Article(id=1195320601884795010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1195320600727167098, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240267, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762916239471, onlineDateStr=2025-11-12, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762916239471, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762916239471, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762916239471, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195320600727167098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2025', volume='', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='72', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762916239195, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762916470865, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195321572484485387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1195320600727167098, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195321572484485388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1195320600727167098, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=20, endPage=29, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195320602107093123, articleId=1195320601884795010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Research Status of Resistance Spot Welding Technology and Hybrid Resistance Spot Welding Technology in the Automotive Industry, columnId=1190284220686766583, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=Original article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Resistance Spot Welding (RSW) is widely applied in automotive body manufacturing for its advantages such as high efficiency, high-quality, high automation and good flexibility. This paper commences by reviewing domestic and foreign research on RSW, including parameter optimization, electrode optimization, and new materials application, summarizes the current research status of RSW, it then delves into recent advancements in novel hybrid RSW technologies, such as ultrasonic hybrid resistance welding and laser hybrid resistance welding. Lastly, based on the current research status, the paper identifies existing issues and proposes future directions for development.

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电阻点焊在汽车车身制造中应用广泛,具有效率高、焊接质量高、自动化程度高、灵活性好等优点。从国内外关于电阻点焊的研究出发,包括参数优化、电极优化和新材料应用等,总结电阻点焊的研究现状;进一步探讨近年的新型复合电阻点焊技术,如超声波复合电阻焊接、激光复合电阻焊接等;基于当前研究现状提出存在的问题并展望未来的发展方向。

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陈志平(1969—),男,学士学位,研究方向为机械制造,15279863576@163.com。

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陈志平(1969—),男,学士学位,研究方向为机械制造,15279863576@163.com。

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陈志平(1969—),男,学士学位,研究方向为机械制造,15279863576@163.com。

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汽车用电阻点焊技术及复合电阻点焊技术研究现状
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陈志平 , 林森
汽车工艺与材料 | 生产现场 2025,(3): 20-29
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汽车工艺与材料 | 生产现场 2025, (3): 20-29
汽车用电阻点焊技术及复合电阻点焊技术研究现状
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陈志平, 林森
作者信息
  • 江西博星项目咨询有限公司, 南昌 330038
  • 陈志平(1969—),男,学士学位,研究方向为机械制造,15279863576@163.com。

Research Status of Resistance Spot Welding Technology and Hybrid Resistance Spot Welding Technology in the Automotive Industry
Zhiping Chen, Sen Lin
Affiliations
  • Jiangxi Boxing Project Consulting Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330038
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240267
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电阻点焊在汽车车身制造中应用广泛,具有效率高、焊接质量高、自动化程度高、灵活性好等优点。从国内外关于电阻点焊的研究出发,包括参数优化、电极优化和新材料应用等,总结电阻点焊的研究现状;进一步探讨近年的新型复合电阻点焊技术,如超声波复合电阻焊接、激光复合电阻焊接等;基于当前研究现状提出存在的问题并展望未来的发展方向。

电阻点焊  /  力学性能  /  铝/铝焊接  /  铝/钢焊接

Resistance Spot Welding (RSW) is widely applied in automotive body manufacturing for its advantages such as high efficiency, high-quality, high automation and good flexibility. This paper commences by reviewing domestic and foreign research on RSW, including parameter optimization, electrode optimization, and new materials application, summarizes the current research status of RSW, it then delves into recent advancements in novel hybrid RSW technologies, such as ultrasonic hybrid resistance welding and laser hybrid resistance welding. Lastly, based on the current research status, the paper identifies existing issues and proposes future directions for development.

