Article(id=1208718233918640742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1208718233222386276, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230304, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766110483864, onlineDateStr=2025-12-19, pubDate=1721404800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766110483864, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766110483864, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766110483864, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208718233222386276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2024', volume='', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='72', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766110483699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766110483699, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=18, endPage=22, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208718234153521768, articleId=1208718233918640742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Countermeasures for Bacteria and Microbes Multiplying at Pretreatment and E-Coat Process in Paint Shop, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to address the issue of microbes slimegenerated by bacteria and microbial breeding sticking on the car bodies and affect E-coat quality, taking bacteria and microbial breeding in pretreatment phosphorization and E-coat process of a painting shop and management as example, this article explores the management of bacteria and microbes from 2 aspects including precautions during production and maintenance during shutdown. Precaution during production refers to improving water rinsing station turnover rate and improving filtration efficiency to prevent microbe slime from contaminating car bodies, whereas maintenance during shutdown refers to dismantling and deep cleaning, combined with bactericide, hot water rinsing and special rinsing tool to form an effective management strategy.

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为解决细菌微生物孳生形成的微生物粘泥粘附在车身上影响电泳质量问题,以某涂装车间前处理磷化和电泳工艺过程中细菌微生物孳生问题及治理方法为例,从生产期预防和停产期维保的2个维度对细菌微生物的治理进行了探索,生产期预防主要采用提高水洗工位更新率和提高过滤效率的方法来避免微生物粘泥污染车身。停产期维保采用拆开深度清洁,结合杀菌剂杀菌+热水清洗+专用清洗工具清洁相结合的方法,共同形成了有效的治理策略。

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张国栋(1986—),男,工程师,硕士学位,主要工作领域为汽车涂装技术与工艺。

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张国栋(1986—),男,工程师,硕士学位,主要工作领域为汽车涂装技术与工艺。

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张国栋(1986—),男,工程师,硕士学位,主要工作领域为汽车涂装技术与工艺。

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浓度
/×10-6
细菌残余量/CFU·mL-1
ADD-26 NaOH H2O2 JN501+BL45
1 000 1×102 1×103 0 1×102
2 000 0 1×103 0 0
3 000 0 0 0 0
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4种杀菌剂不同浓度下细菌残留数量

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浓度
/×10-6
细菌残余量/CFU·mL-1
ADD-26 NaOH H2O2 JN501+BL45
1 000 1×102 1×103 0 1×102
2 000 0 1×103 0 0
3 000 0 0 0 0
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温度/℃ 保温时间/h 细菌含量
/CFU·mL-1
常温 1×105~1×106
80 2 0
65 2 0
65 1 0
65 0.5 0
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热水杀菌后水样中的细菌含量

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温度/℃ 保温时间/h 细菌含量
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常温 1×105~1×106
80 2 0
65 2 0
65 1 0
65 0.5 0
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涂装车间前处理电泳工艺细菌微生物治理
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张国栋
汽车工艺与材料 | 生产现场 2024,(7): 18-22
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汽车工艺与材料 | 生产现场 2024, (7): 18-22
涂装车间前处理电泳工艺细菌微生物治理
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张国栋
作者信息
  • 北京奔驰汽车有限公司, 北京 100076
  • 张国栋(1986—),男,工程师,硕士学位,主要工作领域为汽车涂装技术与工艺。

Countermeasures for Bacteria and Microbes Multiplying at Pretreatment and E-Coat Process in Paint Shop
Guodong Zhang
Affiliations
  • Beijing Benz Automotive Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176
出版时间: 2024-07-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230304
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为解决细菌微生物孳生形成的微生物粘泥粘附在车身上影响电泳质量问题,以某涂装车间前处理磷化和电泳工艺过程中细菌微生物孳生问题及治理方法为例,从生产期预防和停产期维保的2个维度对细菌微生物的治理进行了探索,生产期预防主要采用提高水洗工位更新率和提高过滤效率的方法来避免微生物粘泥污染车身。停产期维保采用拆开深度清洁,结合杀菌剂杀菌+热水清洗+专用清洗工具清洁相结合的方法,共同形成了有效的治理策略。

磷化  /  电泳  /  水洗工位  /  细菌  /  微生物粘泥

In order to address the issue of microbes slimegenerated by bacteria and microbial breeding sticking on the car bodies and affect E-coat quality, taking bacteria and microbial breeding in pretreatment phosphorization and E-coat process of a painting shop and management as example, this article explores the management of bacteria and microbes from 2 aspects including precautions during production and maintenance during shutdown. Precaution during production refers to improving water rinsing station turnover rate and improving filtration efficiency to prevent microbe slime from contaminating car bodies, whereas maintenance during shutdown refers to dismantling and deep cleaning, combined with bactericide, hot water rinsing and special rinsing tool to form an effective management strategy.

