Article(id=1190284220598686197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1190291572731253087, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20250046, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761715472601, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1755619200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761717226181, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1761715472601, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-10-29, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761715472601, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761715472601, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190291572731253087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2025', volume='', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='72', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761717225486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761717904141, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190294419279545214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1190291572731253087, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190294419279545215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1190291572731253087, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=9, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190284221219443201, articleId=1190284220598686197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Research Review of Transmission Noise Control Technology, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Transmission noise directly influences the comfort of the entire vehicle. This paper reviews the existing transmission noise control techniques, and introduces the mechanism and transmission path of high-frequency whine noise, mid-frequency clashing noise and low-frequency vibration noise according to the noise frequency characteristics. Research shows that optimizing the transmission housing structure and applying sound-absorbing materials can reduce the radiation of whine noise. Micro-texturing of gears is efficient and cost-effective for improving gear whine noise, and is expected to be a future research hotspot. Adjusting torsional characteristic parameters and reasonably increasing the drag torque of idler gears can effectively suppress clashing noise. The influence of temperature on gear deformation needs to be considered in future studies. The dual-mass flywheel performs well in controlling engine speed fluctuations, and future research can focus on improving the design of the dual-mass flywheel and optimizing the engine calibration program. Changing the natural frequency of the housing and optimizing gear parameters are effective approaches to reduce vibration noise, however, there are fewer methods controlling oil pump and strap vibration noise, and the influence of lubricating oil on vibration noise should also be considered. The application of future high-efficiency and high-precision transmission noise control technologies will rely on the support of intelligent optimization algorithms.

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车内变速器噪声直接影响整车的舒适性。对现有变速器噪声控制技术进行综述,按噪声频率特性介绍了变速器高频啸叫噪声、中频敲击噪声、低频振动噪声的产生机理及传递路径。研究表明:优化壳体结构、粘贴吸声材料可削弱啸叫噪声的辐射,齿轮微观修形可改善齿轮啸叫噪声,且具有效率高、成本低的特点,是未来的研究热点;调整扭转特性参数、合理增大空套齿轮拖拽力矩能有效抑制敲击噪声,后续需考虑温度对齿轮变形的影响;双质量飞轮在控制发动机转速波动方面性能优异,未来可进一步改进双质量飞轮设计、优化发动机标定程序;改变壳体固有频率、优化齿轮参数是降低振动噪声的有效手段,但油泵及金属带振动噪声的控制方法较少,同时需要考虑润滑油液对振动噪声的影响;未来高效、高精度控制变速器噪声技术的应用离不开智能优化算法的加持。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
韩涛(1992—),男,讲师,硕士学位,研究方向为车辆设计与仿真、硬脆材料精密加工技术,
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=r4sJw9/J++AbM8U8g9MGuw==, magXml=7a8aY1fI8j07FYMvg7CXPw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=F2sQA8c5ZIxXwZ9APWOw4Q==, pdfFileSize=4520727, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=hoCyUZw/U4Cgw8hxZ/AvPQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=oqBw7wIJ5jBMdz6/7g9wjw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李俊博(2004—),男,研究方向为车辆设计与仿真。

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李俊博(2004—),男,研究方向为车辆设计与仿真。

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变速器噪声控制技术研究综述
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李俊博 1 , 张飘飘 1, 2 , 乔书杰 1, 2 , 刘仙鹤 1 , 韩涛 1, 2