Resistance spot welding  /  Mechanical properties  /  Aluminum/aluminum welding  /  Aluminum/steel welding
陈志平, 林森. 汽车用电阻点焊技术及复合电阻点焊技术研究现状. 汽车工艺与材料, 2025 , (3) : 20 -29 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240267
Zhiping Chen, Sen Lin. Research Status of Resistance Spot Welding Technology and Hybrid Resistance Spot Welding Technology in the Automotive Industry[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2025 , (3) : 20 -29 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240267
近年来,为有效应对人为活动对环境和气候的负面影响,降低汽车污染物排放量,汽车行业正全力推动车辆性能与燃油效率的提升[1-2]。汽车轻量化是节能减排的有效路径,通过减轻车身质量,不仅能显著降低油耗和运营成本,还能有效减少污染物排放[3-4]。在汽车轻量化的实施过程中,电阻焊技术作为车身焊接领域的核心技术,广泛应用于汽车制造的各个环节。通常,一辆轿车包含4 000~6 000个电阻点焊焊点,这些焊点将车身各个部件紧密相连,构建出坚固且轻盈的车身结构[5]。焊点的质量至关重要,不仅关乎汽车的结构完整性和安全性,更是影响轿车整体品质的关键因素。因此,需要确保电阻点焊焊点达到高标准的质量要求。
焊接参数优化是提高电阻点焊焊接质量的第1步,影响电阻点焊焊接质量的主要焊接参数有焊接电流、焊接时间、电极压力、电极端面直径和材料的厚度[6-8]。焊接电流是焊接过程中经过焊接回路的电流,根据不同的材料种类和厚度,焊接电流通常在数千安培到数万安培之间,电流对电阻点焊质量的影响最大,因为其直接决定电阻热的大小。焊接时间是从焊接电流连通焊接回路到停止的持续时间。在保证熔核尺寸和焊点强度的前提下,焊接时间和焊接电流可互相补充。钢类焊接材料电阻率高、导电性差,所需电流较小,焊接时间较长;铝合金类焊接材料电阻率低、导电性好,所需电流较大,焊接时间较短。焊接电极压力过大可能导致工件变形或压溃,而电极压力过小可能导致熔核形成不良或未熔合。电极端面尺寸过大可能导致电流分布不均和熔核形状不规则,而电极端面尺寸过小可能导致电流密度过高和过热。材料尺寸和厚度的变化需同步调整焊接参数,以确保焊接质量。
在生产制造中,工艺参数的确定传统上依赖于工程师的经验,随着智能化技术、大数据分析的日益成熟,试验设计策略得到了丰富与优化。对影响因素较少的情形,采用单因子试验设计,高效获取单一参数对结果的影响;面对多因素的复杂情况,运用正交试验设计,以最小的试验成本有效评估各因素对试验指标的影响,进而确定最优参数[9]。田口方法是对正交试验设计的一种引伸和应用,在试验设计中融入了稳健性思想,通过优化参数组合降低产品或过程对环境变量和噪声因子的敏感性,从而提高产品的质量和可靠性,减少了试验量,提高了设计结果的稳健性和适用性[10]
李涛[11]采用MIG焊方法及ER5554焊丝对铸造铝合金A356进行焊接试验。为确定合理的焊接参数,采用田口正交试验法,针对焊接电流、焊接速度、间隙、焊枪倾角及干伸长5个焊接参数,设计了五因素三水平的正交试验方案。利用光学显微镜与拉伸试验机综合评估,发现焊接电流、焊接速度及间隙对焊缝的熔宽、余高及根部侧壁熔合具有显著影响,间隙对焊缝根部侧壁熔合的影响最为关键,过小的间隙易导致焊缝根部未熔合,大幅降低接头的抗拉强度,该研究结果展示了田口正交试验方案在优化复杂工艺参数方面的有效性和实用性。
