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To enhance the management level of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in China’s automotive industry, this paper studies the production, usage, and management of PFAS such as Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS), Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA), and Perfluorohexane Sulfonic Acid (PFHxS) in China’s automotive industry. It further analyzes the current challenges faced by the industry, including the lagging PFAS control regulations and the lack of targeted industry standards. Additionally, this paper proposes governance recommendations to promote PFAS management in China.

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为助力中国汽车行业全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFAS)管理水平的提升,研究了中国汽车行业全氟辛基磺酸(PFOS)、全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟己基磺酸(PFHxS)类物质的生产、使用与管理情况以及我国汽车行业目前面临的PFAS管控政策法规较为滞后、行业标准缺乏针对性等问题,并提出促进我国的PFAS治理的建议。

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梁馨宁(2000—),女,硕士学位,研究方向为全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFAS)在汽车行业的应用及管理策略。

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梁馨宁(2000—),女,硕士学位,研究方向为全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFAS)在汽车行业的应用及管理策略。

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(2023-01-18)[2024-11-10]. https://www.mee.gov.cn/hjzl/sthjzk/sthjtjnb/202301/W020240722344836501082.pdf, articleTitle=2021年中国生态环境统计年报, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1195734290668499790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1195733997759279646, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.mee.gov.cn/hjzl/sthjzk/sthjtjnb/202312/W020231229339540004481.pdf, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=中华人民共和国生态环境部, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国生态环境部. 2022年中国生态环境统计年报[EB/OL]. (2023-12-29)[2024-11-10]. https://www.mee.gov.cn/hjzl/sthjzk/sthjtjnb/202312/W020231229339540004481.pdf, articleTitle=2022年中国生态环境统计年报, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1195734290743997263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1195733997759279646, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.mee.gov.cn/zcwj/gwywj/202205/t20220524_983032.shtml.https://www.mee.gov.cn/gzk/gz/202212/t20221230_1009192.shtml, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=中华人民共和国生态环境部, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国生态环境部. 国务院办公厅关于印发新污染物治理行动方案的通知[EB/OL]. (2022-05-24)[2024-11-10]. https://www.mee.gov.cn/zcwj/gwywj/202205/t20220524_983032.shtml.https://www.mee.gov.cn/gzk/gz/202212/t20221230_1009192.shtml, articleTitle=国务院办公厅关于印发新污染物治理行动方案的通知, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1195734290798523216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1195733997759279646, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/1021/2024-10-17, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=ECHA, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ECHA. Regulation (EU) 2019/1021 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on Persistent Organic Pollutants (Recast) (Text with EEA Relevance)[EB/OL]. (2024-10-17)[2024-11-10]. http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/1021/2024-10-17, articleTitle=Regulation (EU) 2019/1021 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on Persistent Organic Pollutants (Recast) (Text with EEA Relevance, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1195734290865632081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1195733997759279646, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach/legislation, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=ECHA, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ECHA. Regulation(EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Registration Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals(REACH)[EB/OL]. (2023-12-01)[2024-11-10]. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach/legislation, articleTitle=Regulation(EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Registration Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals(REACH), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1195734290945323858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1195733997759279646, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2023-10-11/pdf/2023-22094.pdf, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=EPA, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=EPA. Toxic Substances Control Act Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements for Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances[EB/OL]. (2023-10-11)[2024-11-10]., articleTitle=Toxic Substances Control Act Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements for Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1195734290999849811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1195733997759279646, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/348AC0000000117?tab=compare, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=日本经济产业省, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=日本经济产业省. 化审法(CSCL)[EB/OL]. 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化学文摘号 物质名
335-67-1 全氟辛酸
3825-26-1 全氟辛酸铵
27905-45-9 全氟辛基乙基丙烯酸酯
678-39-7 2-全氟辛基乙醇
2144-54-9 2-(全氟癸基)乙基甲基丙烯酸酯
335-95-5 全氟辛酸钠
137338-41-1 全氟辛基二十四烷
1996-88-9 2-(全氟辛基)乙基甲基丙烯酸酯
73772-33-5 N-[3-(二甲氨基)丙基]-全氟己基磺酰铵乙酸
376-27-2 全氟辛酸甲酯
), ArticleFig(id=1195734289997411141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, articleId=1195733997759279646, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

