Article(id=1195733996043813105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1195733993967628752, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20250016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763014800319, onlineDateStr=2025-11-13, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763014800319, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763014800319, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763014800319, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195733993967628752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2025', volume='', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='72', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763014799825, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763015247251, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195735870667010303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1195733993967628752, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195735870671204608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1195733993967628752, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=7, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195733996333220085, articleId=1195733996043813105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Crashworthiness of A New Bio-Inspired Hierarchical Origami Auxetic Honeycomb Structure under Axial Compression, columnId=1190284220686766583, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=Original article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The auxetic honeycomb structures, due to their unique auxetic effect, have considerable potential for application in the field of energy absorption. To further improve their mechanical performance, this paper proposes a novel bio-inspired hierarchical origami auxetic honeycomb structure, combining bio-inspired hierarchical design and origami structure. Numerical simulations are conducted to systematically investigate the crashworthiness of the structures under axial compression. The results show that, compared with the traditional auxetic honeycomb structure, the energy absorption capacity of the novel bio-inspired hierarchical origami auxetic honeycomb structure is significantly enhanced. Moreover, the introduction of the origami design ensures more uniform deformation during the axial crushing process, and effectively reduces or even eliminates the initial peak force of the structures.

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负泊松比蜂窝结构因其特殊的拉胀效应在缓冲吸能领域具有巨大的应用潜力。为进一步提高其力学性能,结合仿生层级设计和折纸结构,提出一种新型仿生层级折纸负泊松比蜂窝结构,并通过数值模拟系统研究了该结构在轴向压缩下的耐撞性能。结果表明:与传统负泊松比蜂窝结构相比,新型仿生层级折纸负泊松比蜂窝结构的吸能能力显著提升。此外,折纸结构的引入使蜂窝结构在轴向压溃过程中的变形更加均匀,且能够有效降低甚至消除结构的初始峰值力。

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龚超(1992—),男,讲师,博士学位,研究方向为能量吸收与防护。

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龚超(1992—),男,讲师,博士学位,研究方向为能量吸收与防护。

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龚超(1992—),男,讲师,博士学位,研究方向为能量吸收与防护。

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tableContent=
l1/mm l2/mm l3/mm $\alpha /(°)$ $\beta /(°)$ $\gamma /(°)$ $\theta /(°)$
21 9 9 64.34 60 30 147.8
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OAHS晶胞结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
l1/mm l2/mm l3/mm $\alpha /(°)$ $\beta /(°)$ $\gamma /(°)$ $\theta /(°)$
21 9 9 64.34 60 30 147.8
), ArticleFig(id=1195734336889733965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1195733996043813105, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构 致密化位移
/mm
SEA
/kJ·kg-1
相对提升
/%
AHS 77 1.35 54.07
OAHS 63 2.08
HAHS-T 59 7.12 146.74
HOAHS-T 77 17.57
HAHS-HC 71 6.32 23.73
HOAHS-HC 68 7.82
HAHS-HS 72 7.33 63.98
HOAHS-HS 71 12.02
), ArticleFig(id=1195734336952648526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1195733996043813105, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

8种蜂窝结构在致密化位移点处的SEA对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构 致密化位移
/mm
SEA
/kJ·kg-1
相对提升
/%
AHS 77 1.35 54.07
OAHS 63 2.08
HAHS-T 59 7.12 146.74
HOAHS-T 77 17.57
HAHS-HC 71 6.32 23.73
HOAHS-HC 68 7.82
HAHS-HS 72 7.33 63.98
HOAHS-HS 71 12.02
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新型仿生层级折纸负泊松比蜂窝结构轴向压缩下的耐撞性能
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龚超 1, 2 , 崇奇 1 , 陈雨涵 1 , 陈雷 1 , 杨博涵 1 , 赵宏超 1
汽车工艺与材料 | 视界 2025,(5): 1-7
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汽车工艺与材料 | 视界 2025, (5): 1-7
新型仿生层级折纸负泊松比蜂窝结构轴向压缩下的耐撞性能
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龚超1, 2, 崇奇1, 陈雨涵1, 陈雷1, 杨博涵1, 赵宏超1
作者信息
  • 1 合肥工业大学汽车与交通工程学院, 合肥 230000
  • 2 泸州容大智能变速器有限公司, 泸州 644000
  • 龚超(1992—),男,讲师,博士学位,研究方向为能量吸收与防护。