Bhuyan[12]采用田口正交阵算法(Taguchi’s Orthogonal Array Method)对AISI 4041不锈钢与AISI 304L不锈钢的电阻点焊过程进行研究,优化了焊接电流、焊接时间以及加压时间等。如图1所示,该研究还将此优化结果与人工兔优化(Artificial Rabbits Optimization,ARO)算法、动态算术优化算法(Dynamic Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm,DAOA)、鲸鲨优化(Whale Shark Optimization,WSO)算法以及技能优化算法(Skill Optimization Algorithm,SOA)进行了对比。研究结果显示,相较于ARO、WSO和SOA算法,DAOA算法在错误率方面表现出色,仅为0.62%,且其最优适应度与试验所得的最高拉伸剪切应力高度吻合,验证了DAOA算法在电阻点焊参数优化中的有效性和优越性。
汽车车身电阻点焊焊接参数的选择需要全面考量材料的成分、组织与力学性能以及焊接设备的适配性与效能。准确选择并适时调整焊接参数是确保焊接接头质量、提升汽车车身整体强度与耐久性的关键。在实际操作中,针对特定工况与材料特性,实施系统性的试验与优化是达到最佳焊接效果不可或缺的步骤。
电阻点焊电极帽的优化是提高电阻点焊焊接质量最经济有效的方法之一。电极的散热性对焊接质量有重要影响,在电阻点焊过程中,产生的热量一部分用于形成熔核,大部分则通过电极和其他途径散失,电极的散热性能不佳可能导致焊接区域温度过高,影响熔核的形成和焊接质量[13-14]。电极材料的电阻率和导热性对焊接质量也有显著影响,电阻率高的材料可能会产生更多的热量,导热性好的材料能更快地散失热量。电极的接触面积直接决定了焊接时的电流密度。电极形状的设计应确保电流分布均匀,避免局部过热或电流密度过大导致焊接缺陷,过小的接触面积可能导致电流密度过大,产生飞溅和表面烧损,而过大的接触面积则可能降低电流密度,影响熔核的形成[15]
Jo等[16]研究了电极表面粗糙度和力对铝6061-T6合金在电阻点焊过程中焊接效果及电极粘连的影响。试验选用未经处理的新电极和经过砂纸抛光的磨损电极进行焊接,并在不同电极下,分析了焊缝的熔核大小及物理性能,包括拉伸剪切强度和硬度。此外,通过连续焊接,观察了电极表面粗糙度对电极粘连的影响。试验发现,采用粗糙表面的磨损电极进行焊接时,铝合金表面的氧化膜被有效清除,导致接触电阻降低,进而减少了由电阻产生的热量。与新电极相比,磨损电极形成的熔核在厚度方向上的生长速度较慢,且电极粘连现象相对较轻。
钟丽慧等[17]采用压紧蜂窝模具来塑造电极表面的特定形状,显著改善了焊接效果,尤其是在每次电极修磨后,焊接点数大幅提升。对于2 mm+2 mm的6系铝合金板材,采用前端圆弧(R100 mm)设计的电极帽并结合优化后的工艺参数(焊接电流42.5 kA、焊接压力6.8 kN),在压紧模具的精细调控下(凹坑深度0.5 mm、模具间宽度0.4 mm、凸起处宽度0.2 mm)成功实现不少于128个点的点焊焊接能力。
中国科学院上海光机所研发的牛顿环(New Ton Ring,NTR)电阻点焊技术是国内优化电极形貌效果较好的方法之一。Wang[18]应用该技术中的特殊电极帽对AA 5182-O铝合金进行焊接试验,并与传统平电极的焊接效果进行了详尽对比。研究结果显示,采用牛顿环技术的电极帽显著改变了焊接过程中熔核的形成机制(图2图3)。牛顿环的独特结构有效刺破了铝合金接触表面的氧化膜,从而促进熔核的顺利形成。这一改进提升了焊接质量,增强了焊接接头的力学性能。