汽车产品中使用最多的10种PFOS、PFOA和PFHxS类物质

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化学文摘号 物质名
335-67-1 全氟辛酸
3825-26-1 全氟辛酸铵
27905-45-9 全氟辛基乙基丙烯酸酯
678-39-7 2-全氟辛基乙醇
2144-54-9 2-(全氟癸基)乙基甲基丙烯酸酯
335-95-5 全氟辛酸钠
137338-41-1 全氟辛基二十四烷
1996-88-9 2-(全氟辛基)乙基甲基丙烯酸酯
73772-33-5 N-[3-(二甲氨基)丙基]-全氟己基磺酰铵乙酸
376-27-2 全氟辛酸甲酯
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产品 检出物质
灭火剂 全氟辛烷磺酰基和全氟辛烷磺酸、全氟烷基物质(10种)
纺织品 全氟及多氟烷基物质(29种)、全氟己烷磺酸及其盐、全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物和全氟羧酸
纺织染整助剂 全氟烷基物质(34种)、全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物和全氟辛酸
纸质耐热材料 全氟和多氟烷基物质(36种)
电子电气产品 全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸、全氟烷基物质(10种)
塑料制品 全氟辛酸
皮革、毛皮 全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物和全氟辛酸类物质
鞋类 全氟辛烷磺酸盐和全氟辛酸
分离膜 全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物和全氟辛酸
水质 全氟烷基物质(17种)
饲料 全氟烷基物质(6种)
蜂蜜 全氟烷基物质(20种)
蔬菜水果 全氟烷基物质(10种)
食品 全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸盐
食品接触材料 全氟烷基物质(10种)
不沾锅涂层 全氟辛酸
涂料 全氟辛酸及其盐、全氟烷基物质(10种)
氟化工产品和消费品 全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物
杀虫剂 全氟辛烷磺酸
轻工产品:不粘锅、橡胶、塑料、纸 全氟辛烷磺酸
化工产品 全氟辛烷磺酸
洗涤用品、化妆品 全氟辛烷磺酸
洗涤剂 全氟烷基物质(10种)
化妆品 全氟烷基物质(10种)
塑料制品 全氟烷基物质(10种)
润滑剂 全氟烷基物质(10种)
石蜡 全氟烷基物质(10种)
油墨 全氟烷基物质(10种)
胶黏剂 全氟烷基物质(10种)
上光剂 全氟烷基物质(10种)
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我国现有PFAS标准检测的产品及物质