Crashworthiness of A New Bio-Inspired Hierarchical Origami Auxetic Honeycomb Structure under Axial Compression
Chao Gong1, 2, Qi Chong1, Yuhan Chen1, Lei Chen1, Bohan Yang1, Hongchao Zhao1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230000
  • 2 Luzhou Rongda Intelligent Transmission Limited Company, Luzhou 644000
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20250016
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负泊松比蜂窝结构因其特殊的拉胀效应在缓冲吸能领域具有巨大的应用潜力。为进一步提高其力学性能,结合仿生层级设计和折纸结构,提出一种新型仿生层级折纸负泊松比蜂窝结构,并通过数值模拟系统研究了该结构在轴向压缩下的耐撞性能。结果表明:与传统负泊松比蜂窝结构相比,新型仿生层级折纸负泊松比蜂窝结构的吸能能力显著提升。此外,折纸结构的引入使蜂窝结构在轴向压溃过程中的变形更加均匀,且能够有效降低甚至消除结构的初始峰值力。

耐撞性  /  蜂窝结构  /  负泊松比  /  仿生层级  /  折纸结构

The auxetic honeycomb structures, due to their unique auxetic effect, have considerable potential for application in the field of energy absorption. To further improve their mechanical performance, this paper proposes a novel bio-inspired hierarchical origami auxetic honeycomb structure, combining bio-inspired hierarchical design and origami structure. Numerical simulations are conducted to systematically investigate the crashworthiness of the structures under axial compression. The results show that, compared with the traditional auxetic honeycomb structure, the energy absorption capacity of the novel bio-inspired hierarchical origami auxetic honeycomb structure is significantly enhanced. Moreover, the introduction of the origami design ensures more uniform deformation during the axial crushing process, and effectively reduces or even eliminates the initial peak force of the structures.

