Article(id=1195319419825066564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1195319418159932270, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240371, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762915957646, onlineDateStr=2025-11-12, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762915957646, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762915957646, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762915957646, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195319418159932270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2025', volume='', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='72', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762915957247, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762916385696, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195321215284973686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1195319418159932270, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195321215284973687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1195319418159932270, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=37, endPage=40, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195319420089307718, articleId=1195319419825066564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Research on the Performance of Long-Life Composite Lithium-Based Lubricating Greases, columnId=1190284220686766583, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=Original article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to rapidly select the best lubricating grease for vehicles in different conditions, 4 actual vehicle working conditions are simulated including normal driving, heavy load, climbing and high speed using a four-ball machine with the wear diameter of the measured sample as evaluation index. Combined with droplet point, evaporation loss and oxidation stability, the performance of 4 long-life composite lithium based grease is studied, and the best choice of lubricating grease under different using scenarios are summarized as well.

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为快速选择汽车在不同工况下的最佳润滑脂,以测得样品的磨痕直径为评价指标,使用四球机模拟汽车正常行驶、重负荷、爬坡和高速4种实际工况,并结合滴点、蒸发损失和氧化安定性,对4种长寿命复合锂基润滑脂的性能进行研究,总结出不同工况下的最佳润滑脂。

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刘茜(1995—),女,工程师,硕士学位,研究方向为车用油品。

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刘茜(1995—),女,工程师,硕士学位,研究方向为车用油品。

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Grease Test System for Impoved Life of Ball and Roller Bearings[J]. 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润滑脂 基础油类型 稠化剂类型 牌号
A(国内) 合成油 复合锂 2#
B(国外) 合成油 复合锂 2#
C(国内) 矿物油 复合锂 2#
D(国外) 矿物油 复合锂 2#
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4种润滑脂主要理化指标

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润滑脂 基础油类型 稠化剂类型 牌号
A(国内) 合成油 复合锂 2#
B(国外) 合成油 复合锂 2#
C(国内) 矿物油 复合锂 2#
D(国外) 矿物油 复合锂 2#
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序号 名称 型号 精度 生产厂家
1 润滑脂滴点测定仪 BF-21 2 ℃ 大连北方分析仪器有限公司
2 润滑脂氧化安定性测定器 BF-55 0.1 ℃ 大连北方分析仪器有限公司
3 四球摩擦磨损试验机 089-001-001 0.1 N 美国FALEX公司
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试验设备

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序号 名称 型号 精度 生产厂家
1 润滑脂滴点测定仪 BF-21 2 ℃ 大连北方分析仪器有限公司
2 润滑脂氧化安定性测定器 BF-55 0.1 ℃ 大连北方分析仪器有限公司
3 四球摩擦磨损试验机 089-001-001 0.1 N 美国FALEX公司
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润滑脂 滴点/℃ 蒸发损失/% 压力降/kPa
A(国内) 324 0.39 18
B(国外) 334 0.24 20
C(国内) 276 0.27 21
D(国外) 280 0.54 38
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4种润滑脂主要理化指标结果

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润滑脂 滴点/℃ 蒸发损失/% 压力降/kPa
A(国内) 324 0.39 18
B(国外) 334 0.24 20
C(国内) 276 0.27 21
D(国外) 280 0.54 38
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工况 磨痕直径D/mm
润滑脂A 润滑脂B 润滑脂C 润滑脂D
爬坡 0.60 0.74 0.87 0.65
高速 0.47 0.36 0.57 0.48
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4种润滑脂磨痕直径2种工况下的变化

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工况 磨痕直径D/mm
润滑脂A 润滑脂B 润滑脂C 润滑脂D
爬坡 0.60 0.74 0.87 0.65
高速 0.47 0.36 0.57 0.48
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长寿命复合锂基润滑脂性能研究
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刘茜 , 张皓月 , 许扬 , 桃春生
汽车工艺与材料 | 一汽解放优秀论文(选登) 2025,(1): 37-40
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汽车工艺与材料 | 一汽解放优秀论文(选登) 2025, (1): 37-40
长寿命复合锂基润滑脂性能研究
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刘茜, 张皓月, 许扬, 桃春生
作者信息
  • 一汽解放汽车有限公司, 长春 130011
  • 刘茜(1995—),女,工程师,硕士学位,研究方向为车用油品。

Research on the Performance of Long-Life Composite Lithium-Based Lubricating Greases
Qian Liu, Haoyue Zhang, Yang Xu, Chunsheng Tao
Affiliations
  • FAW Jiefang Automobile Co., Ltd., Changchun 130011
出版时间: 2025-01-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240371
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为快速选择汽车在不同工况下的最佳润滑脂,以测得样品的磨痕直径为评价指标,使用四球机模拟汽车正常行驶、重负荷、爬坡和高速4种实际工况,并结合滴点、蒸发损失和氧化安定性,对4种长寿命复合锂基润滑脂的性能进行研究,总结出不同工况下的最佳润滑脂。

长寿命  /  实际工况  /  润滑脂  /  磨痕直径

In order to rapidly select the best lubricating grease for vehicles in different conditions, 4 actual vehicle working conditions are simulated including normal driving, heavy load, climbing and high speed using a four-ball machine with the wear diameter of the measured sample as evaluation index. Combined with droplet point, evaporation loss and oxidation stability, the performance of 4 long-life composite lithium based grease is studied, and the best choice of lubricating grease under different using scenarios are summarized as well.