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产品 检出物质
灭火剂 全氟辛烷磺酰基和全氟辛烷磺酸、全氟烷基物质(10种)
纺织品 全氟及多氟烷基物质(29种)、全氟己烷磺酸及其盐、全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物和全氟羧酸
纺织染整助剂 全氟烷基物质(34种)、全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物和全氟辛酸
纸质耐热材料 全氟和多氟烷基物质(36种)
电子电气产品 全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸、全氟烷基物质(10种)
塑料制品 全氟辛酸
皮革、毛皮 全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物和全氟辛酸类物质
鞋类 全氟辛烷磺酸盐和全氟辛酸
分离膜 全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物和全氟辛酸
水质 全氟烷基物质(17种)
饲料 全氟烷基物质(6种)
蜂蜜 全氟烷基物质(20种)
蔬菜水果 全氟烷基物质(10种)
食品 全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸盐
食品接触材料 全氟烷基物质(10种)
不沾锅涂层 全氟辛酸
涂料 全氟辛酸及其盐、全氟烷基物质(10种)
氟化工产品和消费品 全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物
杀虫剂 全氟辛烷磺酸
轻工产品:不粘锅、橡胶、塑料、纸 全氟辛烷磺酸
化工产品 全氟辛烷磺酸
洗涤用品、化妆品 全氟辛烷磺酸
洗涤剂 全氟烷基物质(10种)
化妆品 全氟烷基物质(10种)
塑料制品 全氟烷基物质(10种)
润滑剂 全氟烷基物质(10种)
石蜡 全氟烷基物质(10种)
油墨 全氟烷基物质(10种)
胶黏剂 全氟烷基物质(10种)
上光剂 全氟烷基物质(10种)
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中国汽车行业PFOS、PFOA和PFHxS类物质的应用研究
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梁馨宁 1 , 梁秀芝 2 , 王延辉 2 , 朱振宇 1 , 田博阳 1
汽车工艺与材料 | 材料应用 2025,(5): 44-49
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汽车工艺与材料 | 材料应用 2025, (5): 44-49
中国汽车行业PFOS、PFOA和PFHxS类物质的应用研究
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梁馨宁1, 梁秀芝2, 王延辉2, 朱振宇1, 田博阳1
作者信息
  • 1 中汽数据有限公司, 天津 300300
  • 2 中国第一汽车股份有限公司质量保证部, 长春 130000
  • 梁馨宁(2000—),女,硕士学位,研究方向为全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFAS)在汽车行业的应用及管理策略。

Usage Study of PFOS, PFOA, and PFHxS in the Chinese Automotive Industry
Xinning Liang1, Xiuzhi Liang2, Yanhui Wang2, Zhenyu Zhu1, Boyang Tian1
Affiliations
  • 1 China Automobile Data Company Limited, Tianjin 300300
  • 2 Quality Assurance Department, China FAW Corporation Limited, Changchun 130000
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240403
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为助力中国汽车行业全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFAS)管理水平的提升,研究了中国汽车行业全氟辛基磺酸(PFOS)、全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟己基磺酸(PFHxS)类物质的生产、使用与管理情况以及我国汽车行业目前面临的PFAS管控政策法规较为滞后、行业标准缺乏针对性等问题,并提出促进我国的PFAS治理的建议。

全氟和多氟烷基物质  /  汽车行业  /  生产情况  /  使用情况  /  管理情况

To enhance the management level of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in China’s automotive industry, this paper studies the production, usage, and management of PFAS such as Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS), Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA), and Perfluorohexane Sulfonic Acid (PFHxS) in China’s automotive industry. It further analyzes the current challenges faced by the industry, including the lagging PFAS control regulations and the lack of targeted industry standards. Additionally, this paper proposes governance recommendations to promote PFAS management in China.

