Article(id=1195319420361941876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1195319418159932270, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240268, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762915957774, onlineDateStr=2025-11-12, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762915957774, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762915957774, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762915957774, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195319418159932270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2025', volume='', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='72', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762915957247, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762916385696, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195321215284973686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1195319418159932270, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195321215284973687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1195319418159932270, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=56, endPage=60, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195319420609405814, articleId=1195319420361941876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Application of Chemical Microfoaming Blowing Process in Automobile Air Duct, columnId=1190284220686766583, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=Original article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the application of micro foaming blow molding technology in automotive air ducts,this paper adjusts the blowing presstre and temperature in the production process to obtain qualified samples and rerifies their material properities and product performance. The results show that, compared with the unfoamed air duct, air duct parts with foaming ratio of 10% experience significant degrease of tensile and bending performance, with performance degradation up to 40%. In the foaming ratio range between 10% to 30%, with the increase of foaming ratio, the tensile and bending performance of the air duct material gradually decrease, but compared with tensile strength, the bending strength decreases more slowly. The air duct with foaming ratio of 30% not only meets the appearance requirements, but also meets the product performance requirements for automotive products. At the same time, by trial production of air ducts with different structures, the design points of microfoaming air duct are summarized.

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为探究微孔发泡吹塑工艺在汽车风道中的应用,通过调整生产工艺中的吹气压力和温度获得合格的样件并对其进行材料性能和制品性能验证,结果表明:相比于未发泡风道,发泡倍率为10%的风道样件拉伸性能和弯曲性能大幅度下降,性能衰减达到40%以上;在10%~30%发泡倍率区间,随着发泡倍率的增大,风道材料的拉伸和弯曲性能逐渐下降,但相比于拉伸强度,弯曲强度下降趋势更为缓慢;发泡倍率为30%的风道样件能满足外观要求,制品性能满足车用产品需求。结合不同结构的风道试制,总结出了微孔发泡风道吹塑过程中的设计要点。

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王雪(1991—),女,工程师,硕士学位,研究方向为汽车用非金属材料技术。

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王雪(1991—),女,工程师,硕士学位,研究方向为汽车用非金属材料技术。

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王雪(1991—),女,工程师,硕士学位,研究方向为汽车用非金属材料技术。

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试验项目 未发泡 发泡倍率10% 发泡倍率20% 发泡倍率30%
风道质量/g 170 151 138 121
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不同发泡倍率风道质量

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试验项目 未发泡 发泡倍率10% 发泡倍率20% 发泡倍率30%
风道质量/g 170 151 138 121
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样品
名称
检测
项目
检测
结果
检测
条件
判定
结果
微孔发泡
风道
耐热性 无变形、变色、裂纹等异常现象 80 ℃×
24 h
符合
要求
耐寒
冲击
无裂纹、碎裂及其他异常现象 -40 ℃×
24 h
符合
要求
), ArticleFig(id=1195336401047826795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1195319420361941876, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

30%微孔发泡风道环境性能试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
名称
检测
项目
检测
结果
检测
条件
判定
结果
微孔发泡
风道
耐热性 无变形、变色、裂纹等异常现象 80 ℃×
24 h
符合
要求
耐寒
冲击
无裂纹、碎裂及其他异常现象 -40 ℃×
24 h
符合
要求
), ArticleFig(id=1195336401110741356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1195319420361941876, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称 检测项目 检测
结果
检测方法 判定
结果
微孔发泡
风道
可冷凝组分/mg 0.7 100 ℃×16 h 符合
要求
80 ℃材料气味性
/分
3.0 80 ℃×2 h 符合
要求
燃烧特性
/mm·min-1
D-53 GB 8410—2006《汽车内饰材料的燃烧特性》 符合
要求
), ArticleFig(id=1195336401182044525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1195319420361941876, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

30%微孔发泡风道冷凝性、气味性、燃烧特性测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称 检测项目 检测
结果
检测方法 判定
结果
微孔发泡
风道
可冷凝组分/mg 0.7 100 ℃×16 h 符合
要求
80 ℃材料气味性
/分
3.0 80 ℃×2 h 符合
要求
燃烧特性
/mm·min-1
D-53 GB 8410—2006《汽车内饰材料的燃烧特性》 符合
要求
), ArticleFig(id=1195336401244959086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1195319420361941876, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目 检测
结果
检测方法 判定
结果
挥发性有机物 未检出 GB/T 39897—2021《车内非金属部件挥发性有机物和
醛酮类物质检测方法》
符合要求
甲苯 0.017 符合要求
乙苯 0.012 符合要求
二甲苯 0.040 符合要求
苯乙烯 未检出 符合要求
醛酮类物质 甲醛 0.030 符合要求
乙醛 未检出 符合要求
丙烯醛 未检出 符合要求
), ArticleFig(id=1195336401312067951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1195319420361941876, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