Crashworthiness  /  Honeycomb structure  /  Auxetic  /  Bio-inspired hierarchical  /  Origami structure
龚超, 崇奇, 陈雨涵, 陈雷, 杨博涵, 赵宏超. 新型仿生层级折纸负泊松比蜂窝结构轴向压缩下的耐撞性能. 汽车工艺与材料, 2025 , (5) : 1 -7 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20250016
Chao Gong, Qi Chong, Yuhan Chen, Lei Chen, Bohan Yang, Hongchao Zhao. Crashworthiness of A New Bio-Inspired Hierarchical Origami Auxetic Honeycomb Structure under Axial Compression[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2025 , (5) : 1 -7 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20250016
蜂窝结构具有优异的力学性能和抗冲击性能,普遍作为缓冲吸能装置的核心材料,广泛应用于车辆工程、航空航天、土木建筑等领域[1-3]
与传统蜂窝结构相比,负泊松比蜂窝结构在压缩载荷作用下会垂直于压缩方向收缩,使材料集中在冲击区域,从而提高了抗冲击性能[4]。因此,许多学者提出了多种不同的负泊松比蜂窝结构。Hu等[5]通过引入箭头与凹角构建了一种新型负泊松比蜂窝结构,研究其在不同冲击速度作用下的变形模式和吸能特性。Wang等[6]提出了一种新型负泊松比星形蜂窝,研究表明,该蜂窝在不同冲击速度下表现出优异的抗冲击性能。为进一步提升负泊松比蜂窝结构的力学性能,受生物结构特征的启发,仿生层级结构被逐渐引入蜂窝结构设计[7-8]。Li等[9]研究了受木材启发的多级蜂窝在准静态和动态压缩下的抗冲击性能,结果表明,与传统蜂窝相比,该结构显示出更高的平均碰撞力。Zhang等[10]通过将普通三角形蜂窝(OTH)的侧边替换为依次排列的相似子三角形,设计出了一种新型自相似层级三角形蜂窝(SHTH),研究结果表明,层级结构对三角形蜂窝的变形模式和耐撞性能有显著改善。尽管仿生层级设计增强了蜂窝结构的能量吸收能力,但使蜂窝结构变得更复杂,在承受载荷时蜂窝刚度的增加导致初始峰值力的增加。
研究人员通过将折纸结构引入蜂窝结构设计,利用折纸的预弯折改变了蜂窝结构胞壁的弯曲和延展变形模式,提高了其缓冲性能[11]。Li等[12]通过试验和数值仿真研究了一种新型周期性负泊松比蜂窝结构在动态压缩下的力学响应。研究结果表明,该结构在3个方向上均表现出负泊松比效应,且随着初始折叠角的减小,峰值力显著降低。Zhou等[13]受Miura折纸单元具有三维负泊松比效应的启发,设计出3种具有Miura折纸单元的负泊松比折纸蜂窝结构,研究发现负泊松比折纸蜂窝具有优异的能量吸收性能。在上述研究的基础上,本文通过引入仿生层级结构和折纸结构,在传统蜂窝结构基础上提出7种新型层级折纸负泊松比蜂窝结构,采用数值模拟方法,研究和对比了不同蜂窝结构在轴向压缩下的变形模式、动态响应曲线和能量吸收特性。
受折纸结构的启发,引入折纸结构能够改善蜂窝结构的力学性能。如图1所示,将折纸结构(Origami)融入到传统负泊松比蜂窝结构(Auxetic Honeycomb Structures, AHS),得到一种新型折纸负泊松比蜂窝结构(Novel Origami Auxetic Honeycomb Structures, OAHS)。此外,层级作为一种仿生设计方法,也被证明具有显著增强蜂窝结构抗压溃性能的作用。因此,引入仿生层级结构,分别用3种不同的子结构替换AHS和OAHS的晶胞壁,从而构建出层级负泊松比蜂窝结构(Hierarchical Auxetic Honeycomb Structures, HAHS)和层级折纸负泊松比蜂窝结构(Hierarchical Origami Auxetic Honeycomb Structures, HOAHS)。根据子结构的形状和位置关系对结构进行命名,用等边三角形(Triangle)子结构进行替换的层级蜂窝结构分别命名HAHS-T和HOAHS-T。用角对角(Corner to corner)的正六边形(Hexagon)子结构进行替换的层级蜂窝结构分别命名为HAHS-HC和HOAHS-HC。用边对边(Side to side)的正六边形子结构进行替换的层级蜂窝结构分别命名为HAHS-HS和HOAHS-HS。
基于以上胞元结构,分别在横向和竖向排列基本胞元。所有结构的横向胞元数目为4,纵向胞元数目为6,排列后的蜂窝结构如图2所示。
不同蜂窝结构的几何参数可以通过OAHS得到。OAHS胞元的几何参数如图3所示。l1为水平胞壁的长度,l2l3为倾斜胞壁的长度,$\alpha $为平行四边形平面的锐角,$\gamma $为凹角,二面角$\beta $$\theta $用来量化折叠的程度。此外,ltlh分别是层级负泊松比蜂窝结构中等边三角形子结构和正六边形子结构的边长。