PFAS  /  Automotive industry  /  Production situation  /  Usage  /  Management
梁馨宁, 梁秀芝, 王延辉, 朱振宇, 田博阳. 中国汽车行业PFOS、PFOA和PFHxS类物质的应用研究. 汽车工艺与材料, 2025 , (5) : 44 -49 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240403
Xinning Liang, Xiuzhi Liang, Yanhui Wang, Zhenyu Zhu, Boyang Tian. Usage Study of PFOS, PFOA, and PFHxS in the Chinese Automotive Industry[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2025 , (5) : 44 -49 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240403
自20世纪50年代以来,全氟和多氟烷基物质(Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances,PFAS)作为一类重要的合成有机物,在工业和消费领域发挥着广泛的作用。经济合作与发展组织定义PFAS为含有至少一个全氟甲基(CF3-)或亚甲基碳原子(-CF2-),且该碳原子不与任何氢、氯、溴、碘原子相连的氟化物质[1]。由于C-F键是自然界中最稳定的化学键之一,PFAS具有极高的化学稳定性、热稳定性、疏水疏油性和良好的表面活性,在防水、防油、防污、防蚀、耐高温、润滑等方面表现出色,在汽车行业应用非常广泛。
PFAS虽具有诸多优良的性质,但在自然条件下难以分解,且具备生物积累性、流动性、长距离迁移潜力、生物蓄积效应、内分泌干扰作用、全球变暖潜力以及生态毒性等多重特性[2]。一旦PFAS被排放到自然环境中,会对土壤、水等重要资源造成污染,且污染往往不可逆。人类通过食物链和饮用水接触到PFAS后,也可能面临健康风险,其中全氟辛基磺酸(Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Acid,PFOS)和全氟辛酸(Perfluorooctanoic Acid,PFOA)已被怀疑具有致癌性,会危害肝脏、免疫系统等,并对发育中的儿童产生伤害,此外,越来越多的研究揭示了其他PFAS的类似不利影响。我国《重点管控新污染物清单(2023年版)》已将PFOS类、PFOA类和全氟己烷磺酸(Perfluorohexane Sulfonic Acid,PFHxS)类物质纳入管控范围[3]
因此,深入研究中国汽车行业PFOS、PFOA和PFHxS类物质的生产、使用与管理现状具有重要意义。一方面,全面了解其在汽车行业的生产与具体应用情况有助于准确识别和评估相关风险。另一方面,通过细致分析现有的管理措施及其局限性,可为制定更严格、更合理的管控法规和行业标准提供科学依据。
目前,全球已知存在超过10 000种PFAS[2],本文参考经济合作与发展组织2021年发布的报告,并基于PFAS的主要化学成分对其进行分类,如图1所示,此外,还可根据碳链长度以及是否为聚合物对PFAS进一步划分[1]
在众多PFAS中,全球关注度最高、法规管控最严格的主要有PFOS、PFOA和PFHxS类物质。其中,PFOS类物质为全氟辛基磺酸及其盐类和全氟辛基磺酰氟,至少包括10种物质,PFOA类物质为全氟辛酸及其盐类和相关化合物,至少包括375种物质,PFHxS类物质为全氟己基磺酸及其盐类和相关化合物,至少包括176种物质[4]
PFOS的生产主要通过电化学氟化(Electrochemical Fluorination,ECF)过程实现。该过程以线性辛基磺酰氯(C8H17SO2CI)为原料,在无水氟化氢(Hydrogen Fluoride,HF)溶液中电解,电解过程中原料分子中的氢原子被逐渐替换为氟原子,最终生成全氟辛基磺酰氟(Perfluorooctanesulfonyl Fluoride,PFOSF)(C8F17SO2F)和其他副产物,如HCl等。除生成PFOSF外,由于部分原料分子链的断裂和重组,还可能产生全氟烷基氟化物的同系物和异构体。PFOS可通过PFOSF化学水解或酶催化水解生成,水解过程中,PFOSF分子中的氟原子被羟基(-OH)取代,生成PFOS。
