Article(id=1192092201183232140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1192092198389821910, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20250037, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762146528764, onlineDateStr=2025-11-03, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762146528764, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762146528764, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762146528764, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192092198389821910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2025', volume='', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='71', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762146528098, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762146867447, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1192093621789803196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1192092198389821910, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1192093621789803197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1192092198389821910, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=57, endPage=61, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192092201388753037, articleId=1192092201183232140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Study on the Influence Behavior and Mechanism of Ultrasonic and Al-5Ti-1B Compound Treatment on the Solidification Structure of Commercial-Purity Aluminum, columnId=1190284220686766583, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=Original article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The conventional solidification structure of cast pure aluminum is coarse. Applying an ultrasonic field and adding grain refiners during the solidification process can refine the grain size, thereby improving the comprehensive properties of the alloy. This paper studies the effects of the combined treatment of Al-5Ti-1B refiner and ultrasonic field on the solidification process and solidification structure of pure aluminum. The experimental results show that the combined treatment of the ultrasonic field and the refiner can achieve a better grain refinement effect than when they act alone. As the ultrasonic power increases, the grain size gradually decreases, and the number of defects such as cavities and porosity shrinkage also significantly decreases. Ultrasonic field can promote the uniform distribution of heterogeneous phase and alloying elements in the aluminum melt from the refiner, increasing the number of effective heterogeneous nuclei of α-Al. The best combined refinement effect is obtained when the ultrasonic power is 1 000 W. Finally, the combined action mechanism of ultrasonic field and the refiner is discussed, and its microscopic action atomic model is given.

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铸态纯铝常规凝固组织粗大,凝固过程中施加超声场及添加晶粒细化剂可以细化其晶粒尺寸,提升合金的综合性能。研究了Al-5Ti-1B细化剂与超声场复合处理对纯铝凝固过程和凝固组织的影响。试验结果表明:超声场与细化剂复合处理可获得比单独作用时更优的组织细化效果;随着超声功率的增大,α-Al晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,缩孔、缩松等缺陷数量也明显减少;超声能促进细化剂中异质相及合金元素在铝熔体中的均匀分布,提高α-Al有效异质核心的数量,超声功率为1 000 W时获得了最佳的复合细化效果。最后讨论了超声与细化剂的复合作用机制,并给出了其微观作用模型。

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张爱民(1983—),男,主要研究方向为凝固组织控制。
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韩瑞愿(2002—),男,主要研究方向为铝合金晶粒细化。

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韩瑞愿(2002—),男,主要研究方向为铝合金晶粒细化。

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韩瑞愿(2002—),男,主要研究方向为铝合金晶粒细化。

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参数 功率/W 温度/℃
超声
处理
500 1 000 1 500 670~655
复合
处理
1 000 1 500 670~655 685~670
), ArticleFig(id=1192092428745195859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1192092201183232140, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

超声处理细化试验工艺参数

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参数 功率/W 温度/℃
超声
处理
500 1 000 1 500 670~655
复合
处理
1 000 1 500 670~655 685~670
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超声和Al-5Ti-1B复合处理对工业纯铝凝固组织的影响行为与机理研究
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韩瑞愿 , 王玉欣 , 李青萍 , 张爱民
汽车工艺与材料 | 材料应用 2025,(6): 57-61
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汽车工艺与材料 | 材料应用 2025, (6): 57-61
超声和Al-5Ti-1B复合处理对工业纯铝凝固组织的影响行为与机理研究
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韩瑞愿, 王玉欣, 李青萍, 张爱民
作者信息
  • 河南工学院材料科学与工程学院, 新乡 453003
  • 韩瑞愿(2002—),男,主要研究方向为铝合金晶粒细化。

通讯作者:

张爱民(1983—),男,主要研究方向为凝固组织控制。
Study on the Influence Behavior and Mechanism of Ultrasonic and Al-5Ti-1B Compound Treatment on the Solidification Structure of Commercial-Purity Aluminum
Ruiyuan Han, Yuxin Wang, Qingping Li, Aimin Zhang
Affiliations
  • School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Institute of Technology, Xinxiang 453003
出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20250037
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铸态纯铝常规凝固组织粗大,凝固过程中施加超声场及添加晶粒细化剂可以细化其晶粒尺寸,提升合金的综合性能。研究了Al-5Ti-1B细化剂与超声场复合处理对纯铝凝固过程和凝固组织的影响。试验结果表明:超声场与细化剂复合处理可获得比单独作用时更优的组织细化效果;随着超声功率的增大,α-Al晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,缩孔、缩松等缺陷数量也明显减少;超声能促进细化剂中异质相及合金元素在铝熔体中的均匀分布,提高α-Al有效异质核心的数量,超声功率为1 000 W时获得了最佳的复合细化效果。最后讨论了超声与细化剂的复合作用机制,并给出了其微观作用模型。

纯铝  /  晶粒细化  /  超声场  /  Al-5Ti-1B  /  原子机制

The conventional solidification structure of cast pure aluminum is coarse. Applying an ultrasonic field and adding grain refiners during the solidification process can refine the grain size, thereby improving the comprehensive properties of the alloy. This paper studies the effects of the combined treatment of Al-5Ti-1B refiner and ultrasonic field on the solidification process and solidification structure of pure aluminum. The experimental results show that the combined treatment of the ultrasonic field and the refiner can achieve a better grain refinement effect than when they act alone. As the ultrasonic power increases, the grain size gradually decreases, and the number of defects such as cavities and porosity shrinkage also significantly decreases. Ultrasonic field can promote the uniform distribution of heterogeneous phase and alloying elements in the aluminum melt from the refiner, increasing the number of effective heterogeneous nuclei of α-Al. The best combined refinement effect is obtained when the ultrasonic power is 1 000 W. Finally, the combined action mechanism of ultrasonic field and the refiner is discussed, and its microscopic action atomic model is given.