30%微孔发泡风道VOC测试结果 mg·m-3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目 检测
结果
检测方法 判定
结果
挥发性有机物 未检出 GB/T 39897—2021《车内非金属部件挥发性有机物和
醛酮类物质检测方法》
符合要求
甲苯 0.017 符合要求
乙苯 0.012 符合要求
二甲苯 0.040 符合要求
苯乙烯 未检出 符合要求
醛酮类物质 甲醛 0.030 符合要求
乙醛 未检出 符合要求
丙烯醛 未检出 符合要求
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化学微孔发泡吹塑工艺在汽车风道中的应用
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王雪 , 金科 , 王莹 , 李菁华 , 方程 , 张津瑞
汽车工艺与材料 | 材料应用 2025,(1): 56-60
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汽车工艺与材料 | 材料应用 2025, (1): 56-60
化学微孔发泡吹塑工艺在汽车风道中的应用
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王雪, 金科, 王莹, 李菁华, 方程, 张津瑞
作者信息
  • 高端汽车集成与控制全国重点实验室, 长春 130013
  • 王雪(1991—),女,工程师,硕士学位,研究方向为汽车用非金属材料技术。

Application of Chemical Microfoaming Blowing Process in Automobile Air Duct
Xue Wang, ke Jin, Ying Wang, Jinghua Li, Cheng Fang, Jinrui Zhang
Affiliations
  • National Key Laboratory of Advanced Vehicle Integration and Control, Changchun 130013
出版时间: 2025-01-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240268
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为探究微孔发泡吹塑工艺在汽车风道中的应用,通过调整生产工艺中的吹气压力和温度获得合格的样件并对其进行材料性能和制品性能验证,结果表明:相比于未发泡风道,发泡倍率为10%的风道样件拉伸性能和弯曲性能大幅度下降,性能衰减达到40%以上;在10%~30%发泡倍率区间,随着发泡倍率的增大,风道材料的拉伸和弯曲性能逐渐下降,但相比于拉伸强度,弯曲强度下降趋势更为缓慢;发泡倍率为30%的风道样件能满足外观要求,制品性能满足车用产品需求。结合不同结构的风道试制,总结出了微孔发泡风道吹塑过程中的设计要点。

化学发泡  /  吹塑工艺  /  风道  /  汽车

To explore the application of micro foaming blow molding technology in automotive air ducts,this paper adjusts the blowing presstre and temperature in the production process to obtain qualified samples and rerifies their material properities and product performance. The results show that, compared with the unfoamed air duct, air duct parts with foaming ratio of 10% experience significant degrease of tensile and bending performance, with performance degradation up to 40%. In the foaming ratio range between 10% to 30%, with the increase of foaming ratio, the tensile and bending performance of the air duct material gradually decrease, but compared with tensile strength, the bending strength decreases more slowly. The air duct with foaming ratio of 30% not only meets the appearance requirements, but also meets the product performance requirements for automotive products. At the same time, by trial production of air ducts with different structures, the design points of microfoaming air duct are summarized.