汽车工艺与材料 | 视界 2025,(8): 1-9
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汽车工艺与材料 | 视界 2025, (8): 1-9
变速器噪声控制技术研究综述
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李俊博1, 张飘飘1, 2, 乔书杰1, 2, 刘仙鹤1, 韩涛1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 郑州财经学院智能工程学院, 郑州 450000
  • 2 河南省智能冷链物流装备制造工程技术研究中心, 郑州 450000
  • 李俊博(2004—),男,研究方向为车辆设计与仿真。

通讯作者:

韩涛(1992—),男,讲师,硕士学位,研究方向为车辆设计与仿真、硬脆材料精密加工技术,
Research Review of Transmission Noise Control Technology
Junbo Li1, Piaopiao Zhang1, 2, Shujie Qiao1, 2, Xianhe Liu1, Tao Han1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Intelligent Engineering, Zhengzhou College of Finance and Economics, Zhengzhou 450000
  • 2 Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment Manufacturing, Zhengzhou 450000
出版时间: 2025-08-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20250046
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车内变速器噪声直接影响整车的舒适性。对现有变速器噪声控制技术进行综述,按噪声频率特性介绍了变速器高频啸叫噪声、中频敲击噪声、低频振动噪声的产生机理及传递路径。研究表明:优化壳体结构、粘贴吸声材料可削弱啸叫噪声的辐射,齿轮微观修形可改善齿轮啸叫噪声,且具有效率高、成本低的特点,是未来的研究热点;调整扭转特性参数、合理增大空套齿轮拖拽力矩能有效抑制敲击噪声,后续需考虑温度对齿轮变形的影响;双质量飞轮在控制发动机转速波动方面性能优异,未来可进一步改进双质量飞轮设计、优化发动机标定程序;改变壳体固有频率、优化齿轮参数是降低振动噪声的有效手段,但油泵及金属带振动噪声的控制方法较少,同时需要考虑润滑油液对振动噪声的影响;未来高效、高精度控制变速器噪声技术的应用离不开智能优化算法的加持。

啸叫噪声  /  敲击噪声  /  振动噪声  /  传递误差  /  齿轮微观修形

Transmission noise directly influences the comfort of the entire vehicle. This paper reviews the existing transmission noise control techniques, and introduces the mechanism and transmission path of high-frequency whine noise, mid-frequency clashing noise and low-frequency vibration noise according to the noise frequency characteristics. Research shows that optimizing the transmission housing structure and applying sound-absorbing materials can reduce the radiation of whine noise. Micro-texturing of gears is efficient and cost-effective for improving gear whine noise, and is expected to be a future research hotspot. Adjusting torsional characteristic parameters and reasonably increasing the drag torque of idler gears can effectively suppress clashing noise. The influence of temperature on gear deformation needs to be considered in future