固态减震塔、发动机下缸体、一体式副车架、仪表盘横梁支架、新能源电驱壳体等样件,如图12所示,其中,成型毛坯的最大质量已突破13.5 kg(伯乐智能)。大型镁合金半固态注射成型技术不断刷新传统半固态零件的质量记录,同时,在成型复杂厚壁件时缺陷率低,甚至能在非真空条件下实现高致密成型,改善了镁合金构件在强韧性、耐腐蚀性等方面的不足。对于大注射量下镁合金的半固态注射成型工艺与组织性能,仍需深入研究固相率调控、组织均匀性控制、凝固缺陷及模流仿真分析等技术。
镁合金半固态注射成型技术作为一种安全、环保且高效的绿色制造技术,相较于传统压铸技术展现出诸多优势,它不仅能够制造出气孔率低、性能优越、可靠性强的结构件,还具备高材料利用率和长模具寿命的特点,其综合成本日益降低。半固态成型工艺适用于具有一定凝固区间的合金体系,如Mg-Al和Mg-Zn系列合金。通过调整工艺参数可精确调控其固相率和性能,从而适用于不同壁厚的零件制造。此外,半固态注射成型技术还能成型镁基复合材料,实现更高的强度和其他特殊性能。因此,半固态注射成型技术是充分发挥镁合金性能、降低缺陷的理想工艺之一。近年来,国内在镁合金半固态注射成型领域逐步成为创新引领者,半固态注射成型机正向大型化方向发展。半固态注射成型技术已广泛应用于3C产品和汽车屏幕背板等结构件,并逐步拓展至汽车关键结构件。随着全球范围内对轻量化构件需求的上升,半固态注射成型技术的发展将进一步推动镁合金应用。
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2025年第卷第4期
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240381
  • 首发时间:2025-11-13
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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深圳市科技计划(KJZD20231023092902005)
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    1 上海交通大学 材料科学与工程学院, 上海 200240
    2 上海交通大学 深圳研究院, 深圳 518063

通讯作者:

曾小勤(1974—),男,博士学位,教授,研究方向为先进镁合金材料设计与制备,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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