Article(id=1195320601515696254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1195320600727167098, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240216, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762916239383, onlineDateStr=2025-11-12, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762916239383, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762916239383, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762916239383, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195320600727167098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2025', volume='', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='72', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762916239195, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762916470865, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195321572484485387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1195320600727167098, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195321572484485388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1195320600727167098, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=40, endPage=47, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195320601742188673, articleId=1195320601515696254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Analysis of Concavity Resistance of Front Door Outer Plate Based on ABAQUS, columnId=1190284220686766583, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=Original article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the concave deformation of a certain vehicle front door panel,this paper conducts a concavity resistance analysis and optimization on the front door outer panel through a joint numerical simulation. Firstly, Hypermesh is utilized to construct the CAE calculation files. Secondly, the uniform distribution method is applied to fix the loading points in the key areas of the front door panels. Thirdly, the successive loading method is utilized to load and unload the front door panels. Finally, the ABAQUS solver is called for calculation to obtain the “Force-Displacement” curve,the front door displacement contour plot, and residual deformation contour plot. The results show that the anti-denting performance of the key area of the original state of the front door outer panel is insufficient, requiring optimization and improvement. The optimization results indicate that the maximum displacement at point P2 is reduced by 33.72 %, and the residual deformation is reduced by 86.66 %; the maximum displacement at point P3 is reduced by 28.33 %, and the residual deformation is reduced by 96.58 %.

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针对某车门外板存在的凹陷变形现象,运用联合数值仿真对车门外板进行抗凹性分析并进行优化。首先,利用Hypermesh进行CAE计算文件搭建;再应用均匀布点法,锁定车门外板关键区域加载点;进一步地,采用逐次加载法对车门外板进行加载与卸载;最后,调用ABAQUS求解计算,以获得载荷-位移曲线、车门位移云图和残余形变状态云图。结果表明,车门外板原状态关键区域的抗凹性不足,需对其优化改进。优化结果表明,P2点的最大位移减小了33.72%,残余变形减小86.66%;P3点的最大位移减小28.33%,残余变形减小96.58%。

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廖映华(1976—),男,教授,主要研究方向为机电耦合系统动力学及可靠性。
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王卫(1999—),男,硕士学位,主要研究方向为汽车性能CAE、碰撞安全。

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王卫(1999—),男,硕士学位,主要研究方向为汽车性能CAE、碰撞安全。

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选点方法 均匀布点法 模态分析法 均布压强法
优点 能比较完整地反映车门外板刚度情况,能找到车门外板较弱的区域 能较为准确地且相对完整反映车门外板的刚度情况 能准确找到车门外板刚度较弱的部位
缺点 不确定能找到车门外板最薄弱的位置 加载点位置较难确定,需要综合考虑车门外板多阶局部模态,且局部模态处刚度不一定弱 对车门外板整体的刚度反映不够全面
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3种方法优缺点比较

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选点方法 均匀布点法 模态分析法 均布压强法
优点 能比较完整地反映车门外板刚度情况,能找到车门外板较弱的区域 能较为准确地且相对完整反映车门外板的刚度情况 能准确找到车门外板刚度较弱的部位
缺点 不确定能找到车门外板最薄弱的位置 加载点位置较难确定,需要综合考虑车门外板多阶局部模态,且局部模态处刚度不一定弱 对车门外板整体的刚度反映不够全面
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加载点位 最大位移 残余变形
P1 9.458 0.139
P2 13.643 0.090
P3 13.956 0.351
目标值 <10 <0.7
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P1、P2、P3点计算结果 mm

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加载点位 最大位移 残余变形
P1 9.458 0.139
P2 13.643 0.090
P3 13.956 0.351
目标值 <10 <0.7
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基于ABAQUS的前侧车门外板抗凹性分析
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王卫 1 , 廖映华 1 , 刘科 1 , 王宏瑞 2 , 刘长钊 3
汽车工艺与材料 | 生产现场 2025,(3): 40-47
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汽车工艺与材料 | 生产现场 2025, (3): 40-47
基于ABAQUS的前侧车门外板抗凹性分析
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王卫1, 廖映华1, 刘科1, 王宏瑞2, 刘长钊3
作者信息
  • 1 四川轻化工大学机械工程学院, 宜宾 644000
  • 2 宜宾凯翼汽车有限公司汽车研究院, 宜宾 64400
  • 3 重庆大学机械与交通工程学院, 重庆 400000
  • 王卫(1999—),男,硕士学位,主要研究方向为汽车性能CAE、碰撞安全。

