Article(id=1192092199119634564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1192092198389821910, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20250035, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762146528272, onlineDateStr=2025-11-03, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762146528272, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762146528272, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762146528272, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192092198389821910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2025', volume='', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='71', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762146528098, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762146867447, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1192093621789803196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1192092198389821910, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1192093621789803197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1192092198389821910, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8, endPage=14, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192092200260485254, articleId=1192092199119634564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=A Method for Joint Optimization of Welding Parameters and Simulation Based on NSGA-Ⅱ, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reduce the influence of temperature field, welding residual stress, human factor, etc., on welding quality of structural welded parts, firstly, a three-dimensional model of structural welded parts is established to simulate and analyse welding temperature field, welding residual stress and welding deformation, subsequently, the influence of clamping condition, heat source pattern and welding parameters of structural welded parts on welding deformation and welding residual stress is investigated, simulation and test results are compared, thus identifying the cause of welding deformation and modification method. Finally, welding sequence and welding direction are used as design variables for welding sequence optimization with genetic algorithm, in which the least welding deformation sequence is obtained by simulation with the least welding residual deformation as optimization objective. On the basis of optimizing welding sequence, the clamping position, reverse deformation design method are simulated and optimized respectively, thereby obtaining the process design scheme and the optimal forming accuracy with the least welding deformation.

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为降低温度场、焊接残余应力、人为因素等对结构焊接件焊接质量的影响,首先建立了结构焊接零件三维模型,对焊接温度场、焊接残余应力及焊接变形进行模拟分析,其次研究了结构焊接零件的装夹条件、热源形式及焊接参数对焊接变形及焊接残余应力的影响,并对比了模拟与试验结果,从而确定了焊接变形的原因和改进方法。最后,利用遗传算法将焊接顺序和焊接方向作为优化设计变量,以最小的焊接残余变形为优化目标,通过模拟获得最小焊接变形顺序。在焊接顺序优化结果的基础上,分别对夹紧位置、反变形设计手段进行仿真优化,获得焊接变形最小的工艺设计方案和最佳成形精度。

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崔震(1984—),男,高级工程师,博士学位,研究方向为虚拟仿真技术。

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崔震(1984—),男,高级工程师,博士学位,研究方向为虚拟仿真技术。

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崔震(1984—),男,高级工程师,博士学位,研究方向为虚拟仿真技术。

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参数 数值或方法
种群大小/个 10
交叉概率/% 80
迭代次数/次 10
编码方式 多参数级联编码方式
变异概率/% 0.5
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遗传算法参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值或方法
种群大小/个 10
交叉概率/% 80
迭代次数/次 10
编码方式 多参数级联编码方式
变异概率/% 0.5
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试验方案 焊接变形量/mm 优化后焊接变形量降低幅度/%
基础
方案
优化
方案
优化焊接顺序 14.9 11.39 23.6
优化焊接顺序和
夹紧位置
14.9 10.06 32.4
优化焊接顺序、夹紧位置优化和反变形设计 14.9 6.55 56
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试验数据结果对比

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试验方案 焊接变形量/mm 优化后焊接变形量降低幅度/%
基础
方案
优化
方案
优化焊接顺序 14.9 11.39 23.6
优化焊接顺序和
夹紧位置
14.9 10.06 32.4
优化焊接顺序、夹紧位置优化和反变形设计 14.9 6.55 56
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基于NSGA-Ⅱ的丰字结构焊接顺序自动优化和仿真联合优化方法
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崔震 1, 2 , 张烈明 1, 2 , 郭继文 1, 2 , 孙国栋 3 , 王乾勋 1, 2 , 田延芳 1, 2
汽车工艺与材料 | 焊接技术应用专题 2025,(6): 8-14
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汽车工艺与材料 | 焊接技术应用专题 2025, (6): 8-14
基于NSGA-Ⅱ的丰字结构焊接顺序自动优化和仿真联合优化方法
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崔震1, 2, 张烈明1, 2, 郭继文1, 2, 孙国栋3, 王乾勋1, 2, 田延芳1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 合智数创(山东)科学技术发展有限公司, 日照 276800
  • 2 浙江飞碟汽车制造有限公司五征分公司, 日照 276800
  • 3 山东省科学技术信息研究所, 济南 276801
  • 崔震(1984—),男,高级工程师,博士学位,研究方向为虚拟仿真技术。