Phosphate  /  E-coat  /  Rinsezone  /  Bacteria  /  Microbes slime
张国栋. 涂装车间前处理电泳工艺细菌微生物治理. 汽车工艺与材料, 2024 , (7) : 18 -22 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230304
Guodong Zhang. Countermeasures for Bacteria and Microbes Multiplying at Pretreatment and E-Coat Process in Paint Shop[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2024 , (7) : 18 -22 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230304
白车身在进行喷漆涂装前需要进行前处理和电泳。其中,前处理一般需进行脱脂清洗、表面调整和磷化处理,前处理后车身表面会获得耐蚀性良好、外观平整均一的磷化膜,为下一步电泳工序做好准备。
汽车生产中,磷化膜不仅作为涂装底层,同时也起到了防腐蚀的作用[1]
为了保证磷化后车身洁净度满足电泳要求,磷化后一般会设置若干个纯水洗工位对磷化车身进行清洗。磷化后水洗工位具备微生物快速繁殖的条件(水分、空气、温度、无机盐、适宜的pH值等),极易出现微生物繁殖、生成微生物粘泥等微生物污染问题。微生物粘泥是由微生物细胞分泌的具有粘性的胞外聚合物“粘合”了微生物细胞及各种有机和无机颗粒物质等构成的,会在设备内循环较差区域和低流速区沉积[2]。细菌微生物大量繁殖形成微生物粘泥,这些生物粘泥会随着新陈代谢逐渐脱落,随着水洗工位的水流循环喷射在磷化车身上,电泳后形成质量缺陷,微生物粘泥还会引起垢下腐蚀,减损生产设备的使用寿命。
在磷化后水洗工位,微生物繁殖很快,一般每周采用浓度为0.1%的双氧水杀菌。然而,单一的常规杀菌无法全面清除设备内的细菌微生物,微生物大量孳生产生的粘性胶状沉积物(微生物粘泥)[3]会持续污染车身,影响电泳涂层质量。由于周末进行杀菌清洁,在每周初粘泥污染较轻,周三之后电泳车会随机出现批量的粘泥污染(俗称菌皮),一直持续到该周生产结束,随着时间累积,菌皮引起的质量问题愈发严重。
在菌皮问题较为严重时,电泳打磨工序平均每天需要停线40 min处理,严重影响生产效率,同时消耗更多的打磨耗材,且过度打磨电泳层还可能会影响整车的防腐性能。
解决微生物粘泥污染车身问题的治理方案主要包括生产期预防和停产期维护保养。
为了保证设备运行状态和车身质量的稳定,在生产过程中能够采取的措施有限,但这些措施一般能够立即产生效果。生产过程中的预防方式如下:
a.纯水工位补水强制溢流;
b.纯水冲洗车身;
c.减少循环纯水的使用量;
d.优化过滤设备运行。
在每周停产期间可以采用更加彻底的方式去除设备内附着的微生物粘泥。主要措施如下:
a.筛选并采用更加有效的杀菌剂和粘泥剥离剂;
b.尝试采用更加有效的设备清洁工具;
c.尝试采用更加有效的杀菌清洁方式,比如加热、臭氧、碎冰清洗技术等;
d.拆解设备分段清洁或更换新管路。
生产期间的预防措施可总结为开源和截流。开源是指增加纯水来源,以稀释被污染水洗工位的污染物,具体的方法为纯水工位补水强制溢流和纯水冲洗车身,截流是指采取措施减少水洗工位水体中微生物粘泥的含量。
每周三微生物粘泥缺陷爆发前,每班生产结束后对水洗工位进行手动补水,强制溢流,以稀释水洗工位的污染物。实际生产中,该方法能够有效解决该时段的污染问题,但不久后新增加的污染物会随着水流循环再次出现。另外,强制溢流每天会消耗15 t的新鲜纯水,同时产生约15 t的磷化废水。