通讯作者:

廖映华(1976—),男,教授,主要研究方向为机电耦合系统动力学及可靠性。
Analysis of Concavity Resistance of Front Door Outer Plate Based on ABAQUS
Wei Wang1, Yinghua Liao1, Ke Liu1, Hongrui Wang2, Changzhao Liu3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000
  • 2 Automotive Engineering Research Institute, Yibin Cowin Automobile Co., Ltd., Yibin 644000
  • 3 Chongqing University, School of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, Chongqing 400000
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240216
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针对某车门外板存在的凹陷变形现象,运用联合数值仿真对车门外板进行抗凹性分析并进行优化。首先,利用Hypermesh进行CAE计算文件搭建;再应用均匀布点法,锁定车门外板关键区域加载点;进一步地,采用逐次加载法对车门外板进行加载与卸载;最后,调用ABAQUS求解计算,以获得载荷-位移曲线、车门位移云图和残余形变状态云图。结果表明,车门外板原状态关键区域的抗凹性不足,需对其优化改进。优化结果表明,P2点的最大位移减小了33.72%,残余变形减小86.66%;P3点的最大位移减小28.33%,残余变形减小96.58%。

抗凹性  /  车门外板  /  数值模拟  /  ABAQUS

Aiming at the concave deformation of a certain vehicle front door panel,this paper conducts a concavity resistance analysis and optimization on the front door outer panel through a joint numerical simulation. Firstly, Hypermesh is utilized to construct the CAE calculation files. Secondly, the uniform distribution method is applied to fix the loading points in the key areas of the front door panels. Thirdly, the successive loading method is utilized to load and unload the front door panels. Finally, the ABAQUS solver is called for calculation to obtain the “Force-Displacement” curve,the front door displacement contour plot, and residual deformation contour plot. The results show that the anti-denting performance of the key area of the original state of the front door outer panel is insufficient, requiring optimization and improvement. The optimization results indicate that the maximum displacement at point P2 is reduced by 33.72 %, and the residual deformation is reduced by 86.66 %; the maximum displacement at point P3 is reduced by 28.33 %, and the residual deformation is reduced by 96.58 %.