A Method for Joint Optimization of Welding Parameters and Simulation Based on NSGA-Ⅱ
Zhen Cui1, 2, Lieming Zhang1, 2, Jiwen Guo1, 2, Guodong Sun3, Qianxun Wang1, 2, Yanfang Tian1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Intelligence Integration & Numerical Innovation (Shandong) Technology Co., Ltd., Rizhao 276800
  • 2 Zhejiang Feidi Motors Co., Ltd., Rizhao 276800
  • 3 Shandong Institute of Science and Technology Information, Jinan 276801
出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20250035
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为降低温度场、焊接残余应力、人为因素等对结构焊接件焊接质量的影响,首先建立了结构焊接零件三维模型,对焊接温度场、焊接残余应力及焊接变形进行模拟分析,其次研究了结构焊接零件的装夹条件、热源形式及焊接参数对焊接变形及焊接残余应力的影响,并对比了模拟与试验结果,从而确定了焊接变形的原因和改进方法。最后,利用遗传算法将焊接顺序和焊接方向作为优化设计变量,以最小的焊接残余变形为优化目标,通过模拟获得最小焊接变形顺序。在焊接顺序优化结果的基础上,分别对夹紧位置、反变形设计手段进行仿真优化,获得焊接变形最小的工艺设计方案和最佳成形精度。

焊接变形  /  热源  /  遗传算法  /  焊接顺序  /  反变形

In order to reduce the influence of temperature field, welding residual stress, human factor, etc., on welding quality of structural welded parts, firstly, a three-dimensional model of structural welded parts is established to simulate and analyse welding temperature field, welding residual stress and welding deformation, subsequently, the influence of clamping condition, heat source pattern and welding parameters of structural welded parts on welding deformation and welding residual stress is investigated, simulation and test results are compared, thus identifying the cause of welding deformation and modification method. Finally, welding sequence and welding direction are used as design variables for welding sequence optimization with genetic algorithm, in which the least welding deformation sequence is obtained by simulation with the least welding residual deformation as optimization objective. On the basis of optimizing welding sequence, the clamping position, reverse deformation design method are simulated and optimized respectively, thereby obtaining the process design scheme and the optimal forming accuracy with the least welding deformation.