studies. The dual-mass flywheel performs well in controlling engine speed fluctuations, and future research can focus on improving the design of the dual-mass flywheel and optimizing the engine calibration program. Changing the natural frequency of the housing and optimizing gear parameters are effective approaches to reduce vibration noise, however, there are fewer methods controlling oil pump and strap vibration noise, and the influence of lubricating oil on vibration noise should also be considered. The application of future high-efficiency and high-precision transmission noise control technologies will rely on the support of intelligent optimization algorithms.

Whine noise  /  Clashing noise  /  Vibration noise  /  Transmission error  /  Micro-texturing of gears
李俊博, 张飘飘, 乔书杰, 刘仙鹤, 韩涛. 变速器噪声控制技术研究综述. 汽车工艺与材料, 2025 , (8) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20250046
Junbo Li, Piaopiao Zhang, Shujie Qiao, Xianhe Liu, Tao Han. Research Review of Transmission Noise Control Technology[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2025 , (8) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20250046
变速器是影响整车噪声振动舒适性的重要部件,变速器噪声主要分为啸叫噪声、敲击噪声和振动噪声。啸叫噪声频率较高且穿透力强,主要激励源为齿轮传递误差和啮合冲击[1]。敲击噪声为齿轮啮合时的冲击现象,具有明显的噪声级跳跃现象和宽频带噪声特性,人耳对其变化尤为敏感[2]。振动噪声种类繁多,涉及齿轮啮合刚度波动、壳体受迫振动等,噪声识别和分析较为复杂[3]
近年来,国内外学者针对变速器噪声问题提出了多种控制方法。本文旨在系统梳理变速器噪声控制技术的研究现状,重点分析啸叫噪声、敲击噪声和振动噪声的产生机理、影响因素及控制方法,并对未来研究方向进行展望。
变速器啸叫噪声是齿轮在传递转矩时产生的传递误差和动态形变导致的,噪声通过车身结构和空气向外辐射。齿轮微观修形可减小传递误差的幅值和波动,从源头上减少齿轮啸叫现象;提高变速器壳体强度、增加橡胶垫圈等可从传递路径上减少齿轮啸叫现象。
变速器啸叫噪声的产生原因为受载齿轮副出现传递误差,齿轮修形可从源头上减小传递误差,常见措施有调整齿轮宏观参数、微观齿面修形。齿轮宏观参数主要包括螺旋角、模数、压力角等,齿轮微观修形主要包括齿向修形和齿廓修形。考虑到调整齿轮宏观参数会大幅提高制造成本,因此,微观齿面修形是目前啸叫优化的主要方向。
周新建等[4]针对双离合自动变速器2挡齿轮啸叫问题,利用Romax软件建立了变速器虚拟样机模型,提出了齿轮修形方案A和方案B,并从方案B的螺旋线倾斜偏差调整范围中得出最佳方案,对单位载荷和接触应力云图仿真和峰值传递误差进行对比分析,降低螺旋线倾斜偏差能有效解决齿轮啸叫问题。Singh等[5]通过改善齿面的应力分布来降低齿轮啸叫噪声,在低扭矩下,相对齿廓斜率偏差Hαf的变化会大幅降低噪声水平,相对螺旋线倾斜偏差Hβf的变化对噪声水平影响不大。在高扭矩下,相对Hαf的增大或减小会提高噪声水平,相对于Hβf的变化,可通过增大螺旋角降低噪声。李彦昊等[6]针对变速器啸叫噪声问题,利用遗传算法提出了修形方案,结果表明,齿向鼓形设计、齿顶修缘和采用适当齿廓可降低齿面的传递误差,降低齿顶和齿根处的载荷比。