Li[19]针对AA6016-T4铝合金的焊接,对比了NTR与传统R100电极帽的焊接效果及电极使用寿命。试验结果表明,相较于R100电极,NTR电极具有更高的拉伸剪切承载能力,且使用寿命更长。产生这一优势的原因为NTR电极独特的环状成核机制,其中,R1环和R2环能够有效穿透铝合金表面的氧化膜,降低接触电阻,显著延缓电极的磨损过程。此外,R1环和R2环还可促使点蚀在基环(R0环)上形成规则的圆形,并可利用R0环结构的限制作用遏制点蚀的随机扩展,进而保证了NTR电极表面的完整性。因此,在连续焊接作业中,NTR电极能够持续产出高质量的焊缝表面,如图4图5所示。
优化电阻点焊电极形貌有助于提高焊接质量、效率、稳定性以及延长电极寿命,还可以提升焊接接头性能、减少焊接飞溅和烟尘、提高自动化水平、降低能源消耗和成本,以及适应新材料和新工艺的发展。
由于铝与钢等异种金属之间存在显著的冶金不相容性,直接进行电阻点焊时存在工艺窗口狭窄、焊接质量难以精确控制以及接头脆性显著增大的问题[20]。为此,研究者提出了在电极与焊接工件之间引入垫片以优化接头中的热量生成与分布模式,进而提升焊接质量等方案[21-22]。此外,采用中间夹层材料也是改善异种金属接头性能的有效途径之一,但中间层的化学成分需精心选择,以确保其与被焊接金属之间具有良好的化学兼容性,从而避免焊接过程中生成过多的脆性金属间化合物或引发其他不利反应,确保焊接接头的综合性能[23]
Qiu等[24]提出了一种改良的点焊技术,该技术巧妙地将导电性低于铝合金的金属垫片置于铝合金板材上,在较低的焊接电流(12 kA)条件下使A5052与SUS304、A5052与SPCC接合部位的熔核直径显著增大,分别达到10 mm和8.9 mm。同时,接头的拉伸剪切强度分别提升至6.5 kN和4.7 kN。在界面分析方面,A5052/SPCC界面呈现包含Fe2Al5和FeAl3的双层反应层结构,而A5052/SUS304界面则展现出相同成分构成的薄锯齿状反应层,显示出不同的界面反应特性。
Ibrahim等[25]选择了Al-Mg合金作为中间层,探讨了其对A6061铝合金与奥氏体不锈钢电阻点焊性能的增强效果。研究结果表明,相比无中间层的接头,采用Al-Mg合金中间层的接头的拉剪强度显著提升。在焊接过程中,铝与钢界面间形成了一层厚度约为2 μm的均匀金属间化合物( Intermetallic Compound,IMC)薄层,同时观察到中间层材料在高温下发生了熔化,进一步提升了焊接质量。
Zhang等[26]研究了4047AlSi12中间层对点焊接头性能的影响,其采用了独特的电极配置——钢侧采用10 mm平面电极,铝侧则选用70 mm球面电极,以探究中间层厚度对焊接特性的影响。研究发现,随着4047AlSi12中间层厚度的增加,焊点区域的散热效率提升,有效减少了铝合金的熔化量,进而使铝熔核直径减小。同时,IMC层的厚度与结构也随中间层厚度的变化而变化,具体表现为近钢侧出现舌状Fe2(Al,Si)5结构,近铝侧则呈现针状Fe4(Al,Si)13结构。然而,随着中间层厚度的进一步增加,IMC反应层厚度出现减小趋势,主要是由于Si原子占据了Fe2Al5中的c轴空位,抑制了钢铝界面间的元素扩散作用。在力学性能方面,拉剪强度随中间层厚度的增加先增强后减弱,当中间层厚度达到400 μm时,熔核内部出现的缩孔成为应力集中点,诱发了裂纹的产生,从而导致接头力学性能下降。
在选择异种金属电阻点焊的垫片和中间层材料时,需全面考虑其化学成分兼容性、适用的厚度范围、塑性与韧性、熔点和热稳定性、加工制备的难易程度以及成本效益等。通过选用合适的中间层材料并结合优化后的焊接工艺,能够有效实现异种金属的可靠连接,从而提升焊接接头的整体性能和应用价值。