Welding deformation  /  Heat source  /  Genetic algorithm  /  Welding sequence  /  Reverse deformation
崔震, 张烈明, 郭继文, 孙国栋, 王乾勋, 田延芳. 基于NSGA-Ⅱ的丰字结构焊接顺序自动优化和仿真联合优化方法. 汽车工艺与材料, 2025 , (6) : 8 -14 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20250035
Zhen Cui, Lieming Zhang, Jiwen Guo, Guodong Sun, Qianxun Wang, Yanfang Tian. A Method for Joint Optimization of Welding Parameters and Simulation Based on NSGA-Ⅱ[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2025 , (6) : 8 -14 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20250035
在实际操作中,焊接变形控制一般依靠经验或试验规律,常用方法有:合理设计焊接结构,尽量减少焊缝数量、焊缝长度和截面面积等;预热焊接件;由中间向两侧分段退焊;冷焊法,降低其他部分焊件的温度差异;选择合理的焊接顺序;反变形法;锤击焊缝法。通常采用有限元法进行焊接变形数值模拟[1]。Liang等[2]采用有限元法研究铝合金薄板焊接变形,仿真变形与实际物理变形结果高度一致。丁鹏龙等[3]为得到船舶甲板分段焊缝焊接变形和残余应力的分布,采用有限元方法进行数值模拟仿真,结果表明,通过优化焊接顺序和约束方式,采用交错焊接可有效实现大甲板焊接精度控制。郁志凯等[4]采用数值模拟的方法研究了横梁管道焊接残余应力与变形分布规律的影响因素,通过对不同焊接顺序下横梁管焊接变形及残余应力进行模拟计算,并对比分析结果获得较优的焊接顺序。方洪渊[5]、武传松[6]、汪建华[7]等提出了具有充分焊接变形预测理论基础的应变法、收缩力法、线弹性体积收缩法和以热弹塑性为理论基础的有限元分析法。赵永昌等[8]通过模拟焊缝金属填充工艺、确定材料热物理性能参数及热源模型等方法,建立了某汽车后桥有限元模型,通过改变焊缝的焊接顺序和方向抑制焊接变形。Isiam等[9]以汽车结构板搭接处作为研究对象,建立了焊接热力学模型,计算出焊接变形模拟结果,以焊接最大变形量为优化目标,以熔池质量最小为约束,将模型与遗传优化算法结合,得到焊接工艺参数与焊接顺序最优的焊接热力学模型。姚东升等[10]应用正交试验法,优化了地铁纯铜地网放热的焊接工艺参数。朱帅等[11]为优化焊接工艺,减少或调控焊接残余应力和变形,提出了解决大型复杂结构焊接温度场和焊接残余应力模拟计算的方法。
针对上述问题,本文提出了计算机数值模拟仿真及焊接参数自动优化联合优化控制焊接变形的方法。为控制丰字结构焊接变形,采用CAE仿真技术,真实模拟实际制造环境中的焊接电压、焊接电流、焊接速度、焊接顺序、夹具位置及夹紧力等焊接工艺参数,使仿真结果与实际结果高度吻合;以最小焊接残余变形为优化目标,通过模拟焊接件温度场和焊接过程,利用可编译二次开发程序获得最优焊接顺序;将焊接顺序自动优化、夹紧位置和反变形设计等手段联合仿真获得最佳焊接结构。
丰字焊接结构件焊接成品存在较大变形,不满足设计尺寸控制要求。由于受下料误差、焊接顺序、夹紧、焊接电压/电流参数等不确定组合因素影响,无法快速锁定影响焊接变形的主要因素,无法将焊接变形控制到最小,丰字结构几何模型及其焊缝布置如图1所示。
在下料过程中,由于丰字焊接结构存在缺口设计,均存在变形。经测量,纵梁中间缺口处变形量最大,为3.10 mm;横梁中间缺口处变形量最大,为0.10 mm。物料测量结果与测量工具如图2所示。
根据模型设定的焊接电压、电流、焊接顺序、焊接速度等进行模拟焊接,冷却后根据要求时间测量变形误差。
采用检具、塞尺测量焊接变压器:纵梁(右侧有2个长槽孔端)端部边缘焊接变形量最大值为5.30 mm,左侧端部焊接变形量最大值为3.00 mm,中间部位焊接变形量最小,约为0,综合考虑下料变形误差,右侧实际焊接结构变形量为8.40 mm,左边变形量为6.10 mm,总变形量为14.50 mm。图3所示为焊接状态和焊接变形测量结果。
在模拟仿真中,通过合理选择热源形式、焊接顺序等工艺参数,可快速仿真焊接结构件的可靠性,确定应力集中点及焊接变形趋势,快速锁定改进方案。焊接顺序是对焊接变形影响最大的因素之一,因此,可通过优化焊接顺序降低焊接变形量。基于非支配排序遗传算法Ⅱ(Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-Ⅱ,NSGA-Ⅱ)的焊接参数和仿真联合优化研究方法如图4所示。