2003年,受3M公司停产及全球对PFOS需求增加的影响,我国开始大规模生产PFOS类物质,2003年的年产量不足50 t,2006年年产量上升至250 t。但随着政府管控力度的不断加强,我国PFOS削减工作已取得显著成效。据《生态环境统计年报》,2020年~2022年,我国PFOS类物质的产量和年末库存量如图2所示[5-7],均呈现下降趋势,2022年,国内PFOS及其盐类和全氟辛基磺酰氟的产量和年末库存量已成功清零。
我国PFOA的生产有2种方法:ECF和调聚法。ECF与PFOS的生产过程类似,均通过辛酸或辛酰氟电解氟化生成PFOA。调聚法是利用CF3I、C2F5I等调聚剂与C2F4等全氟烯烃反应生成全氟烷基碘烷,再由短链合成长链全氟烷基碘,经过进一步化学反应,如氧化或水解等生成PFOA。2种方法各有优劣,电化学氟化法历史悠久,技术相对成熟,但会产生有毒异构体,而调聚法主要生产线性PFOA,毒性相对较小,且产品纯度较高,但生产过程较为复杂,需要精确控制反应条件和原料配比。
据《生态环境统计年报》数据显示,2020年~2022年,我国PFOA类物质的产量和年末库存量如图3所示[5-7],其间,我国PFOA及其盐类和相关化合物的年产量未明显下降。
PFHxS的生产过程与PFOS类似,可采用ECF。生产过程中,将己基磺酰氯(C6H13SO2Cl)通过电解氟化的方式转化为全氟己基磺酰氟(C6F13SO2F)。此外,在利用ECF生产全氟辛基磺酰氟的过程中,全氟己基磺酰氟可能作为副产品生成。PFHxS可通过全氟己基磺酰氟化学水解或酶促水解制得。数据显示,2015年中国PFHxS的年产量约为20 t。
PFOS、PFOA和PFHxS类物质在汽车行业的应用广泛,主要体现在以下方面:
a. 内饰材料:用于制造塑料、泡沫、纺织品和地毯等汽车内饰材料,以增强防水性、防油性、防污性和耐久性。
b. 制动系统:用于叉臂和活塞密封件、减振器和制动衬片添加剂等。
c. 燃料系统:用于制造密封件、油冷器、阀门体、液体和蒸汽管路、油箱、加油口、连接器和氧气传感器等部件。
d. 转向系统:氟聚合物用于齿轮密封件和安装件、耳环、柱调节和泵及转向架密封件等部件。
e. 动力蓄电池:用于制造电解液、涂覆金属氧化物阴极的粘结剂。
f. 电子设备:汽车电子和半导体制造中的表面活性剂和保护剂等。
g. 润滑剂、增稠剂:用作加工助剂。
h. 金属电镀:PFOS、PFHxS类物质在金属电镀过程中用作雾化抑制剂。
从汽车材料使用角度分析,2020年~2023年,汽车产品中各类材料的使用情况基本稳定,如图4图5所示。2023年,各类材料的平均用量分别为金属1 278.7 kg、聚合物(除橡胶)253.8 kg、橡胶73.2 kg、玻璃54.1 kg、液体70.1 kg、经过改良的有机天然材料5.9 kg、其他115.7 kg,金属材料占比最高。
本文调研了不同类别汽车材料中561种PFOS、PFOA和PFHxS类物质的使用情况,汽车产品中使用最多的10种PFOS、PFOA和PFHxS类物质如表1所示,其中PFOA的使用量最多。汽车产品中含这3类物质风险比较高的材料类别有聚四氟乙烯(Polytetrafluoroethylene,PTFE)等聚合物、胶黏密封剂、电气电子产品、润滑剂和涂料涂层等。
《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》目前已有186个缔约国,中国是其中之一。目前,该公约已将PFOS、PFOA和PFHxS 3类PFAS纳入管控范围:2009年5月,PFOS类物质被列入《公约》附件B,限制其除可接受用途和特定豁免外的生产和使用,该规定于2010年8月16日生效;2019年4月~5月,PFOA类物质被列入《公约》附件A,禁止其除特定豁免外的生产和使用,该规定于2020年12月3日生效;2022年6月,PFHxS类物质被纳入《公约》附件A,禁止其除特定豁免外的生产和使用,该规定于2023年11月16日生效[4]
2022年5月24日,国务院办公厅发布《新污染物治理行动方案》[8],2022年12月29日,生态环境部等6部委联合发布了《重点管控新污染物清单(2023年版)》,与《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》管控类似,禁止PFOS、PFOA和PFHxS类物质除特定用途外的生产、加工和使用。其中,PFOS类物质的豁免用途主要涉及农药方面;PFOA类物质的豁免用途范围较广,涉及半导体、摄影、纺织品、药品、医疗装置、工业设备、高压电线等方面;PFHxS类物质目前暂无豁免用途[3]