Pure aluminum  /  Grain refinement  /  Ultrasound field  /  Al-5Ti-1B  /  Atomic mechanism
韩瑞愿, 王玉欣, 李青萍, 张爱民. 超声和Al-5Ti-1B复合处理对工业纯铝凝固组织的影响行为与机理研究. 汽车工艺与材料, 2025 , (6) : 57 -61 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20250037
Ruiyuan Han, Yuxin Wang, Qingping Li, Aimin Zhang. Study on the Influence Behavior and Mechanism of Ultrasonic and Al-5Ti-1B Compound Treatment on the Solidification Structure of Commercial-Purity Aluminum[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2025 , (6) : 57 -61 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20250037
铝合金具有导电性、导热性与延展性好,比强度、比模量高,塑性好以及耐蚀性强等优点,在航空航天、高速列车、新能源汽车、架空导线及电子封装等领域中均大量应用[1-3],是目前应用最广泛的有色金属结构材料之一。
在纯铝的凝固过程中,常出现组织粗大的问题,浇注前向铝熔体中添加细化剂[4-6],或对凝固过程进行超声场处理(Ultrasonic Treatment)[7-9],均可有效提高α-Al的形核率,实现凝固组织的晶粒细化,从而较好地提升其综合性能。目前,单独利用Al-Ti-B类细化剂或超声场改性铝合金、镁合金等铸态组织的研究较多[10],而关于超声与细化剂复合处理的研究相对较少,复合处理时对凝固组织是否有叠加的效果仍有待深入探索。
本文在铝合金凝固过程中施加超声场和Al-5Ti-1B细化剂,研究细化剂与外场复合处理对纯铝凝固组织的影响,并深入讨论超声场和细化剂作用下的微观模型,以期从原子层面分析影响铝合金凝固过程的微观机制。
本试验所用原材料为高纯净度工业纯铝铝锭、Al-5Ti-1B合金细化剂等。细化试验所用超声设备如图1所示,试验所用的浇注锭模为高纯石墨坩埚。
首先将电阻炉升温到700 ℃,待石墨坩埚变成暗红色后将准备好的纯铝块放入坩埚中,然后进行加热。铝块熔化后,扒渣加少量覆盖剂后升温,待温度升高到740 ℃时,添加质量分数0.2%的Al-5Ti-1B细化剂,并搅拌至完全熔化,继续保温10 min后取出进行超声处理。钛合金超声工具头经500 ℃预热后,缓慢下放到合金熔体中,浸没熔体约10 mm左右,随后开启电源进行超声处理2~3 min,取出工具头后将锭模自然冷却。
不同组的细化试验工艺参数如表1所示,Al-5Ti-1B添加量均为质量分数0.2%。将全部铸锭沿中间部分进行垂直切取,对截面进行磨抛处理后采用混合酸(60 mL HCl、30 mL HNO3、5 mL HF、5 mL H2O)进行宏观腐蚀,腐蚀过程用棉花对表面均匀擦拭,直至显示清晰的宏观组织。
金属凝固过程中进行超声处理可产生显著的晶粒细化效果,图2是工业纯铝未加细化剂仅经不同超声功率处理后的宏观组织照片,对比图2a~图2d可以看出,未经超声处理时,纯铝凝固后的晶粒异常粗大,柱状晶几乎贯穿整个试样横界面,局部存在粗大的等轴晶,且等轴晶的尺寸也大小不一,极不均匀。在经过超声处理后,工业纯铝的宏观组织发生了明显的细化,由柱状晶完全转变为细小均匀的等轴晶,晶粒尺寸显著减小。随着超声功率的增加,工业纯铝的宏观组织晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,其中1 500 W超声处理后的工业纯铝的宏观组织晶粒尺寸最小,晶粒细化效果最佳。
此外,从图2b图2c图2d中还可以明显看出,随着超声功率的增大,工业纯铝凝固过程中的缩孔、缩松等铸造缺陷也显著减少,如图2中虚线部分所示。除了晶粒细化对缩孔、缩松数量的影响外,超声处理时产生的振动还可以促进熔体的流动,这种流动有助于及时补充凝固过程中熔体因收缩而产生的空隙[11-12]。随着超声功率的增大,超声处理所产生的熔体宏观流动效果越来越显著,进而对缩松、缩孔的消除作用更加明显,从而有效减少了缩松、缩孔的形成。
图3是工业纯铝仅添加细化剂前后的宏观组织照片,对比图3a图3b可以看出,在添加Al-5Ti-1B细化剂后,工业纯铝的宏观组织同样发生明显的细化,晶粒形状由粗大的柱状晶完全转变成了细小的等轴晶,晶粒细化效果与超声细化效果相当。
研究表明,超声场与细化剂复合作用于铝熔体,可获叠加的晶粒细化效果,其机理被认为是超声对“杂质”的活化作用,并未讨论超声对细化剂本身的影响[13]。本文采用500 W、1 000 W和1 500 W超声功率分别与Al-5Ti-1B细化剂复合作用于纯铝凝固过程,分析其超声场对Al-5Ti-1B细化效果的影响规律。