Long-life  /  Actual working conditions  /  Lubricating grease  /  Wear scar diamete
刘茜, 张皓月, 许扬, 桃春生. 长寿命复合锂基润滑脂性能研究. 汽车工艺与材料, 2025 , (1) : 37 -40 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240371
Qian Liu, Haoyue Zhang, Yang Xu, Chunsheng Tao. Research on the Performance of Long-Life Composite Lithium-Based Lubricating Greases[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2025 , (1) : 37 -40 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240371
润滑脂广泛应用于汽车润滑部位,具有降低表面温度、消除摩擦热、防止烧伤、减缓磨损的作用,可显著延长零部件寿命。汽车润滑部位中约60%为轴承与万向节,而轴承在高温、重载的工况下,对长寿命润滑脂在耐高温性、抗氧化性、抗磨性与机械安定性等方面提出了更高的性能要求[1-2]。润滑脂由基础油、稠化剂和添加剂组成,其中,稠化剂主要包括锂基、复合锂、钙基、脲基等[3-6],在润滑脂中形成三维网络的结构骨架,使基础油被吸附和固定在结构骨架中,决定了润滑脂的机械安定性、耐高温性和抗水性等[7-9]
复合锂基润滑脂各项性能优越,市面上有多种价格和性能不同的长寿命复合锂基润滑脂,本文选择4种长寿命复合锂基润滑脂,在正常行驶(转速升高)、重负荷、爬坡(低速高载荷)和高速(高速低载荷)4种工况下,同时考虑温度、载荷、转速和运行时间,分析润滑脂的抗磨性能,以期快速选择最佳润滑脂。
试验用的4种润滑脂的主要理化指标如表1所示。
润滑脂的基础油可分为矿物油和合成油,其性能差异在此次试验中也进行了比较。
本文试验所用的设备如表2所示。
抗磨性能试验过程如下:
a. 将待测轴承材料制成球形试样,选择4个新的测试球,使用超声波浴在溶剂中清洁并吹干。将测试球固定在试验机的底座上,形成一个四球摩擦装置,在球杯中填入适量润滑脂并安装完毕。
b. 待四球机预热15 min后,在“主菜单”中按照试验要求设置载荷、温度、运行时间及转速,启动试验机。
c. 试验结束后,取下球杯,将测试球上的润滑脂擦拭干净,确保钢球表面洁净,使用显微镜观察,测量磨斑精度为0.01 mm。
使用润滑脂滴点测定仪和润滑脂氧化安定性测定器对4种润滑脂的滴点、蒸发损失和氧化安定性进行测试,测试结果如表3所示。
润滑脂适用的工作温度是选择的重要依据。滴点为润滑脂受热时从不流动状态到流动状态的转变温度,可反映润滑脂使用时允许的最高温度。本文采用GB 4929—1985《润滑脂滴点测定法》对滴点进行测定。由表3可知,润滑脂A和润滑脂B的滴点较高,耐高温程度接近,润滑脂C和润滑脂D的耐高温程度较弱。实际应用中,滴点越高,并不代表润滑脂越好,需结合蒸发损失、氧化安定性和抗磨性综合考虑。
润滑脂基础油蒸发损失会导致润滑脂中的稠化剂占比增大,使用时内摩擦增大,降低润滑脂寿命。因此,蒸发损失在一定程度上反映了润滑脂的高温使用性能。蒸发损失越小,性能越好,因此,润滑脂B耐蒸发损失性能最佳。
润滑脂高温使用时会发生氧化,导致游离碱含量降低或游离有机酸含量升高,润滑脂的滴点、稠度、相似粘度下降,并生成具有腐蚀性和破坏结构的物质。本文采用SH/T 0325—1992《润滑脂氧化安定性测定法》对4种润滑脂的氧化安定性进行测量,其中,润滑脂A氧化安定性数值最小,抗氧化性能最佳。
本文通过改变温度、载荷、转速和运行时间,充分模拟润滑脂在正常行驶、重负荷、爬坡和高速4种实际工况的使用情况。采用SH/T 0204—1992《润滑脂抗磨性能测定法(四球机法)》测定4种润滑脂的磨痕直径。
4种润滑脂在四球机中以载荷为392 N、温度为75 ℃的条件运行1 h,转速由900 r/min逐步提高至1 200 r/min,试验期间磨痕直径的变化如图1所示。