凸焊技术具有卓越的焊接效率、出色的焊接质量、高度的工艺灵活性及显著的电极磨损降低特性,在汽车制造、航空航天等领域展现出广泛的应用潜力[27]。该技术通过在一个工件的贴合面上预先设计并加工出一个或多个凸点,这些凸点在焊接过程中与另一工件表面紧密接触并通电加热,在压力作用下发生塌陷,形成牢固的焊点。其凸点设计不仅提升了焊接过程中单位面积上的压力与电流密度,有效穿透并压碎板件表面的氧化膜,还促使焊接热量高度集中,减少了能量的分散,从而提升了焊接效率和焊接质量[28]
Zhang等[29-30]提出了金属凸点辅助电阻点焊(Metallic Bump assisted Resistance Spot Welding,MBaRSW),如图6所示,该技术结合了低能量冷金属过渡(Cold Metal Transfer,CMT)堆焊与电阻点焊的优点。由于MBaRSW接头受限的散热路径,相比传统RSW接头具有更大的熔核尺寸,同时减少了接头内部的气孔,有效抑制了铝侧材料的减薄。此外,MBaRSW工艺中的凸点设计能够压碎并挤出铝表面的氧化膜,使熔核中几乎不含有氧化膜。MBaRSW接头中较高的Si含量抑制了IMC的生长,在特定工艺条件下(如焊接电流8 kA、焊接时间300 ms),MBaRSW接头的IMC厚度明显低于传统RSW接头。在力学性能方面,MBaRSW接头的拉剪强度达到了2.8 kN,不仅比传统RSW接头高出33%,还超过了Al-Al同材质接头的最大拉剪强度,展现出卓越的性能优势。
Zhang等[31]通过模拟手段,分析了MBaRSW过程中的熔核形成机制。研究发现,MBaRSW工艺中热传导路径的受限性使该技术的电阻相较于RSW更大。在焊接初期,增加的热输入主要用于软化凸点,延缓了熔核的初始形成。到焊接后期时,凸点周围较小的热传导路径导致电流密度急剧增加,促使熔核快速生长。因此,MBaRSW的熔核尺寸比RSW更大。接着,Zhang等[32]对铝/钢MBaRSW接头的失效机理进行了研究,结果表明,熔核尺寸和IMC层的厚度是决定MBaRSW接头性能和失效模式的关键因素。与RSW接头相比,MBaRSW接头熔核尺寸更大、IMC层更薄、母材的变形量更小,导致MBaRSW接头的失效模式更加多样,可能包括界面失效、混合模式失效和部分按钮模式失效,而RSW接头主要为界面失效。
超声波辅助电阻点焊工艺巧妙融合了电阻点焊的稳固连接特性与超声波振动的独特作用机制,成功解决了异种材料间因物理性质迥异、化学兼容性不足带来的焊接问题。超声波不仅激发了材料表面微观层面的剧烈摩擦与塑性变形,加速了热量传递与熔化效率,还显著细化了焊接接头的晶粒组织,有效减少了焊接过程中可能产生的各类缺陷[33]。因此,超声波辅助电阻点焊工艺为异种材料的高效、高质量连接开辟了一条新路径,潜在的应用价值不容忽视。
Lu等[34]采用超声波辅助电阻点焊(Ultrasound - assisted Resistance Spot Welding,U+RSW)技术,成功实现了厚度为1 mm的AA6061铝合金与厚度为0.9 mm的AISI1008钢的焊接。其首先利用超声波点焊将一层厚度为0.4 mm的AA6061铝合金作为嵌件与钢进行初步连接,再通过电阻点焊将剩余的铝合金焊接到钢板的嵌件侧,该策略旨在获得更薄的IMC层。试验结果显示,当超声波能量设定为255 J时,超声波中间接头的失效模式为熔核拔出,其峰值载荷与纯铝(厚度为0.4 mm)超声波接头的相当,且由于IMC层过薄,在界面处几乎无法被观测到。在此超声波参数基础上进行电阻点焊,温度分析发现,U+RSW接头的钢铝界面温度相对较低,从而实现了IMC层的减薄并有效避免了飞溅。在焊接电流为16.5 kA、焊接时间为83 ms的焊接条件下,U+RSW接头的峰值载荷为3.2 kN,且中心处IMC层的最大厚度仅为1.25 μm,失效模式同样为熔核拔出。