Chemical foaming  /  Blow molding process  /  Air duct  /  Automobile
王雪, 金科, 王莹, 李菁华, 方程, 张津瑞. 化学微孔发泡吹塑工艺在汽车风道中的应用. 汽车工艺与材料, 2025 , (1) : 56 -60 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240268
Xue Wang, ke Jin, Ying Wang, Jinghua Li, Cheng Fang, Jinrui Zhang. Application of Chemical Microfoaming Blowing Process in Automobile Air Duct[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2025 , (1) : 56 -60 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240268
微孔发泡塑料是一种以聚合物材料为基体,内部含有大量泡孔的聚合材料。其概念最早由麻省理工学院(Massachusetts Institute of Technology,MIT)的Martini‑Vedensky等提出,他们将微孔发泡塑料定义为直径为2~25 μm的闭孔泡沫的聚合物。随着微孔发泡工艺的发展,目前较成熟的生产工艺获得的微孔发泡塑料内部泡孔平均直径为1~100 μm,密度为107~1 010 个/cm3。由于发泡方式和发泡程度的不同,内部的泡孔结构既可以是闭孔,也可以是开孔。此外,微孔发泡塑料的外层通常为不发泡的密实皮层,与内部微孔发泡的多孔芯层构成类似三明治的泡沫夹芯结构[1-2]
微孔发泡工艺在注塑的同时完成零件材料内部细小泡孔的发泡,使实心塑料零件内部形成多孔结构,从而实现零部件的减重。微孔发泡注塑工艺可广泛应用于汽车内外饰、仪表板等塑料零部件以及汽车风管类部件中,为汽车的轻量化提供很好的设计和应用思路[3-5]
目前,注塑工艺的研究案例较多,而吹塑微孔发泡工艺的研究较少,为实现汽车吹塑产品的轻量化,本文以高密度聚乙烯(High Density Polyethylene,HDPE)材料的风道为研究对象,依托现生产模具设备进行风道产品吹塑微孔发泡的试制和性能验证,确认微孔发泡风道结构以及模具设计要点,验证微孔发泡风道性能能否满足车用要求。
吹塑微孔发泡成型技术包括物理发泡和化学发泡。
物理发泡技术是在特定的温度和压力条件下,将超临界流体(CO2或N2)注入并溶解到高分子熔体中,在一定的恒定压力条件下,超临界流体充分溶解,形成稳定的单相熔体,通过模具口模,单相熔体被挤入温度和压力较低的模具型腔。温度和压力的变化引发单相熔体分子不稳定状态,制品内部形成大量的微小气泡核,逐渐膨胀生成细小的孔洞。最后,通过冷却定型工艺,制品内部的孔洞结构得以固定。在这个过程中,由于内层的孔洞更接近热源,扩张较大,而外层的孔洞因为冷却作用相对较小,最终形成了内层较大、外层较小的孔洞结构[6-7]
化学发泡法是在加工过程中向原料中添加化学发泡剂,在特定的温度下,化学发泡剂受热分解,使塑料熔体发泡。化学发泡法的缺点是,适用于吹塑工艺的发泡剂供应商很少、价格昂贵且生产中需要调整工艺参数[8-9]
由于物理发泡技术需要CO2或N2的充气设备,对传统的生产线来说,不便于实际操作,而化学发泡可在传统设备的基础上添加化学发泡剂实现。故本文采用化学微孔发泡技术进行风道制品的生产和研究。
化学微孔发泡风道生产使用的材料包括:高熔体强度HDPE材料,30份,材料牌号为EN0B-F01;普通HDPE材料,70份,材料牌号为5502;化学发泡剂,2份,材料牌号为QE6-F01;少量色母料。
车用风道通常采用中空吹塑工艺,通过挤出机挤出管状型坯,趁热将其夹在模具型腔内并封底,再向管坯内腔通入压缩空气吹胀成型,如图1所示。具体工艺流程为:料斗上料、物料塑化、型坯中空挤出、模具合模、切断型坯、吹气胀型、冷却定型、开模取件、去除余料飞边。
普通吹塑与化学微孔发泡吹塑对设备的要求不同,由于熔体的温度、所受压力及注气量对微孔发泡的质量及成型效果均有影响,故化学微孔发泡的吹塑设备需增加吹气压力表,用于监测吹气压力,同时要求设备能够分别控制顶针压力和吹气压力。
本文使用满足微孔发泡风道生产要求的现有生产模具,选取吹脚风道进行试制和研究,通过对比微孔发泡吹塑工艺机理与传统吹塑风道技术,发现微孔发泡风道需要较小的吹塑压力,一般为0.005~0.020 MPa,温度根据实际情况进行调节。
生产微孔发泡吹脚风道,首先将吹气压力调整为0.01 MPa ,料筒温度为原生产风道应用的吹塑温度200 ℃。参数调整后对零件进行吹塑,吹塑后的风道如图2所示,风道出现粘连、积料现象。
缺陷出现的原因推测为吹气压力过小,坯料没有完全贴合模具。鉴于此,将吹气压力调整为0.015 MPa,吹塑温度仍为200 ℃,再次试制,风道出现吹破、表面不平滑、有颗粒的现象,具体状态如图3所示。经分析,推测该现象出现的原因为料筒温度过高,部分粒子结晶未融化,引起碳化现象,降低料筒温度可能改善该问题。
按照上述分析,从200 ℃开始,以5 ℃为梯度逐步降低料筒温度,经过多轮调试,该吹脚风道在吹气压力为0.015 MPa、料筒温度为175 ℃时试制得到合格的零件,如图4所示。同时调整吹气压力和温度,可生产出不同发泡倍率的风道,此结构调试的最高发泡倍率为30%。