欧盟对PFAS的管控最为严格,依据《持久性有机污染物法规》(《POPs法规》)和《化学品的注册、评估、授权和限制法规》(《REACH法规》)对PFAS进行管控[9-10]。除PFOS、PFOA和PFHxS类物质外,欧盟还对C9-C14全氟羧酸等物质的生产、销售和使用进行了限制,同时将C11-C14全氟羧酸等物质纳入授权物质候选清单(Substances of Very High Concern,SVHC),要求相关企业进行通报和信息传递。欧盟具体管控的PFAS种类如图6图7所示。此外,2023年1月,德国等5国联合提交了PFAS限制提案,计划对所有PFAS实施带豁免条件的限制措施,若该提案最终获得通过,将给汽车行业带来巨大的压力,也将为全球PFAS管理设立新的标杆[2]
美国联邦目前在收集PFAS信息,基于《有毒物质控制法》对PFAS进行管控,自2011年1月1日起,任何出于商业目的生产和进口PFAS的人员均需向环境保护局(Environmental Protection Agency,EPA)提交有关化学物质的信息[11],美国各州自行制定PFAS禁令,如加州自2025年1月1日起禁止生产、销售或分销含有PFAS的纺织品。
日本管控的PFAS种类与中国类似,基于《化审法》原则上禁止PFOS及其盐、PFOA及其异构体和盐、PFOA相关物质、PFHxS及其异构体和盐的生产和进口[12]
我国对PFAS的管控起步较晚,管控物质范围与管控措施多样性方面均与欧盟等国家存在差距,且缺乏针对PFAS管控的上位法,虽然有《新污染物治理行动方案》暂时补位,但其主要为针对新污染物的总体治理框架,具体管理措施不够细化,导致相关行业和部门对PFAS的认知与防范意识不足,进而导致《方案》的执行力度和覆盖面受到影响。
目前,我国在PFAS管理方面已建立了一系列标准,如表2所示,涵盖了食品、消防、纺织品等多个行业,为PFAS的监测和控制提供了基础。然而,现阶段针对汽车材料的PFAS检测标准尚存空白,汽车材料种类繁多,每种材料的成分和用途各不相同,现有PFAS标准难以满足汽车材料的检测需要。
汽车材料的PFAS检测标准的缺失,使企业与监管部门都面临着很多困难。一方面,企业依靠现有的有限标准进行检测,可能无法准确反映材料中PFAS的真实情况,影响生产过程中的合规性和环境安全。另一方面,由于缺乏健全的标准体系,制约了监管部门PFAS监测和风险评估工作的有效进行。
本文对我国汽车行业PFOS、PFOA和PFHxS类物质的生产、使用和管理情况进行了研究,生产PFOS、PFOA和PFHxS类物质多使用电化学氟化法,汽车产品对PFOA的使用量最多,PTFE材料含有PFOS、PFOA和PFHxS类物质的风险最高, 同时,我国汽车行业目前还面临着PFAS管控政策法规较为滞后、行业标准缺乏针对性的问题。
为此,政府应加大对PFAS治理相关研究的投入力度,为企业提供必要的资金支持和技术指导,以加速PFAS替代技术的研发进程,同时加强执法监管,确保企业严格遵守国家相关政策法规以及行业标准。行业机构应积极推动汽车行业PFAS相关标准的建立与完善,规范行业行为,此外,还应及时收集PFAS使用信息,准确把握行业动态,并组织相关培训和宣传活动,提升行业内相关人员的PFAS治理意识和能力。整车企业应建设健全的PFAS管理体系,优化产品设计和生产工艺,减少或替代PFAS的使用,同时提高供应链管理水平,要求供应商提供PFAS使用信息并遵守相关环境标准,共同推动PFAS治理。零部件与材料企业应积极研发PFAS替代材料和工艺,定期监测和报告PFAS的使用情况,与整车企业紧密合作实施有效的PFAS治理措施。
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  • 首发时间:2025-11-13
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    1 中汽数据有限公司, 天津 300300
    2 中国第一汽车股份有限公司质量保证部, 长春 130000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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