刘祖飞[7]针对变速器啸叫噪声问题进行了传递误差试验,探究了输入载荷、齿顶修形量、齿顶修形长度和齿向鼓形量等参数对传递误差的影响规律。结果表明,低速时静态传递误差与齿频噪声的关联性强,高速时两者呈负相关。田利红等[1]针对手动变速器2挡啸叫噪声问题,通过振动噪声台架测试识别噪声源,分析噪声激励性质和成因。结果表明,2挡啸叫噪声主要噪声源为2挡挡位齿轮和主减速齿轮。通过齿面微观修形降低2档齿轮传递误差、减小啮合冲击是改善啸叫噪声的有效方法。臧孟炎等[8]针对某变速器3挡、4挡主减齿轮啸叫问题,分析了修形参数在各转矩工况下对传递误差的影响,结果表明,渐开线鼓形变化量为2 μm、4 μm时,3挡主减齿轮传递误差相对较小。渐开线鼓形量对4挡主减齿轮在中、高转矩下的传递误差影响不大,而在低转矩工况下,随鼓形量增大而明显增大。胡哓岚等[9]研究了金属带张紧力对变速器啸叫噪声的影响。结果表明,由于速比不同,金属带张紧力不同,啮合齿轮副的应力或位移随之变化,所以被动带轮轴发生形变,导致齿轮副啮合产生偏载现象引起啸叫噪声。
变速器齿轮产生的激励通过内部零件作用到壳体,导致壳体结构振动;当齿轮啮合频率接近壳体固有频率时,会引起壳体共振。优化壳体结构是降低振动响应的常见手段,国内外学者针对变速器壳体辐射噪声特性进行了深入研究,根据研究结果提出了不同的优化方案来降低壳体的辐射噪声。
郑光泽等[10]针对变速器啸叫噪声问题,进行变速器壳体模态分析与试验,结合壳体模态振型,提出了变速器壳体优化方案:加厚离合器法兰、增加加强筋、采用变截面设计。王越等[11]针对6AT变速器齿轮啸叫噪声问题,基于LMSVirtual.Lab软件建立了齿轮传动系统多体动力学模型,分析了齿轮啮合频率与壳体固有频率的关系。结果显示,当齿轮啮合频率接近壳体固有频率时,壳体发生共振,并提出了壳体表面粘贴吸声材料的减振降噪优化方案。刘博等[12]利用Romax软件建立了变速器传动系统模型,分析了变速器壳体对齿轮传动误差波动幅度的影响,结果表明,带壳体的传动误差波动幅度曲线值较高,仿真分析发现,前壳体输出端、后壳体输出端刚度值偏小。如图1图2所示,可通过改变壳体加强筋的方向、增加内外侧加强筋厚度及数量、分割大面积光滑平整区域等措施提高壳体刚度。
Shi Zhaoyao[13]针对纯电动汽车自动变速器噪声问题,建立了变速器的动力学仿真模型,得出齿轮箱轴承孔的局部变形对传动误差有较大影响,并提出在轴承孔提高加强筋的数量、适当增加厚度的方案,优化后的噪声峰值降低了5~10 dB。余磊等[14]针对变速器壳体噪声问题,建立了基于直接边界元法噪声传递函数分析模型,对4个检测点进行噪声传递函数(Noise Transfer Function,NTF)分析,结果表明,改变箱体螺栓座孔附近加强筋的分布,将凸缘部分优化为凸台可降低噪声。
结构传递是啸叫噪声的主要传递路径,国内外学者针对啸叫噪声传递路径的研究表明:齿轮产生的激励通过传动轴、轴承等零件传递至壳体后,通过悬置向外辐射。增加悬置加强筋或在连接处加装缓冲部件可有效抑制噪声传递。
黄泽好等[15]针对2挡匀加速工况的变速器啸叫问题,采用基于外源输入的操作路径分析(Operational Path Analysis with eXogenous inputs,OPAX)方法进行路径贡献量分析。结果表明,啸叫噪声的主要贡献路径为左悬置,悬置安装点局部区域增加加强筋可改变其振动频率以减少啸叫噪声。陈克等[16]针对某SUV车型内噪声问题,基于OPAX方法,获得了动力总成对车内噪声的传递路径贡献量,结果表明,发动机右悬置为车内噪声的主要贡献路径,且发动机右悬置隔振效果较差。刘慧等[17]针对变速器啸叫噪声问题,分析了空气辐射噪声和结构传递噪声对车内变速器啸叫噪声的贡献量,结果表明,结构传递噪声是啸叫噪声的主要传递路径。在拉索支架与变速器连接的螺纹孔处增加橡胶垫圈,并提高后悬置主动侧的悬置支架刚度,可有效降低噪声水平,如图3所示。
Cao Zhan等[18]研究了啸叫噪声的结构传递,齿轮产生的激励能量通过轴和轴承传递到外壳,轴承区域获得了较大的加速度振幅,轴承座因振动辐射出噪声,增加轴承座厚度并在薄弱区域增加加强筋可大幅削弱噪声传递。陈剑等[19]对某中型载货汽车驾驶室进行噪声传递路径分析,提出基于OPAX方法的二级传递路径分析(Transfer Path Analysis,TPA)模型,通过建模测试获得各级悬置路径贡献量,结果表明,动力总成左、右前悬置和车身左、前、后悬置处的路径贡献最为突出,提出了重新匹配动力总成左、右前悬置和车身左、前、后悬置减振垫优化方案。
针对噪声分析耗时较长等问题,国内外研究人员提出了智能化分析方法,主要包含智能模型以及智能算法,其具有精度高、效率高的特点,拥有巨大潜力和应用价值。
Sun-HyoungLee[20]开发了一种基于机器学习的齿轮啸叫预测模型,利用Lasso回归方法筛选特征,根据车辆行驶工况下齿轮齿面的特性开发预测模型,最后与其他5种统计回归方法进行性能比较,结果表明,机器学习的预测模型比普通最小二乘法(Ordinary Least Squares,OLS)模型表现出更优异的预测性能。童林军等[21]针对变速器噪声分析耗时较长的问题,建立了一种考虑全局误差和局部误差的组合克里金(Kriging,KG)模型,如图4所示,使变速器噪声优化耗时缩短68.2%,并提高了计算精度。