微孔发泡吹塑工艺的所需的吹气压力一般比传统吹塑工艺更小,压力过大时零件内部无法正常发泡,压力过小易造成零件无法成型。建议吹气压力调整为0.005~0.020 MPa ,根据不同的零件结构进行工艺参数的调整。
普通HDPE风道料筒温度设定为180 ℃及以上,微孔发泡风道的料筒温度为160~180 ℃,通常可选170 ℃。若温度过高,材料的熔体强度偏低,材料表皮也会发泡,风道无法成型。
分别对未发泡风道、发泡倍率约为10%的微孔发泡、发泡倍率约为20%的微孔发泡、发泡倍率约为30%的微孔发泡零件制品取样,进行材料性能试验,不同发泡倍率风道依据风道的质量进行测算,风道的质量结果如表1所示。
不同发泡倍率下的风道拉伸性能对比如图5所示,由图5可知,随着发泡倍率的提升,拉伸性能逐渐下降,主要原因为随着发泡倍率的增大,微孔发泡材料中的泡孔数量不断增加,材料受力截面的有效面积逐渐减小,拉伸应力随之变小。从未发泡到10%发泡倍率,材料的拉伸性能下降幅度最大,从10%发泡倍率到30%发泡倍率,材料的拉伸性能下降幅度最小。
不同发泡倍率下材料的弯曲强度如图6所示,弯曲强度呈现与拉伸性能相似的变化趋势,随着发泡倍率的提升,弯曲性能逐渐降低,从未发泡到10%发泡倍率,材料的弯曲强度降低40%,从10%到30%发泡倍率,材料的弯曲强度下降幅度明显变小,其原因是材料微孔为蜂窝结构,受力时能够释放和缓解应力集中的作用,且微孔能够改变裂纹扩展路径、使主裂纹分叉以及受力变形时吸收能量。
本次试验的材料为以HDPE为基材,通过添加化学发泡剂吹塑成型的不同发泡倍率的微孔发泡风道,考察未发泡风道与不同发泡倍率风道材料的力学性能,结果表明:相比未发泡风道,发泡后的风道弯曲性能和拉伸性能均大幅下降,性能衰减达40%以上;随着发泡倍率的增大,材料的拉伸及弯曲性能逐渐下降;相比于拉伸性能,弯曲性能下降趋势缓慢,尤其是当发泡倍率为20%~30%时,材料的弯曲强度基本保持不变。
为验证发泡后的风道制品性能是否满足车用产品要求,选取发泡倍率最大为30%的微孔发泡风道进行试验。
对微孔发泡风道进行耐环境性能考察,试验方法如下:
a. 耐热性:将制品放入恒温箱中,试验温度为80 ℃±2 ℃,放置24 h±2 h后取出,并在室温条件下放置30 min,然后目视观察制品表面是否有变化。
b. 耐寒冲击性:将制品在-40 ℃±2 ℃的冰箱中放置24 h±2 h后,观察外观变化情况,取出制品,立即用钢球距试样0.5 m高度冲击样品表面,然后目视观察制品表面是否发生变化。
试验结果如表2所示。
对发泡风道制品进行冷凝性、气味性、燃烧特性考察,具体试验结果如表3所示,3项试验结果均满足汽车用风道产品要求。
对发泡的风道制品进行挥发性有机物(Volatile Organic Compounds, VOC)性能测试,试验结果如表4所示,均满足汽车内饰产品要求。
试制过程中,选取某具有较大拉伸结构的风道作为试制对象,如图7所示,经多次调整工艺参数未能生产出合格产品。经分析,发泡材料受热膨胀时易在尖锐或急剧变化的位置产生应力集中,导致制品开裂。该风道拉伸结构过大,在微孔发泡吹塑成型过程中,材料过度拉伸,被显著拉薄,最终破裂,这说明微孔发泡吹塑工艺与传统吹塑工艺在结构设计要求上存在差异。与传统吹塑工艺相比,微孔发泡吹塑对结构设计的细节要求更严格。因此,在进行微孔发泡风道产品设计时,应充分考虑结构的合理性和可行性,风道的圆角结构应设计得更大一些,避免尖角和截面突变的结构设计,以确保在微孔发泡吹塑过程中能够均匀受力,避免拉伸应力过度集中。
图8所示的吹面风道进行试制,过程中出现尖角处破裂现象,如图9所示。多轮调整工艺参数仍未生产出合格的风道样件,推测原因为模具镶嵌块处的尖角所致,因此,通过粘贴橡皮泥,试制出了符合要求的微孔发泡风道,如图10所示,这说明微孔发泡风道模具镶块的设计要求比不发泡的风道更严格,应避免出现尖锐的角以及易出现尖角的滑块结构。
微孔发泡吹塑工艺受发泡的影响,料坯下落时会膨胀,对于同样尺寸的风道,微孔发泡吹塑工艺所需的模头较普通吹塑工艺小,一般为普通模头尺寸的60%~80%,微孔发泡模具的减小能够降低成本,避免因模头过大出现积流、堆料等问题。
化学微孔发泡吹塑风道技术相比普通风道技术具有质量轻、生产工艺简单、综合成本适中等优势,微孔发泡技术也有可能成为风道生产的重要工艺。随着吹塑微孔发泡技术的普及以及产业链的不断完善,未来研究将聚焦于物理吹塑发泡技术及高表面质量的吹塑发泡技术,助力微孔发泡技术在汽车部件中的大规模应用。
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240268
  • 首发时间:2025-11-12
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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    高端汽车集成与控制全国重点实验室, 长春 130013
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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