Lu等[35]将U+RSW技术应用于厚度为1 mm的镀锌双相钢DP980与厚度为1.2 mm的AA6022铝合金的焊接中,嵌件选用厚度为0.3 mm的AA3003铝合金。研究发现,超声波中间接头中尽管存在多层IMC且镀锌钢中的Fe-Zn金属间化合物未发生熔化,但由于嵌件的引入,该区域富含铝元素。而在U+RSW总接头中观察到了钢侧向界面的凸起现象,中间接头中的多层IMC消失,取而代之的是新形成的连续Fe-Al金属间化合物层,该层由近钢侧的扁平状Fe2Al5和近铝侧的针状FeAl3组成。值得注意的是,Al-Zn中间层在电极压力的作用下被排除在熔核区之外,使中心区域的IMC平均厚度降低至1.15 μm,明显低于RSW接头的IMC厚度。与有无嵌件的直接RSW相比,U+RSW接头展现出了更高的力学性能。
Ren等[36]通过综合应用微观组织表征、焊接过程信号解析以及独立的有限元数值模拟技术,探讨了超声纵向振动在焊接成形过程中的具体作用及影响机制,焊接系统结构和系统控制流程如图7所示。同时,全面分析了超声波辅助铝/钢电阻点焊接头的界面冶金反应动态、焊接缺陷类型、断裂行为特征以及接头的强度表现,揭示了超声波振动导致铝/钢熔核尺寸缩减的复杂原因,主要原因为超声波效应间的微妙平衡与竞争:一方面,超声波振动减小了铝与钢板之间的接触电阻;另一方面,声空化和声流效应分别增强了熔钢的导电性能和熔铝的散热效率。同时,超声波的激励还促进了熔化和近熔化状态下铝的径向蠕变扩展,有效拓宽了工件间的结合区域。尤为重要的是,超声波振动显著降低了金属间化合物层的厚度(小于3.0 µm),有效遏制了界面焊接缺陷的形成。在多种超声波优化机制的协同作用下,铝/钢接头的峰值拉伸剪切承载能力得到了显著提升。
激光辅助电阻点焊技术巧妙地将激光焊接的精准高能量密度加热特性与电阻点焊的直接接触式电流加热优势相结合[37],技术核心在于激光的精确操控与快速加热能力,不仅大幅提升了焊接效率与灵活性,还大幅减小了焊接过程中的热影响区域,从而优化了焊接接头的质量一致性[38]。激光辅助电阻点焊技术在处理焊接质量要求高、材料组合复杂或热敏感材料的焊接任务时展现出非凡的适应性。
Li等[39]提出了一种复合激光电阻点焊工艺,如图8所示,首先对铝和钢异种材料进行电阻点焊,然后进行激光点焊,将铝和钢连接起来。通过改进电极结构,优化了焊接电流分布和焊缝结构,形成了厚度小于1.2 μm的均匀金属间层。此外,铝与钢异种材料的界面形貌由平面转变为深凸起的界面。结果表明,由于接头周边存在较弱的结合区,易导致裂纹萌生和快速扩展,电阻点焊具有较大的拉剪载荷,但延性和能量吸收效果较差。在电阻点焊接头的弱结合区进行激光点焊工艺,抑制了裂纹沿熔接界面的快速扩展,避免了界面断裂。与电阻点焊接头相比,混合焊接接头的拉剪峰值载荷提高了18.2%。
磁场辅助电阻点焊技术巧妙地将磁场调控融入传统的电阻点焊工艺中,通过外加磁场对焊接过程进行精细调控。该技术不仅能优化电流分布、促进熔池流动与细化晶粒结构,显著提升焊接接头的力学性能和微观组织质量,还能有效减少焊接缺陷,如裂纹、气孔等,从而提高整体焊接质量[40]
Hu等[41]在铝与钢的电阻点焊工艺中首次引入磁辅助装置,揭示了磁场在焊接过程中的积极作用。研究发现,磁场的加入显著促进了熔池中金属液的圆周流动,这种流动模式加速了铁原子向铝侧的扩散过程,进而促使焊接接头中晶粒结构细化,金属间化合物层厚度减薄,并有效减少了界面缺陷,使铝核硬度提升以及整体力学性能和韧性显著改善。尤为值得注意的是,磁场辅助下的接头断裂模式由脆性界面失效转变为更为有利的韧性拔出失效,不仅增强了接头的可靠性,还使其峰值载荷和能量吸收能力分别提升90%和1 327%。