丰字结构焊接件的网格模型如图5所示,为六面体的网格模型。
对焊接结构的边界约束进行简化处理,将支撑结构简化为理想的刚性约束,忽略支撑与焊件之间的接触非线性特性;焊接过程中产生的热载荷视为均匀加载在焊缝及其附近区域,不考虑热源移动过程中不同时刻热载荷的动态变化。
模拟焊接作业平台,根据焊接件的结构尺寸,建立1 000 mm×300 mm×10 m的支撑平台,用于支撑结构焊接件。在3个短横梁的两端创建夹紧约束单元,并对夹紧约束单元施加1 000 N的力,边界加载如图6所示。
根据实际作业场景选用熔化极气体保护焊(Gas Metal Arc Welding,GMAW)。热源参数为:电流为200 A,电压为19 V,效率为0.80,焊枪移动速度为3.33 mm/s,用双椭球热源模型模拟实际生产环境,参数设置如图7所示。实际焊接中,热源的分布和强度可能会受到多种因素的影响而发生变化。在有限元分析中,假定焊接过程中热源的分布和强度均匀且热输入方式符合高斯分布。
参照给定的焊接顺序创建焊缝轨迹,生成焊缝,并指定焊缝细化等级,输入焊接作业焊前停留时间、焊缝间隔时间、焊后停留时间和冷却时间,自动生成焊缝管理信息表,其中,焊缝顺序可自由调整,焊缝生成及焊接时间管理设置如图8所示。
根据实际材料特性选取Q235A作为结构件本体材料,根据生产实际选择H08A作为焊缝材料,设定环境作业温度为20 ℃。
有限元仿真结果显示,长纵梁的两端焊接变形量最大,左、右两侧分别为6.20 mm、8.70 mm,能量守恒,总变形量为14.90 mm。图9所示为基本模拟模型和焊接变形模拟结果。
实际焊接完成后长梁两侧变形量分别为6.10 mm、8.40 mm,总计14.50 mm,仿真变形和实际变形趋势和数值高度一致,因此,确定仿真软件处理器设置、焊接电压参数、热源参数、温度参数、焊缝尺寸及细化等级等参数,保证了后续数值模拟对比分析数据的准确性。
在仿真结果与物理结果高度一致的基础上进行基于NSGA-Ⅱ的焊接顺序优化。在6道焊缝、720种焊接顺序组合中,通过二次开发编译程序,基于NSGA-Ⅱ遗传算法,快速锁定3种焊接变形量最小的焊接顺序,在支撑、夹紧、焊接参数、热源参数等一致的情形下,进行3种焊接顺序的变形仿真,获得其焊接变形量。基于焊接变形量最小的焊接顺序模型,结合经验依次调整夹紧位置、利用反变形法调整设计结构并进一步仿真,最终获得焊接变形量最小的焊接顺序、设计方案及工艺夹紧方案。
遗法算法模型在有限元模型建立之后,依靠软件优化确定焊接过程。焊接顺序优化为双循环过程,遗法算法生成新一代种群后,有限元软件调用NSGA-Ⅱ子程序对个体进行热力耦合焊接仿真模拟,获得每个工序焊缝的最大变形量(适配值),根据最优条件判断,进行热力耦合焊接确定个体焊缝变形量。若满足最优标准则为最优焊接顺序,否则进行选择、交叉、变异操作形成新一代种群。
优化过程中发现焊接顺序对焊接变形量存在影响。由于焊接热输入量、夹紧定位方式以及焊接工艺参数均未改变,本文将焊接顺序和焊接方向设为优化变量。
min{U}表示最优的焊接顺序,即目标函数为:
min{U}
U=max(Ui)-min(Ui), i=1,2,3,4,5,6
式中:max(Ui)为参考点位移的最大值,min(Ui)为参考点位移的最小值,设置设计变量为P1、P2、P3、P4、P5、P6。
各条焊缝均有焊接顺序与焊接方向,包含多个参量的基因编码问题,可采用多参数级联码的编码方式。如图10所示,在S、F组合中分别使用不同数字表示各条焊缝的焊接顺序和焊接方向,Xi=SF表示某一焊接方案,1≤inn为焊接方案数,分别编码焊接顺序和焊接方向,组成双参数级联码作为遗传算法的输入参数,如5436121110。
目标功能必须进行转换,以最小的焊接变形为判断标准得到的最优的焊接顺序,当适应值f=-Umin时,最大的个体即为优化后的最优结果。在每种焊接顺序下,2个参考点Z向最大位移差U=max(Ui)-min(Ui)。
选择操作采用比例选择方法。Fi为个体i的适应度,决定了基因是否能遗传到其后代,取决于个体适宜程度在群体中的占比${p}_{i}={F}_{i}/{\sum }_{i}^{n}{F}_{i}$。交叉过程采用单一点交叉算子。确定交叉概率后,选择父代个体进行交叉,交叉过程中随机产生交叉点位置,这2个父代个体会根据该位置进行基因编码交换,从而产生新的个体。
将该算法的运行参数设定为{M,T,P,P}、{10,8,0.8,0.005},具体设置如表1所示。
当算法的迭代次数达到上限时,此算法将最大进化代数视为最优解。