图4是工业纯铝添加Al-5Ti-1B细化剂与超声复合处理后的宏观组织照片,超声处理到液相线以下即658 ℃结束,对比图4a~图4d可以看出,与只添加Al-5Ti-1B细化剂相比,超声与Al-5Ti-1B复合处理具有一定的叠加效果;当超声处理功率为500 W时,复合的叠加效果不明显(图4b),可能是由于超声功率较低,对Al-5Ti-1B中TiB2颗粒的分散效果较弱;1 000 W超声和Al-5Ti-1B复合的细化效果最好(图4c),此时应因功于超声对TiB2颗粒的较强分散作用,增加了α-Al有效的形核核心数量;而当超声处理功率达到1 500 W时,复合处理的叠加细化效果反而出现一定程度的削弱,其细化效果弱于1 000 W超声和Al-5Ti-1B复合作用,如图4d所示。此外,通过对比图4c图4d图2c图2d还可以看出,复合作用对缩松、缩孔的影响也与超声单独作用时不同,复合处理时组织中整体收缩数量明显减少,但局部仍有较大缩孔。
超声处理对细化剂的影响主要体现在对Al-5Ti-1B中TiB2和Al3Ti相的作用,其中熔体温度对超声效果具有决定性的作用,熔体温度较高时,超声处理对TiB2的分散和Al3Ti的溶解都有较好的促进作用,当熔体温度较低时,超声场的作用效果会显著降低[14];通过试验发现,500 W超声功率过小,对Al-5Ti-1B细化剂促进作用有限,因此,选择1 000 W和1 500 W功率研究超声处理温度对复合细化效果的影响规律。
图5是1 000 W和1 500 W功率超声与Al-5Ti-1B细化剂在不同超声处理温度下纯铝的宏观组织照片,即超声处理温度在液相线以上,即670~680 ℃。从图5中可以看出,液相线以上的超声处理即可获得较好的细化效果,1 500 W超声处理后的工业纯铝的宏观组织晶粒尺寸较小,晶粒细化效果最佳。此外,与图3图4相比还可以推断出,液相线以上的复合处理虽然比单独添加细化剂的细化效果好,但相比于1 000 W超声与细化剂在整个凝固过程中的复合处理,并未达到最佳的叠加细化效果。因此,可以得出获得超声与细化剂复合处理的最佳工艺参数为超声功率为1 000 W,处理温度为整个凝固过程温度区间。
高能超声波在金属熔体中传播会产生声空化与微射流效应[15-16]。首先,在超声波的作用下,铝熔体中会诱发大量的微小气泡,当超声波在铝熔体中产生的声压超过空化阈值时,微小的气泡受到周期性交变声场的作用,进而发展成空化气泡[17]。随着空化泡在高压作用下的瞬时破裂,会对金属熔体产生原子级别的爆破冲击,使得原本逐渐聚集长大的Al原子团簇再次被冲散成小尺寸团簇,这种小尺寸原子团簇在形核温度下难以发生结晶转变,只有当外界温度继续降低时才有足够的能量克服表面能阻力,即相当于增加了金属熔体过冷,进而增加了α-Al的形核率,促进了形核,超声作用机理如图6所示。
图7所示,细化剂中的TiB2颗粒尺寸较小、呈严重聚集状态分布,加入纯铝中后,细化剂中的TiB2相在铝熔体中仍不易分散均匀,一定程度上会影响其细化效果[18]。超声处理时,空化气泡崩溃产生的微射流对团聚的TiB2颗粒具有强烈的冲击作用,能够打破颗粒之间的范德华力等团聚作用力,可在短时间内迅速使TiB2颗粒分散更加均匀。同时,空化作用同样也会对Al3Ti团簇凝固过程的尺寸变化等产生影响,这种影响与超声对Al原子团簇的影响类似,其原理如图6所示。超声作用下形成了更多更分散的小尺寸Al3Ti原子团簇,进而可使更多的Al3Ti团簇依附于同样分散的TiB2颗粒,形成更多稳定的Al3Ti层(图7),表面形成Al3Ti层的TiB2复相粒子是α-Al异质形核的关键[19],最终提高了有效异质核心的数量及效率。
此外,超声在混合铝熔体中传播,其有限振幅衰减将在变幅杆端面与熔体内部之间形成声压梯度,从而产生熔体整体环流,环流的最大可能速度μ[20]
$\mu =\sqrt{2}\pi fA$
式中:f为超声频率,A为变幅杆端面振幅。
这种由超声振动引起的熔体宏观流动可使得整个熔体的温度分布与成分分布更均匀,有助于Al3Ti相的快速熔解与Ti元素、TiB2相的均匀分布,可在一定程度上提高铝熔体对细化剂中Ti、B的有效利用率。
本文通过对工业纯铝凝固过程进行超声处理、添加Al-5Ti-1B处理以及超声和Al-5Ti-1B复合处理,研究了不同处理方式对工业纯铝的细化行为与微观机制,得到如下结论:
a.超声处理和添加Al-5Ti-1B细化剂均可单独有效地细化工业纯铝晶粒,随着超声功率增加,细化效果提高,超声功率为1 500 W时晶粒细化效果最佳;
b. 超声和Al-5Ti-1B复合处理时,超声功率为1 000 W时超声与细化剂的细化效果均达到最好,500 W时超声的细化效果较弱、细化剂细化效果明显,相反,1 500 W时超声细化效果明显,细化剂则较弱或失去细化效果;
c. 超声微射流使得α-Al团簇尺寸变小,相当于增大过冷度提高了形核率,较小尺寸的团簇既可依附于异质核心完成形核转变,又能在一定外在过冷度下完成自身形核转变,而过小尺寸的团簇则优先依靠高的过冷度完成自身形核转变。
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20250037
  • 首发时间:2025-11-03
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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    河南工学院材料科学与工程学院, 新乡 453003

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张爱民(1983—),男,主要研究方向为凝固组织控制。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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