润滑脂的磨痕直径与转速无明显关系,说明转速产生的离心力并未破坏润滑脂的分油能力,抗磨性能相对稳定。润滑脂B和润滑脂D比润滑脂A和润滑脂C具有更好的润滑性。这是由于合成油纯净度高,而矿物油以原油为主要原料直接提纯并通过添加相关添加剂制成,杂质多且流动性较差。因此,基础油为合成油的润滑脂成本偏高。
在正常行驶的工况中,矿物油和合成油无太大差别,4种润滑脂均满足使用要求。因此,应选择成本较低的产品。
在实际工况中,商用车常处于重负荷状态,载荷、温度和工作时间多个变量同时变化,无法准确研究润滑脂性能。因此,模拟试验通过控制单一变量法对润滑脂的使用性能进行研究。
4种润滑脂在温度为75 ℃、转速为1 200 r/min的条件下运行1 h,载荷由392 N逐渐提高至784 N,磨痕直径的变化如图2所示。
润滑脂的磨痕直径随着载荷的增加而增大,根据行车经验,通常当磨痕直径>0.6 mm时,润滑脂抗磨性能不足,需要更换润滑脂。由图2可知,润滑脂C不适用于重载荷的工作环境,润滑脂A性能中等,在载荷≥588 N时,润滑脂D的磨痕直径未超过润滑脂B的磨痕直径,且成本更低,因此,推荐选择润滑脂D。
Kleinlein[10]的研究表明,当轴承工作时,温度每上升10~15 ℃,润滑脂的使用寿命降低约50%,润滑脂的抗磨性能也随之下降。
在重负荷工作时,润滑脂的运行温度必然升高,润滑脂的使用性能会显著降低。将4种润滑脂的试验温度由75 ℃逐步升高至180 ℃,在载荷为392 N、转速为1 200 r/min的条件下运行1 h,试验期间的磨痕直径变化如图3所示。
图3可知,在试验温度范围内,润滑脂B的磨痕直径小于其他润滑脂,且变化幅度最小,同时,与其他3种润滑脂相比,润滑脂B具有最高滴点、最小的蒸发损失和适中的氧化安定性。
当温度升至约150 ℃时,润滑脂C的磨痕直径突变,结合表2分析原因如下:
a. 在高温环境中运转时,润滑脂C的滴点相对较低,润滑脂中基础油的蒸发损失、内摩擦增大,产生摩擦热,使润滑脂硬化或干燥。
b. 润滑脂发生氧化反应后,产生的酸性物质腐蚀金属表面,破坏了润滑性,导致磨痕直径增大。
综上所述,在高温环境中,润滑脂B为最佳选择,润滑脂A、润滑脂D的性能适中,当温度高于150 ℃时不推荐使用润滑脂C。
在载荷为392 N、转速为1 200 r/min、温度为75 ℃的条件下,4种润滑脂的磨痕直径随试验时间的变化如图4所示。
随着试验时间增加,润滑脂磨痕直径逐渐变大。其中,润滑脂A的磨痕直径在5 h内均<0.6 mm,润滑脂C变化明显,润滑脂B、润滑脂D的性能中等,结果表明,润滑脂A具有相对稳定的抗磨性能,为最佳选择。
因此,综合考虑载荷、温度和工作时间对润滑脂工作状态的影响,在重负荷工况下应选用润滑脂A。
为模拟爬坡和高速2种实际工况,4种润滑脂分别在爬坡工况(转速为700 r/min、载荷为784 N、温度为75 ℃)和高速工况(转速为1 200 r/min、载荷为392 N、温度为75 ℃)下运转1 h,磨痕直径的变化如表4所示。
在爬坡工况下,润滑脂A的磨痕直径最小,具有优异的抗磨性能且滴点较高,爬坡过程中的耐温性能好,但蒸发损失较大,使用一段时间后需及时更换。
在高速行驶时,润滑脂B表现出更优异的抗磨性能,但成本比国内产品高,润滑脂A更具有性价比。
采用四球机法模拟汽车正常行驶、重负荷、爬坡和高速4种实际工况,结合润滑脂的滴点、蒸发损失和氧化安定性分析得到以下结论:
a. 正常行驶时,基础油为合成油或矿物油的润滑脂均无明显区别,4种润滑脂的滴点、蒸发损失和氧化安定性指标均满足使用要求,可选择成本较低的产品。
b. 重负荷行驶时,润滑脂的磨痕直径随着载荷、温度和工作时间的增加而变大,其中,润滑脂A具备较好的抗载荷、耐高温特性,且抗磨周期长、氧化安定性突出,为最佳选择。
c. 爬坡时,汽车处于高载荷工作状态,选用润滑脂A可满足使用要求。但当轴承磨损严重时,应及时更换轴承及润滑脂。
d. 高速行驶时,润滑脂B和润滑脂A的抗磨性、滴点、蒸发损失和氧化安定性性能指标均满足使用需求。因此,在不考虑成本的情况下,选用润滑脂B。若考虑经济性,润滑脂A为最佳选择。
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240371
  • 首发时间:2025-11-12
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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