图11所示为经过8次迭代后的初始种群分布、迭代过程。图12b为帕累托前沿图,在最初的种群中,解的分布是分散的,随着种群进化,种群适应度较高的个体逐渐增多(U较小),在所求问题的最佳点附近聚集,当进化至第8代时,适应度较低的个体逐渐被剔除,在此过程中,根据帕雷托前沿选取3个最优解,即546123、526143、312645,对3组焊接顺序进行仿真分析,焊接顺序为526143的焊接变形量最小。图13为初焊顺序,图14为优化焊接变形的最小焊接顺序,图15为优化焊接次序后的模拟结果。两端焊接总变形量为11.39 mm,较基础方案焊接变形量14.90 mm降低了23.60%。
根据焊接顺序参数优化结果,调整模型焊接顺序,并在纵梁两端新增夹紧装置,将夹紧间隙由4.00 mm调整为2.00 mm,进一步降低焊接变形量,优化模型如图16所示,优化结果如图17所示,优化后左侧变形量为4.87 mm,右侧变形量为5.19 mm,总变形量为10.06 mm,仿真结果如图17所示,焊接精度较基础方案(14.90 mm)提高了32.40%。
根据焊接顺序及夹紧位置优化的结果和模型,结合基础方案仿真结果的变形趋势,进行反变形设计仿真。原结构焊接变形趋势为由纵梁中心向纵梁两端扩大,根据反变形设计理念,反变形设计方案仿真模型如图18所示,预设纵梁中间部位向下变形量为5 mm,焊接顺序及焊接电压、焊接电流、焊接速度等参数继承参数优化值,同时在纵梁的两端增加夹紧装置,其余参照前述仿真模型设置。反变形结构焊接变形模拟分析结果如图19所示,左变形量为2.10 mm,右变形量为2.80 mm,中间变形量为1.65 mm,总变形量为6.55 mm,与基础方案(总变形量为14.90 mm)相比,焊接精度提高56.00%。
传统的经验式焊接顺序仿真,6道焊缝的焊接顺序组合数量为720种,若通过传统经验获得焊接变形最小的焊接顺序,需进行720次仿真,计算量大,效率极低。基于NSGA-Ⅱ遗传算法的焊接顺序优化可快速得到3组最优解,再进行3次仿真即可获得焊接变形量最小的焊接顺序。焊接顺序优化、夹紧位置优化、反变形设计仿真优化结果与基础方案对比如表2所示。
表2可知,焊接顺序对焊接变形的影响很大,相比基础方案,仅优化焊接顺序后焊接变形可降低23.6%。设计合理的卡位也是确保焊接精度的重要措施。反变形设计在实际生产制造中需要不断尝试和经验积累,存在较高试错成本,借助计算辅助模拟可降低成本。由本文的试验数据可知,利用基于NSGA-Ⅱ遗传算法的焊接顺序优化可快速获得焊接变形量最小的焊接顺序;通过焊接顺序优化、夹紧位置优化和模拟优化,最终使焊接变形量降低56%。基于NSGA-Ⅱ遗传算法的焊接参数和仿真联合优化技术路线可大幅提升仿真效率、降低仿真计算规模,减小焊接变形,保证焊接精度。
本文将实际制造环节中的焊接电压、焊接电流、焊接速度、焊接顺序、夹具位置及夹紧力等焊接工艺参数输入焊接仿真分析模型,准确模拟生产环境。基于NSGA-Ⅱ,以最小焊接残余变形、最小焊接变形为优化目标,自动优化焊接顺序和焊接方向,最终获得最优焊接工艺参数和焊接顺序。
本文基于NSGA-Ⅱ的优化方法可行且高效,在焊接顺序优化的基础上进行焊接夹紧位置的优化仿真及反变形设计的应用仿真可进一步减小焊接变形,提升焊接精度。
下一步将继续以减小焊接变形量、计算规模、提高效率为目标,研究焊接电压、焊接电流、焊接速度、焊接顺序等关键焊接参数的自动优化和数字孪生技术、机器学习等。对反变形设计等焊接变形控制理论方法进行试验数据累积,寻找反变形与基础变形方向和变形数值的关系。
  • 山东省日照市自然科学基金项目-焊接残余变形预测及参数优化研究(RZ2022ZR22)
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2025年第卷第6期
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20250035
  • 首发时间:2025-11-03
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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山东省日照市自然科学基金项目-焊接残余变形预测及参数优化研究(RZ2022ZR22)
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    1 合智数创(山东)科学技术发展有限公司, 日照 276800
    2 浙江飞碟汽车制造有限公司五征分公司, 日照 276800
    3 山东省科学技术信息研究所, 济南 276801
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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