在水洗工位之后新增一个喷淋装置,引入新鲜纯水冲洗车身,如图1所示,可减少90%以上车身外表面的粘泥污染,但该方法对于车身内表面的污染物没有作用。另外,该方法每天会消耗100 t新鲜纯水,同时产生约100 t磷化废水。
某涂装车间磷化后水洗工位会以10 t/h的速度补充纯水来置换工艺槽中的旧水,以满足水洗工位的工艺要求。补充的10 t纯水包含2.5 t新鲜纯水(即新制的纯水)和7.5 t循环中的纯水(即不断循环处理的纯水)。但磷化后水洗工位被细菌微生物污染后,循环纯水系统也随之被污染,循环纯水也会带有污染物。
为了减少微生物污染的来源,适当减少循环纯水的使用量,对污染物的控制会有所帮助,但需要投入更多的新鲜纯水,且需处理更多的磷化废水。如果将新鲜纯水量调整为5 t,循环纯水量调整为5 t,则每天多消耗新鲜纯水约55 t,多产生磷化废水约55 t。
在微生物污染治理过程中,需要关注并优化过滤设备的运行状态,如过滤袋更换频次是否合理,过滤袋更换间隙的车身洁净度等。
以某车间为例,在每天生产结束后,维修工人会关闭工艺槽的循环泵,在第二天生产前启动。循环泵开启的瞬间,由于压力骤增,附着在设备内表面的微生物粘泥会瞬间被冲出,若水洗工位有车身,则会大量粘附在车身表面,造成批量质量问题。因此,需要维修工人提前启动设备,利用过滤器过滤污染物。在更换过滤袋时需手动切换备用过滤器,手动阀门切换过程中会造成循环管路压力骤变,使污染物大量被冲出并粘附在车身,因此,在更换过滤袋时需要提前空线,更换过滤袋后循环过滤10 min后再开始生产,避免批量质量问题。另外,需要重点关注过滤袋更换频次,如不及时更换会造成过滤袋堵塞,过滤器丧失功能后极易产生批量的污染电泳车身。
在停产期间采用双氧水杀菌清洁无法根治微生物孳生及污染的问题,因此,本文探索尝试了若干种新方法和新材料。
双氧水是氧化型杀菌剂,杀死游离细菌的效果显著,某车间之前一直采用双氧水对磷化后水洗的槽体进行杀菌,双氧水浓度为0.1%,循环杀菌时间为2 h,效果不理想。
图2为杀菌后的细菌含量测试结果,杀菌后磷化后水洗工位的细菌含量为1×102~1×103 CFU/mL,细菌含量比较低[4],这说明双氧水能够有效杀死游离在水里的细菌。
但当连续生产5天后,测试水体细菌发现细菌生长繁殖迅速,数量已经回到杀菌前的状态,如图3所示。
为提高杀菌效率,本文试验了其他杀菌剂及粘泥剥离剂,如表1所示。
在周末停产维护保养期间使用上述4种杀菌剂后发现,杀菌剂和粘泥剥离剂在较高浓度下均能杀死水中的游离细菌微生物,但却无法有效清除附着在设备内壁的微生物粘泥,在新的一周生产中微生物污染导致的质量问题未能得到改善。
本文还尝试了某生物分散剂+杀菌剂的复配方案,也未能有效去除设备内部附着的微生物粘泥。
根据文献[3],生物酶对生物粘泥的降解作用十分显著,因此,本文试验了生物酶制剂对生物粘泥的降解效果,但α-淀粉酶+木瓜蛋白酶+胰蛋白酶+溶菌酶的复配方案未能有效去除设备内部附着的微生物粘泥。
综上,杀菌剂和微生物粘泥剥离剂的实际效果并不理想。原因是该设备的微生物污染问题已经持续了2年,微生物污染严重,仅靠杀菌药剂在设备中循环已经无法完全清除设备内部的微生物粘泥,需要采用物理去除与药剂杀菌结合的方式改善。
经调研,本文选用一款可安装在高压水枪上的枪头工具—高压旋转反冲洗喷头清洁管道,如图4所示。该喷头可以边旋转边向后冲洗,冲洗压力大,去附着物能力强。
经测试,高压旋转反冲洗可以有效去除管路内的微生物附着物,如图5所示。
在后续的周末维护保养中采用该工具清理循环管路和喷淋管路,效果显著。但该工具无法清理工艺槽体等敞开位置,无法深入清理离盲端较远的管路。
为此,本文在循环管路上开了若干个孔,并焊接上球阀,人工制作盲端,解决了远端管路难以清洁的问题,如图6所示。