马佳辉等[22]提出了一种创新的改进遗传算法,该算法采用轮盘赌选择机制和精英保留策略,同时结合部分顺序交叉和单点交叉策略,以保持种群多样性。通过变速器的实际生产案例进行验证,结果表明,相较于传统方法,所提出的遗传算法的加工时间缩短了14.81%,显著优化了调度效率。Zhang Wei等[23]提出了一种遗传-反向传播算法(The Genetic Algorithm-Back Propagation,GA-BP),运用CAD构建了变速器齿轮组参数优化系统,并通过非线性规划对遗传算法进行改进。利用该改进算法对齿轮进行优化后,变速器的振动幅度为0.9~1.1 μm,有效降低了变速器在3轴方向上的变形程度,并将最大噪声降低至81.1 dB,该混合智能算法在噪声控制方面效果良好。Alessio Artoni[24]提出了一种计算框架来解决多目标齿轮设计优化问题,与搜索全局优化算法相结合,以获得全局Pareto最优解,并使用此方法在螺旋锥齿轮和准双曲面齿轮的微观几何优化问题上进行了测试,在Pareto前沿上分布良好,可显著加快解决方案的进程。
目前,啸叫噪声控制技术主要聚焦于源头降噪、路径阻断和算法优化,考虑到成本、效率等因素,从源头入手开展齿轮修形可能为最优解,齿向鼓形设计、齿顶修缘可降低齿面的传递误差,但螺旋线倾斜偏差及渐开线鼓形变化量需根据不同工况进行优化。增加加强筋、加厚壳体、变截面设计可提高壳体刚度、减小啸叫噪声,但会增加材料成本和质量,未来要兼顾降噪和轻量化设计。优化算法能大幅缩短仿真耗时,避免传统方法的高成本与低效率并提升复杂工况下的预测精度。
变速器敲击噪声主要是输入轴转速波动过大或角加速度过高引起的,同时受齿侧间隙、空转齿轮等效质量、阻滞力矩、润滑油等因素的影响,目前主要通过控制发动机扭振和抑制响应传递控制敲击噪声。
随着汽车发动机的输出转速越来越大,传入变速器输入轴的转速波动也变大,处于空载或轻载的齿轮副时而接触,时而分离,表现为啮合非承载齿轮的连续冲击现象,国内外学者针对发动机扭振控制进行了大量的研究。
鲜柳[25]针对某车型起步工况出现敲击噪声的问题,利用LMSVirtual.Lab软件搭建了双离合变速器刚柔耦合模型,经过仿真分析发现主要原因为转速波动过大。郭栋等[26]针对变速器齿轮敲击噪声进行了敲击台架试验,并对敲击发生前后的振动、噪声的Overall曲线及Colormap图进行了分析。当转速波动达到输入转速的4.28%时出现齿轮敲击噪声,齿轮敲击发生后,变速器结构噪声对变速器噪声贡献量较小。邓庆斌等[2]分析了齿轮敲击数学模型,并提出了3种通过控制发动机扭矩波动降低齿轮敲击噪声的方法,结果表明,齿轮敲击噪声由变速器固有模态引起,激励源为发动机2阶谐波激励频率幅值,增加飞轮转动惯量、优化发动机标定程序、匹配双质量飞轮可有效解决齿轮敲击噪声问题。李迪等[27]利用CATIA建立变速器多体动力学模型,借助ADAMS进行了多体动力学仿真,分析了输入转速、挡位等对变速器敲击的影响。结果表明,低转速时出现单边敲击,高转速时主要发生双边敲击,但敲击现象会随着输入转速的增大而减弱。周益等[28]进行了整车和变速器敲击台架的试验,结果表明,预选挡显著改变了双离合变速器的敲击特性,离合器微滑摩和离心摆吸振器与扭转减振器组合方案消除了双离合变速器动力系统预选挡时的加速敲击。王磊等[29]针对变速器齿轮敲击噪声,进行变速器NVH性能测试,记录了各挡工况传动系统扭转共振转速,确定变速器齿轮敲击噪声是由输入轴转矩波动过大或输入轴角加速度过高引起的。试验表明,双质量飞轮可有效减弱输入轴转矩波动,降低传动系统共振频率,如图5所示。
为防止齿轮热膨胀加剧齿面的磨损,变速器齿轮需设计合理的齿轮间隙。齿侧间隙造成的敲击噪声会向外传递,抑制噪声传递也是降低敲击噪声的有效手段。
梁明轩等[30]针对国产某型机械式变速器敲击噪声问题,建立了敲击动力学模型,分析结果表明,敲击噪声的影响因素除发动机转速波动外,还受变速器空转齿轮等效质量、齿侧间隙以及滚针轴承对空转齿轮施加的拖拽阻力矩的影响。张昕旺[31]针对某混合动力变速器的齿轮敲击噪声问题,分析了混合动力变速器主要参数对齿轮敲击的影响,结果表明:随着齿侧间隙和转动惯量的增加,敲击强度增加;当拖曳力矩增加时,对齿轮敲击的抑制作用有限;当P1发电机的发电扭矩增加时,齿轮敲击形式由单双边混合敲击变为单边敲击,且敲击强度逐渐减小,最后不发生敲击。Martin Zubik[32]建立了一种试验单级齿轮箱的多体系统(Multibody System,MBS)模型,研究了转矩量、不平衡位置、间隙大小和扭转刚度对变速器振动的影响。结果表明,增大的齿轮啮合间隙导致初始扭矩阶段与二次依赖,模型中不平衡位置使啮合频率减弱并刺激了宽频率激励。李宏玲等[33]针对变速器敲击问题指出,敲击噪声是空套齿轮与其相啮合的齿轮在啮合面间互相敲打所产生的,减小齿轮侧隙、增大变速器壳体刚度可有效控制变速器敲击噪声。