本文引入3个耐撞性指标来评估层级折纸负泊松比蜂窝结构的耐撞性能,分别是初始峰值力(IPF)、比吸能(SEA)和平均碰撞力(MCF),其定义如下[14]
a.初始峰值力(IPF):能量吸收装置在压缩过程中的第一个峰值力。在能量吸收装置的设计中,在确保结构有效能量吸收的前提下,使IPF保持在合理范围内,以确保乘员的安全并最大限度地减少结构损伤。
b.比吸能(SEA):在碰撞过程中,被压缩结构每单位质量所能吸收的能量,其值可以通过下式计算:
$\begin{array}{c}SEA=\frac{EA}{M}\end{array}$
式中:EA为压缩过程中吸收的总能量,可以表示为$EA={\int }_{0}^{d}F\left(x\right)dx$d为轴向压缩距离;F(x)为瞬时峰值力且是位移x的函数;M为被压缩结构的质量。
c.平均碰撞力(MCF):EA与压缩位移d的比值:
$\begin{array}{c}MCF=\frac{EA}{d}\end{array}$
为了研究新型层级折纸负泊松比结构的耐撞性能,使用非线性有限元分析软件LS-DYNA建立了其在轴向冲击载荷下的有限元模型,如图4所示。模型由移动刚性墙、蜂窝结构和固定刚性墙3部分组成。蜂窝结构的底部固定在固定刚性墙上,顶部承受附加质量为500 kg、速度为10 m/s的移动刚性墙的挤压。蜂窝结构采用MAT_123建模,固定刚性墙和移动刚性墙均使用MAT_20建模,网格单元采用具有5个平面积分点的Belytschko-Tsay四节点壳单元,网格尺寸为1.5 mm×1.5 mm。刚性墙与蜂窝结构之间的接触算法设置为“AUTOMATIC SURFACE TO SURFACE”,并使用“AUTOMATIC SINGLE SURFACE”的接触算法来模拟蜂窝结构的自接触,以防止在压缩过程中发生穿透。同时,静摩擦因数和动摩擦因数分别设置0.3和0.2[15]
为了验证所建立的有限元模型的准确性,采用文献[16]的试验结果对有限元模型进行验证。在有限元模型中建立与文献中相同几何尺寸和材料的负泊松比蜂窝结构,并对仿真测试结果与准静态压缩试验结果进行比较。负泊松比蜂窝结构在压缩过程中的应力-应变曲线如图5所示,虽然数值模拟结果与试验结果在局部存在差异,但整体趋势一致,吻合较好。此外,结构在压缩过程中的变形模式对比结果如图6所示。当应变为0.03时,仿真和试验的结构呈现出典型的“X”形变形模式,随后整体向左侧倾斜。当应变增大到0.4时,由于结构发生偏斜的随机性,以及单层胞元粘接过程中不可避免的精度误差,试验模型与理想化的有限元模型之间存在一定的差异。然而,整体吻合度仍然较好。因此,本研究所建立的有限元模型的准确性和可靠性得到有效的验证,可以用于后续的研究。
为了研究AHS、OAHS、HAHS 和HOAHS耐撞性差异,对8种结构的变形模式和耐撞性指标进行比较。在基础结构中,OAHS晶胞结构参数如表1所示。在此基础结构上,采用等边三角形对OAHS的边进行替换得到HOAHS-T,替换后的等边三角形边长lt=3 mm。HOAHS-T的整体长度、宽度和高度分别为126 mm、15.59 mm 和103.23 mm。当结构壁厚t=0.1 mm时,HOAHS-T的质量为47.47 g。通过调整壁厚,确保所有蜂窝结构具有相同的质量。
图7展示了不同压缩位移下负泊松比蜂窝结构的变形模式。在压缩的初始阶段,AHS结构中位于冲击端的负泊松比胞元的斜向肋边发生横向收缩,形成蜂窝结构顶部向内凹的“V”型变形带。当压缩位移达到30 mm时,变形不再集中于冲击端,而是逐渐向下扩展,整体呈现对称的“X”型变形带,并表现出负泊松比效应。OAHS的变形模式与AHS存在明显的差异。在压缩初期,OAHS未表现出明显的局部变形,而是整体发生横向收缩,呈现出明显的负泊松比效应。随着压缩的进行,OAHS的变形从整体逐渐集中到顶部和底部,在中间形成对称的近似菱形的变形带。当压缩位移达到50 mm时,菱形变形带被压平,OAHS的变形进入致密化阶段。因此,折纸结构的引入显著影响了负泊松比结构的变形模式。
对于6种不同的层级蜂窝结构,HAHS-T的变形首先出现在结构固定端,随着固定端变形的不断致密,变形也逐渐出现在中部和冲击端,形成的“X”型变形带逐渐明显,并表现出横向收缩的负泊松比效应。HOAHS-T在压缩初期,其冲击端就开始出现 “I” 型变形带, 并逐层挤压中间部位的胞元,呈现自冲击端到固定端逐层压溃的变形模式,且几乎没有出现内凹现象。HAHS-TC首先在冲击端形成“I”型变形带,随后载荷逐渐向中部和固定端传递。在压缩位移为30 mm处,蜂窝结构整体变形达到均匀,并出现向内收缩的趋势。HOAHS-TC相比于HAHS-TC,在压缩初期未表现出局部形变,而是随着压缩的进行,在中部形成近似菱形的变形带。整个压缩过程中,结构呈现均匀变形,并表现出明显的负泊松比效应。由于HAHS-TS中边对边放置的六边形子结构之间的相互作用大于角对角,在压缩初期,冲击端首先形成“I”型变形带,随后变形迅速传递到固定端,并伴随结构整体出现横向收缩,表现出明显的负泊松比效应。HOAHS-TS在压缩初期也未表现出局部变形,而是整体出现横向收缩的变形模式,随着压缩的进行,结构达到致密。