胶接点焊巧妙地将电阻点焊的稳固连接特性与胶接的强韧结合优势相融合,形成了一种独特的复合连接工艺。相较于传统的电阻点焊,胶接点焊通过引入胶接层,显著增强了接头的拉剪强度和疲劳耐久性[42],在同种金属材料的连接领域已展现出应用价值,然而,在异种金属,尤其是铝/钢等组合的连接上,其应用探索尚显不足。因此,探讨胶接点焊在铝/钢异种焊接中的应用潜力,对于拓宽该技术的适用范围、提升异种金属连接性能具有重要意义。
Chen等[43]在铝/钢胶接点焊的研究中遇到了直接焊接方式下铝/钢界面残余胶过量的问题,该问题导致熔核中夹杂物增多以及IMC层异常增厚,进而对接头的整体性能产生了不利影响。为此,Chen等结合预清洁电流脉冲技术设计了一种多台阶形貌的电极(见图9),不仅有效清除了接头中的夹杂物,还成功抑制了IMC层的过度增长。试验结果显示,改进后,固化完成的胶接点焊接头性能得到显著提升,达到了约20%的增强效果。
胶接点焊技术在同种材料焊接领域的应用经验为探索其在铝/钢异种材料连接中的潜力提供了参考。Hayat等[44]在DP600钢的连接研究中,对比了胶接、电阻点焊以及胶接点焊的接头性能,结果表明,胶接点焊在接头性能上优于单一胶接和电阻点焊。王健强等[45]在6111铝合金的连接试验中,探讨了胶接点焊工艺参数对接头性能的影响。结果表明,在众多参数中,电流对胶接强度的影响最为显著,同时,熔核尺寸与接头强度之间在特定范围内呈现出一定的相关性。这些研究不仅丰富了胶接点焊技术的理论体系,也为后续在铝/钢异种材料连接中的应用提供了实践指导和理论依据。
胶接电阻点焊技术的核心在于胶接剂的引入,显著强化了焊接接头的整体性能。胶接剂以其独特的填隙能力,有效弥补了焊接过程中可能产生的微小间隙,与电阻点焊形成的金属间强固结合相辅相成,共同构筑了一个更为致密、稳固的连接体系。这种复合式的连接策略不仅大幅提升了接头的抗拉强度,还显著增强了其抗疲劳性能,使焊接接头具有更高的可靠性和耐久性。胶接电阻点焊技术提升了接头的密封性和耐腐蚀性,有助于降低生产成本和减轻产品质量。
研究人员针对成分与板厚各异的焊接件,通过正交试验等方法,对焊接电流、焊接时间、电极压力、电极端面直径及脉冲数等焊接参数进行优化,获得了稳定且高效的焊接质量。结合焊接过程的模拟仿真与试验验证,进一步优化焊接参数,有效解决了焊接过程中出现的裂纹、气孔等问题。此外,电极表面形貌的优化也被视为一种经济且高效的方法来提升焊接强度,采用具有新表面形貌的电极,相较于传统电极,往往能够连续焊接更多的点,且焊接质量显著提升。与此同时,复合电阻点焊技术作为新兴的连接手段,通过巧妙融合超声波、激光、磁场、凸焊、胶接等连接技术,显著增强了焊接接头的强度和可靠性,拓宽了电阻点焊的应用领域。预计未来汽车工业中的电阻点焊技术及复合电阻点焊技术的发展方向如下:
a. 高效化与自动化:电阻点焊设备将更加智能化,能够实现焊接参数的自动调整和优化,提高焊接质量和生产效率。
b. 环保与节能:电阻点焊设备将采用更加环保的材料和工艺,减少焊接过程中的能耗和排放。
c. 多元化与复合化:通过与其他连接技术(如胶接、铆接等)相结合形成复合连接工艺,以满足不同材料和结构件的连接需求,电阻点焊技术还将与其他先进制造技术相结合,如激光焊接、超声波焊接等,形成更加高效、可靠的连接方案。
d. 智能化与数字化:电阻点焊设备将具备更强的数据采集和分析能力,能够实时监测焊接过程中的各项参数和状态,为焊接质量的控制和优化提供有力支持。
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240267
  • 首发时间:2025-11-12
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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