Concavity resistance  /  Front door outer panel  /  Numerical simulation  /  ABAQUS
王卫, 廖映华, 刘科, 王宏瑞, 刘长钊. 基于ABAQUS的前侧车门外板抗凹性分析. 汽车工艺与材料, 2025 , (3) : 40 -47 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240216
Wei Wang, Yinghua Liao, Ke Liu, Hongrui Wang, Changzhao Liu. Analysis of Concavity Resistance of Front Door Outer Plate Based on ABAQUS[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2025 , (3) : 40 -47 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240216
车门外板是汽车车身的主要覆盖件,尺寸较大并带有曲率。当受到较大的外载荷时,车门外板很容易发生凹陷或永久变形,从而影响车身的美观和使用性能。同时,为实现汽车车身轻量化,车门外板会使用较薄且强度高的材料,使其凹陷变形的可能性大幅增加[1-2]。抗凹性是指车身覆盖件在承受外载荷时抵抗凹陷、弯曲和局部凹痕变形,保持原有形状的能力,它能很好地反映车身覆盖件表面质量和使用性能[2]
车门外板抗凹性分析是汽车车身覆盖件设计过程中的重要步骤。发展初期,车门外板的抗凹性评价在很大程度上基于试验结果[3-5]。成艾国[6]基于对抗凹性的理论研究,并结合有限元数值模拟和试验验证,研制出了一种新的汽车覆盖件及开闭件的抗凹性测量装置。李东升[7]在抗凹性试验原理和抗凹性评价参数的基础上,开发出了一套新的基于微机控制的专用抗凹性试验机系统[7]。文献[6]和文献[7]均基于试验评价车门外板的抗凹性,该方法存在优化效率低、优化周期长和成本较高等问题。计算机仿真分析技术的快速发展使有限元数值模拟技术在汽车车身覆盖件成形过程中得到了广泛应用并不断完善,为汽车车身覆盖件的结构设计提供了理论依据[8-10]。廖莺[11]针对ABAQUS进行二次开发,结合Python语言,开发出了针对车身覆盖件抗凹性进行分析的自动化标准流程。宋凯[12]对Tcl/Tk语言进行二次开发,研制出了快速建模工具包,可对可变工况的车身覆盖件抗凹性全流程优化。文献[11]和文献[12]对汇编语言进行二次开发,从而对抗凹性分析流程进行优化,但在分析的过程中,如果出现结构屈曲或材料应力达到塑区域的情况,则容易出现迭代减少和迭代困难的现象,从而导致抗凹性分析不能完整进行,因此,这些问题也急需得到解决。
针对以上问题,本文基于有限元分析软件,以某款车型的前侧车门为研究对象,利用有限元数值模拟技术对车门外板进行抗凹性分析。筛选出车门外板关键区域加载点,并对加载点进行加载与卸载,以期得到载荷-位移曲线、加载位移云图和残余形变状态,依据仿真分析结果和抗凹性评价指标对原状态车门外板关键区域加载点进行优化。
抗凹性的理论评价指标包括抗凹刚度、抗凹稳定性和局部凹痕抗力[13]。抗凹刚度是覆盖件对凹陷挠曲变形的抵抗能力,通常使用载荷-位移曲线的斜率来评价。抗凹稳定性是指覆盖件受到一定外载荷时对弹性变形的抵抗能力,通常使用覆盖件突然失稳时的临界载荷和临界位移作为其评价指标。局部凹痕抗力是指覆盖件在受到外载荷时抵抗局部永久凹痕的能力,通常用覆盖件受到一定外载荷所产生的凹陷程度或覆盖件产生一定凹陷程度所受到的外载荷作为其评价指标[14-16]
汽车车身覆盖件是一种双曲扁壳类结构,其中车门外板作为外覆盖件通过多个安装点固定在车身上。因此,可以将车门外板的抗凹性问题分析转化为双曲扁壳在横向集中载荷下的变化及稳定性问题分析。外覆盖件的抗凹刚度包括基本刚度和大位移凹陷刚度[17]
双曲扁壳覆盖件基本刚度参数K的理论计算公式为:
$K=\frac{4E{d}^{2}}{\left(1-{\mu }^{2}\right)\sqrt{3{\rho }_{x}{\rho }_{y}}}$
式中:${\rho }_{x}$${\rho }_{y}$为双曲扁壳主曲率半径,d为板材厚度,E为弹性模量,$\mu $为泊松比。
当检验载荷$F\le $100 N、 限定位移${f}_{c}\le $10 mm时,双曲扁壳覆盖件抗凹刚度的定量评估公式为:
$\hspace{0.33em}{f}_{p}=\frac{0.51{\rho }_{x}{\rho }_{y}}{{E}^{2}{d}^{5}}{F}^{2}{f}_{c}$
式中: fp为凹陷位移。
双曲扁壳覆盖件局部凹痕抗力的定量指标的计算公式为:
${f}_{DR}={C}_{2}\frac{\left(1-{\mu }^{2}\right){{\sigma }_{s}}^{2}{d}^{2}\sqrt{3{\rho }_{x}{\rho }_{y}}}{4E}$