项小雷等[34]针对手动变速器齿轮敲击噪声问题,研究了齿轮敲击噪声产生的机理,利用AMESim建立了齿轮副动力学模型,分析表明,当惯性力矩的幅值大于阻滞力矩时,驱动力矩会变成负值,啮合齿轮产生分离并敲击。扭转减振特性选用分段线性的多级式渐硬非线性弹性特性和多级式干摩擦阻尼特性,可有效消除齿轮敲击噪声。赵亮亮等[35]针对变速器怠速齿轮敲击问题,研究了3种因素与敲击噪声的关系。结果表明,摩擦离合器一级扭转减振器参数与动力传动系统不匹配会导致变速器齿轮怠速敲击异响问题,通过调整扭转特性参数、增大空套齿轮拖曳力矩可有效抑制敲击异响。雷勇敢等[36]针对变速器敲击噪声问题,搭建了变速器齿轮传动系统多体动力学模型,研究了阻滞力矩对敲击噪声的影响,结果表明,随着阻滞力矩的增加,角加速度均方值先增大再缓慢减小,合理增大阻滞力矩可降低敲击噪声。石晓辉等[37]针对变速器敲击噪声问题,进行了齿轮制造误差和润滑油膜作用力影响的敲击台架试验,结果表明,润滑油膜可减少制造误差位移激励和啮合刚度参数激励产生的齿面敲击,润滑油温度对敲击的影响与输入角加速度激励幅值有关。
变速器敲击噪声根源在于输入轴转速波动引发的齿轮分离-碰撞循环,双质量飞轮可减弱转矩波动,优化发动机标定程序降低激励幅值。减小齿轮侧隙、调整对应扭转特性参数、合理增大阻滞力矩可抑制响应传递。现有研究多聚焦于单方面分析,主要瓶颈是多参数动态耦合建模,未来应强化扭振控制与响应传递协同作用,并研究润滑油温与黏度的关系。
变速器振动噪声的常见类型有齿轮振动、壳体振动、油泵振动、金属带自激励等,通常是由齿轮存在弹性、制造或装配误差等因素引起啮合刚度波动和壳体共振导致的,结构传递是振动噪声的主要传递路径。
变速器振动噪声产生的原因复杂、种类多样,噪声声源的分析对振动噪声的研究极其重要,国内大量学者针对不同车型、不同工况下的振动噪声声源进行了分析。
高超等[38]研究了电动汽车变速器壳体振动与辐射噪声,建立了有限元和边界元的仿真模型,计算了壳体表面振动加速度以及壳体近声场辐射噪声,结果表明,振动强烈位置出现在输入端、输出端及执行机构连接处,辐射噪声与壳体振动强度呈正相关。王惠茹等[39]研究了拖拉机变速器噪声对传动系统噪声的影响程度,运用UG建立了变速器壳体的有限元模型,并利用声学分析软件得到壳体的振动辐射噪声,结果表明,变速器的噪声贡献量在各阶模态处及各挡位啮合处最大。
崔国垲[40]研究了纯电动客车变速器的振动噪声问题,发现齿轮系统在传递扭矩过程中出现啮合刚度波动和共振引发噪声,利用KISSsoft对变速器齿轮传动系统进行建模,分析了齿轮传递误差峰值和啮合刚度的影响因素,较大的法向模数有助于降低啮合刚度波动。谢慧敏等[41]针对某MPV车型变速器异常振动噪声问题,应用阶次分析得知,变速器系统在频率约为900 Hz时发生强烈共振,产生振动噪声,基于Romax建立变速器的动力学分析模型,分析了其固有特性和动态响应特性,结果表明,较强的振动成分均与3挡齿轮的啮合阶次相关。从空挡齿轮啮合冲量的角度提出齿轮敲击振动的评价指标R
$R=\frac{{\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left({J}_{slide}\cdot {\omega }_{r}\right)}^{2}}{n\cdot {I}_{sum}}$
其中:
${I}_{sum}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{J}_{slide}\cdot {\omega }_{r}$
式中:n为空套齿轮的对数,Jslide为空套齿轮的转动惯量,ωr为主、从动齿轮的相对角速度均方根植。
孙鹏翔[42]针对某车型低温冷起动时变速器异响问题,利用Spectrogram软件,对异响频谱进行分析,研究表明,异响问题是由于同步环发生轴向激振,与换挡齿轮和同步器无规律随机碰撞产生,增加波形弹簧见(图6)、降低同步环锥深度可有效消除异响。杨朝等[43]针对汽车起步过程中出现的振动异响进行分析,结果表明,变速器输出轴内端面与联轴器接触端面粘滑振动诱发起步异响,在接触界面处添加特制垫圈,如图7所示,可有效抑制起步粘滑异响。李海青等[44]针对变速器倒挡齿轮振动噪声问题指出,齿轮啮合并发生形状上的变化导致动态激励,从而引起了倒挡齿轮噪声,利用齿轮噪声检测装置进行试验,分析了转速、负载和齿轮制造误差对倒挡齿轮噪声的影响,结果表明,齿轮噪声与转速呈正相关,噪声/负载曲线是随负载增大,斜率不断降低的对数曲线,正齿形角误差造成的噪声弱于负齿轮角误差。
汽车自动变速器油泵内部流场复杂,而复杂的流体流动直接影响其振动噪声,同时油液会将油泵的振动通过相连的部件传递到车内,而金属带自激励振动会通过壳体及车身结构传递至车内,严重影响了驾驶体验。