对于不同的层级蜂窝结构,折纸结构的引入使整体变形更加均匀,有利于降低结构的初始峰值力。值得注意的是,HOAHS-T的变形是从冲击端向固定端逐渐传递的,这与其他2种层级折纸蜂窝结构的变形不同。造成这种现象的原因在于,相对于其他2种层级结构,HOAHS-T的层级结构较为密集,相当于在宏观尺度上增强了壁厚。壁厚的增强降低了HOAHS-T的变形从冲击端向固定端传递的趋势,同时也减小了横向收缩变形,从而减弱结构的负泊松比效应。
图8所示为AHS、OAHS、HAHS和HOAHS在受压过程中的力-位移曲线。8种蜂窝结构的力-位移曲线可以分为4个不同的阶段,包括弹性阶段、平台阶段、过渡阶段和致密阶段。压缩位移较小时,4种蜂窝结构均处于初始弹性阶段,经过短暂压缩后达到结构的初始峰值力。随后,组成蜂窝结构的胞元开始逐渐坍塌,进入平台阶段。在平台阶段,4种结构的力-位移曲线存在明显差异,主要由各自不同的变形模式引起。结合变形模式分析,AHS表现为在冲击端产生“V”型变形带。OAHS由于加入折纸结构,整体刚度下降,呈现横向收缩的变形模式,而后形成菱形变形带。HAHS首先在固定端发生变形,随后出现“X”型变形带。HOAHS在冲击端开始出现 “I” 形变形带, 并逐层挤压中间部位的胞元。对于2种不同的层级蜂窝结构,子结构的破坏增加了单胞的刚度,导致平台阶段的力位移曲线出现波动。HOAHS-TC和HOAHS-TS发生的是整体的均匀横向收缩变形,因此,在达到初始峰值力后,力-位移曲线并未像HAHS-TC和HAHS-TS那样出现突然下降的趋势,而是呈现出类似矩形波的理想波形。在过渡阶段,蜂窝结构的胞壁坍塌,胞元之间的相互作用进一步增强,压溃力上升趋势增大,结构整体向致密化阶段发展。随着结构继续被压缩,进入致密化阶段。
从不同结构的力位移曲线可以看出,加入折纸结构能有效降低蜂窝结构的初始峰值力,这一现象在层级结构中尤为明显。这是因为在蜂窝结构受压发生塑性变形时,折纸结构的折叠线可以起到引导结构变形的作用,降低了结构的初始刚度。此外,OAHS、HOAHS在平台阶段的压溃力明显高于AHS和HAHS,说明折纸结构的引入有利于结构的能量吸收。
蜂窝结构在轴向压溃过程中的比吸能-位移曲线如图9所示。8种结构的致密化位移点位于圆圈标记处,8种蜂窝结构在致密化位移点处的SEA如表2所示。其中,相对提升是指引入折纸结构与未引入折纸结构的蜂窝结构相比,SEA的提升程度。可以发现,相较于传统负泊松比蜂窝结构,引入层级设计和折纸结构的蜂窝结构在相同的压缩位移下具有更高的SEA。加入折纸结构的比吸能-位移曲线均高于对应的HAHS。这是由于加入折纸结构后,在压缩过程中具有更多的塑性铰来吸收能量。对于3种不同的层级蜂窝结构,HOAHS-T由于具有更多的子结构能够在压溃中进行能量吸收,其比吸能-位移曲线明显高于另外2种层级蜂窝结构。此外,边对边放置的六边形层级设计方式在能量吸收方面优于角对角设计。
本文受仿生层级设计和折纸结构的启发,将层级概念和折纸结构引入负泊松比蜂窝结构,提出了一种新型仿生层级折纸负泊松比蜂窝结构,采用数值模拟研究了传统负泊松比蜂窝结构与所设计结构在轴向压缩下的压溃行为和能量吸收能力,证明了仿生层级设计和折纸结构能有效改善蜂窝结构的力学性能。基于研究结果和讨论,本文得出以下主要结论:
a.在传统负泊松比蜂窝结构中引入折纸结构显著改变了蜂窝结构的变形模式,使得蜂窝结构在轴向压溃过程中的变形更加均匀,并充分利用结构的拉胀效应进行能量吸收。
b.不同蜂窝结构在轴向压缩下的力-位移曲线可分为4个阶段:弹性阶段、平台阶段、过渡阶段和致密阶段。加入折纸结构的蜂窝结构在平台阶段的压溃力相比于传统蜂窝结构和层级蜂窝结构均有明显提高。同时,在蜂窝结构发生塑性变形时,折纸结构的折叠线能够引导变形,降低结构的初始峰值力。
c.在相同质量下,加入折纸结构的比吸能-位移曲线均高于对应的AHS和HAHS。其中,HOAHS-T在压缩位移77 mm处达到致密化,SEA为17.57 kJ/kg,较HAHS-T的7.12 kJ/kg达到最大增幅,提升了146.74%。
  • 合肥工业大学青年教师科研创新启动专项(JZ2023HGQA0135)
  • 四川省博士后科研特别资助项目(TB2024053)
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20250016
  • 首发时间:2025-11-13
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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合肥工业大学青年教师科研创新启动专项(JZ2023HGQA0135)
四川省博士后科研特别资助项目(TB2024053)
作者信息
    1 合肥工业大学汽车与交通工程学院, 合肥 230000
    2 泸州容大智能变速器有限公司, 泸州 644000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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