式中:C2为比例常数,${\delta }_{s}$为屈服应力。
式(1)~式(3)综合反映了各影响参数之间的定量关系,并具有良好的可靠性。因此,这些关系式可用于指导汽车车身覆盖件的设计、板材的选取以及工艺参数的优化。
抗凹性的动态评价指标是研究覆盖件受到一定外载荷时,覆盖件表面发生凹陷位移和外载荷的动态线性关系,如图1所示。
抗凹刚度表现为凹陷位移随外载荷的变化关系,可以用曲线的斜率表示。抗凹稳定性表现为抗凹刚度的变化率,即曲线切线斜率的变化率。局部凹痕抗力表现为卸载完成后,覆盖件表面的凹陷位移不为零,即存在一定的残余变形。如图1所示,在加载初期,位移和载荷呈线性关系;当外载荷加载到A点处时,曲线的斜率发生明显变化,说明A点处的抗凹稳定性差,抵抗弹性变形的能力减弱并发生失稳现象,这种现象称为油壶效应(Oil Canning)[18],常表现为“急回转”和“大通过”现象。在实际生产测试中表现为,覆盖件受到的外载荷达到临界值时,由于抗凹稳定性骤减产生“啪啪嗒嗒”的声响。因此,在设计车身覆盖件时,应该尽量避免油壶效应。
在设计过程和实际生产中,覆盖件抗凹性能一般以一定外载荷下产生的凹陷位移作为检验依据,如果凹陷位移小于检验位移水平,则认定覆盖件抗凹性合格。
该前侧车门主要由前侧车门外板、前侧车门内板、门板加强板、门锁、铰链和玻璃导槽组成。对前侧车门进行抗凹性分析时主要考虑前侧车门外板的加载变形,因此,在CATIA建模时,可以对门锁和玻璃导槽及对前侧车门结构性能影响较小的部件进行简化。
将建立好的前侧车门CATIA模型导入Hypermesh中进行前处理。钣金件采用2D壳单元模拟,网格平均尺寸为8 mm,焊接建模采用RBE2模拟;焊点单元采用ACM类型的单元模拟;粘胶和结构胶采用ADHESIVES单元模拟。前侧门模型单元数量为79 756个,节点数量为63 333个,模型总质量为18.9 kg,前侧车门有限元模型如图2所示。
该前侧车门外板材料标号为B180H1,屈服强度为239 MPa,弹性模量为210 000 MPa,泊松比为0.3,密度为7.83×10-9 t/mm3,B1801H1的应力-应变曲线如图3所示。
前侧车门抗凹性分析时,使用压头对车外关键区域加载点进行加载、卸载以完成试验。压头呈半球状,直径为80 mm,采用六面体单元,网格平均尺寸为5 mm。压头模型单元数量为1 905个,节点数量为2 382个,模型总质量为1.4 kg,压头局部网格模型如图4所示。
压头底座的弹性模量为21 000 MPa,泊松比为0.30,密度为7.85×10-9 t/mm3
前侧车门外板与压头之间的接触用关键字*CONTACT PAIR定义,接触约束系数类型用关键字*SURFACE TO SURFACE定义,接触系数设置为0.1。
前侧车门抗凹性分析流程如图5所示。
前侧车门抗凹性分析涉及材料非线性和接触非线性问题,可用ABAQUS求解此类非线性问题。在ABAQUS隐式求解时,将载荷划分为一定数量的增量步施加于结构,每个增量步结束时寻求近似平衡解,若干次迭代后才能获得最终平衡解。
约束车门及门锁铰链XYZ方向的平动自由度和转动自由度(spc123456),约束下角缓冲块Y方向的平动自由度(spc2),约束压头加载点XY方向的平动自由度和约束该点XYZ方向的转动自由度(spc12456),目的是使压头只在Y方向运动且可以消除刚体位移。前侧门抗凹分析边界如图6所示。
在车门外板和压头接触过程中,采用基于网格的接触单元模拟接触。当选择压头球面作为主面(Master Surface)、车门外板作为从面(Slave Sueface)创建接触对时满足了主面和从面的定义,且主面和从面的法线方向必须相对。
对前侧车门进行抗凹性分析时,使用一个直径为80 mm的压头对车门外板关键区域加载点进行加载,加载点的确定方法分别为:均匀布点法,将车门外板横向和纵向划3条等分线,横向和纵向等分线的交点为一个分析点,每个位置按照矩阵方式编号,则共有9个抗凹分析加载点,进一步,分析这9个点的最大位移,将最大位移处的部位作为关键区域加载点;模态分析法,对车门外板进行模态分析,筛选出车门外板局部模态振型,选择车门外板局部模态垂直外板方向位移较大的部位作为关键区域加载点;均布压强法,先对车门外板进行静力分析,再对车门外板施加定量的均布压强,求解计算出位移变形相对较大的部位,即作为关键区域加载点。
3种车门外板关键区域加载点选择方法的优缺点对比如表1所示。
选择车门外板关键区域加载点的3种方法所使用的模型、载荷和约束均相同。依据本款车门外板的结构特点,考虑到车门加强板、防撞梁的焊接位置、设计开发周期的时间成本,结合3种方法的优缺点,本文通过均匀布点法确定了3个关键区域加载点,分别为P1P2P3,如图7所示。
外载荷的加载方式有逐次加载法和一次加载法,本文采用逐次加载法对车门外板进行加载,压头施加外载荷流程如图8所示。
图8可知,车门外板的抗凹性分析可分为以下步骤:
a.压头施加预载荷Pt,方向为加载点坐标系法向;
b.采用上述逐次加载法,加载到外载荷为400 N;
c.卸载,分析结束。
将建立好的车门外板抗凹性分析仿真模型保存并导出inp格式文件,求解文件提交ABAQUS求解计算,后处理在Hyperview模块上进行。通过求解计算及后处理,可得到车门外板关键区域加载点的载荷-位移曲线、残余变形云图以及加载、卸载位移云图。P1点的加载、卸载位移云图和载荷-位移曲线如图9图10所示。
图9可知:P1点在外载荷为400 N作用下的最大位移为9.458 mm,卸载后的残余位移为0.139 mm。依据2.2节的抗凹性动态评价指标可知,在外载荷逐次增大的过程中未出现“油壶效应”,说明P1点的抗凹稳定性良好,满足抗凹性要求。
P2点、P3点的加载、卸载位移云图如图11图12所示。
P2点、P3点的载荷-位移曲线如图13图14所示。
加载时的最大位移和卸载后的残余变形结果统计如表2所示。
图11图12所示,P2P3点在外载荷为400 N的作用下最大位移分别为13.643 mm、13.956 mm,均不满足最大位移目标,但卸载后的残余变形均满足目标。同时,可发现在图13中的B点处和图14中的C点处,曲线的斜率急剧骤减,抵抗弹性变形的能力减弱并发生失稳现象,即出现“油壶效应”,表明P2P3点不满足抗凹性要求,需要对P2P3点处进行优化。
工程实践中,对车门抗凹性不足的优化方法有很多种,常用的优化方法有车门外板结构优化、增加车门外板材料厚度、更换车门外板材料和增加补强胶以满足抗凹性要求[19]。但本文车型已经定型,车外门板结构优化方法不易实现,且考虑到实现车身轻量化设计目的,增加车门外板材料厚度的优化方法不宜考虑。综合以上因素,考虑在P2P3点中间增加补强胶以满足抗凹性要求,如图15所示。
图15中,绿色部分即为增加的补强胶,该补强胶的弹性模量为1 830 MPa、泊松比为0.49、密度为1.10×10-9 t/mm3,补强胶与车门外板紧密贴合。采用此优化方案,边界条件保持不变,利用3.3节抗凹性分析流程再次对优化后的P2P3点进行抗凹性分析。优化后P2点、P3点的加载、卸载位移云图如图16图17所示,载荷-位移曲线如图18图19所示。
从优化后的分析结果可知:P2点在外载荷为400 N的作用下的最大位移为9.043 mm,卸载后的残余变形为0.012 mm,均满足所设定的目标值,未发生“油壶效应”,满足抗凹性要求;P3点在外载荷为400 N的作用下的最大位移为10.001 mm,卸载后的残余变形为0.012 mm,其最大位移接近目标值,误差微小,载荷-位移曲线平滑完整,抗凹稳定性良好,且未发生“油壶效应”,满足抗凹性要求。与优化前相比较,P2点、P3点的残余变形更小,说明抵抗凹陷的塑性变形能力有所提高,车门外板的抗凹稳定性也有所提高,验证了此优化方案的可行性。
本文针对车门外板进行了抗凹性分析研究,对不满足抗凹性要求的原状态关键区域加载点提出合理的优化措施,并再次对其进行抗凹性分析。优化结果表明;P2点的最大位移从13.643 mm降低到9.043 mm,优化效率为33.72%,残余变形从0.090 mm降低到0.012 mm,优化效率为86.66%;P3点的最大位移从13.956 mm降低到10.001 mm,优化效率为28.33%,残余变形从0.351 mm降低到0.012 mm,优化效率为96.58 %。优化后的原状态关键区域加载点满足抗凹性要求,抗凹稳定性得到极大提升,达到企业标准。
该抗凹性分析方法可以在汽车研发过程中降低开发成本、缩短研发周期。本文为优化车身覆盖件结构的设计提供了理论指导和技术支持,简化了车门外板抗凹性分析的流程,规范了车门外板抗凹性的评价指标。
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2025年第卷第3期
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20240216
  • 首发时间:2025-11-12
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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    1 四川轻化工大学机械工程学院, 宜宾 644000
    2 宜宾凯翼汽车有限公司汽车研究院, 宜宾 64400
    3 重庆大学机械与交通工程学院, 重庆 400000

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廖映华(1976—),男,教授,主要研究方向为机电耦合系统动力学及可靠性。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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