郑光泽等[45]针对变速器油泵振动噪声问题,基于Pumplinx软件建立油泵流场仿真模型,分析油泵的压力脉动情况与空化特性,对油泵流动噪声进行声学模拟,研究了压力脉动与流动噪声的关系,结果表明,自动变速器油泵的噪声频率成分以离散噪声为主,压力脉动是油泵噪声的主要激励源。薛琳[46]针对某轿车怠速及加速状态下异常噪声问题,通过噪声频谱和传递路径进行测试分析,结果表明,噪声源为CVT变速器油泵,油冷器与变速器油泵共振导致噪声。通过增大油冷器固有频率,可消除共振噪声。苏佳慧等[47]研究了自动变速器油泵噪声并指出,油泵噪声的影响因素包括压力脉动、空化现象、困油噪声和机械噪声,优化油泵齿轮参数、加厚油泵壳体、提高油泵表面精度可有效控制油泵噪声。
潘国扬等[48]研究了推力钢带式和链条式无级变速器的振动噪声特性,通过NVH试验得出,推力钢带式无级变速器噪声水平明显优于链式无级变速器。在链式无级变速器链条上安装降噪导板后可大幅降低噪声。姜长鹏[49]针对金属带式无级变速器振动噪声问题,分析了金属带自激振动的机理,并提出了解决方案,结果表明,引起CVT自激振动的主要原因是由于金属片和钢带环、带轮以及金属片与金属片之间相互接触摩擦。改变带轮的形状、增加带轮厚度或弹性模量、更换金属带和带轮之间的润滑油可有效减小或消除金属带自激振动。张军等[50]针对钢带自激振动引起的异常噪声问题,建立了CVT钢带自激励振动的动力学模型,如图8所示,对整车与台架分别进行噪声源的识别,结果表明,钢带与锥轮间自激励振动通过变速器箱体的声辐射或整车结构路径传递到车内,可通过优化锥轮组装配与锥轮表面粗糙度解决该问题。
变速器内部零件种类繁多,齿轮、轴承、壳体及油泵等均能引发振动噪声,所以振动噪声声源的识别是目前的技术难点。振动噪声传递路径以结构传递为主,油泵及金属带振动的主要原因为压力脉动和钢带自激励。优化齿轮参数、改进壳体设计、优化带轮结构、添加减振垫圈、优化流场设计等可降低噪声,如图9所示。随着电动化趋势不断发展,未来需更关注新型传动系统的振动噪声特性与轻量化设计。
本文结合国内外研究现状对变速器噪声控制技术进行总结,得出以下结论:
传递误差是导致变速器啸叫噪声的根本原因。优化变速器壳体结构、提高壳体整体刚度是减小传递误差的重要措施,设计初期需考虑轴承支承刚度,在壳体表面粘贴吸声材料也是一种有效的降噪方式。齿轮修形可在一定程度上缓解啸叫噪声,但将齿廓修形与齿向修形相结合的研究较少,未来可在此方面展开研究。通过控制发动机转速波动、适当增大拖曳力矩、采用润滑油、优化齿侧间隙、调整扭转减振特性、优化变速器壳体刚度等措施,可有效抑制敲击噪声,未来可进一步优化发动机标定程序和改进双质量飞轮设计,以更好地控制敲击噪声。振动噪声主要由齿轮啮合刚度波动和共振引起,优化壳体结构、改变固有频率、优化齿轮参数等可有效降低振动噪声。提高油冷器固有频率、优化油泵齿轮参数、提高油泵表面精度、安装降噪导板、改变带轮的形状可有效控制油泵和金属带振动噪声以及润滑油液对变速器振动噪声的影响,以提高变速器的整体NVH性能。
通过建立智能优化算法,可显著提高噪声分析的精度,大幅缩短优化周期,降低设计成本。未来优化算法将在噪声源预测、齿轮组参数优化、齿面微观几何优化、壳体结构优化等方面持续发挥作用。
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  • 河南省科技攻关项目(252102220045)
  • 郑州财经学院教育教学改革研究与实践项目(TZGC-JGXM-2024-32)
  • 郑州财经学院教育教学改革研究与实践项目(TZGC-JGXM-2024-33)
  • 河南省民办教育协会调研课题(HNMXL20240659)
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2025年第卷第8期
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20250046
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-08-20
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基金
2025年河南省民办高校特色发展项目(车辆工程专业)
河南省科技攻关项目(252102220045)
郑州财经学院教育教学改革研究与实践项目(TZGC-JGXM-2024-32)
郑州财经学院教育教学改革研究与实践项目(TZGC-JGXM-2024-33)
河南省民办教育协会调研课题(HNMXL20240659)
作者信息
    1 郑州财经学院智能工程学院, 郑州 450000
    2 河南省智能冷链物流装备制造工程技术研究中心, 郑州 450000

通讯作者:

韩涛(1992—),男,讲师,硕士学位,研究方向为车辆设计与仿真、硬脆材料精密加工技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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