本文尝试了不同温度和处理时间下加热水体对细菌微生物的影响。试验发现,65 ℃的热水保温30 min能够杀死水样中的细菌,效果良好,如表2所示。因此,在磷化后水洗最后的浸洗工位增加热交换器,可实现热水清洗杀菌。实践证明,热水清洗能够有效抑制细菌微生物繁殖,杀死水体中的细菌。成本方面,除热交换器改造的一次性成本投入外,热水清洗没有带入其他新增成本(改造后热交换器接入了厂区的热水,不带来新增投入),比药剂杀菌成本低。但当热水温度不足(比如40 ℃)时,可能会加速微生物的繁殖,带来更为严重的污染,所以热水杀菌时需严格控制水温。
碎冰清洗技术是将碎冰介质通过压力设备打入管路中,通过摩擦等作用力清洗管路内壁的附着物,清洗后只需将污水排放,不会带入其他杂质,具有效率高、无污染的特点。测试结果表明,在同一直径的管路里,清洗效果较好,但当冰介质通过变径管路、法兰盘、阀门、过滤器等位置时,清洗效果会变差。该技术同样无法清洗半开放型的工艺槽体,且成本较高。
臭氧杀菌技术不会引入新的污染物,清洗结束后不需要清洗带入的杂质。但臭氧杀菌技术一般应用于封闭式场所,且杀菌结束后需要处理尾气,汽车涂装车间不适用。
ClO2杀菌技术是由戴姆勒德国工厂首先使用的,如图7所示,该技术是通过ClO2发生器生成ClO2,而后通过电脑加料控制将ClO2溶液滴加到水洗工位中,加料精度高,ClO2作为强氧化剂,实际应用中杀菌效果显著。但该技术成本很高,不仅需要一次性支付设备费用,还需要周期性购买发生器的原料,持续性成本投入也较高。近几年国内生产厂家也开发出了ClO2杀菌技术及设备,成本有所降低。
除热水清洗、高压旋转反冲洗喷头清洁等方法外,对于沉积在管路和设备内壁的微生物粘泥来说,拆开分段清洁是最直接有效的方法。本文利用一段长假停产时间,将水洗工位的循环管路分段拆开进行深度清洁。清洁后,在周末维护保养期间采用热水清洗、双氧水杀菌、高压反冲洗清管相结合的方式杀菌。
经过试验,得到了涂装车间前处理电泳工艺细菌微生物治理较为可行的方案:
a.采用生产期间预防、停产期间维护保养相结合的策略,可有效控制微生物粘泥污染车身。
b.生产期间预防的方法主要通过提高清洗频次,提高纯水使用量来保证车身洁净度,但纯水使用量和废水排放量会明显增长,需要做好长期用水规划。
c.停产期间维护保养主要采用拆开深度清洁,结合杀菌剂杀菌+热水清洗+专用清洗工具清洁相结合的方法,有效去除设备和管路内壁的微生物粘泥,并有效控制微生物的继续繁殖生长。
实践结果表明,以上方案效果显著,微生物粘泥缺陷得到根治。
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
胡国辉. 金属磷化工艺技术[M]. 北京: 国防工业出版社, 2009: 1.
[2]
夏璐. 复合型杀菌剂对生物粘泥处理效果的研究[J]. 环境工程学报, 2011(10): 2215-2220.
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张磊. 生物酶法处理工业循环水系统中生物粘泥的研究[J]. 安徽化工, 2014(3): 68-69.
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金紫阳. 宝钢典型循环冷却水系统微生物生长规律及控制研究[D]. 上海: 华中师范大学, 2004: 16.
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230304
  • 首发时间:2025-12-19
  • 出版时间:2024-07-20
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    北京奔驰汽车有限公司, 北京 100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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