Article(id=1208718237097914822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, issueId=1208718233222386276, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230139, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766110484623, onlineDateStr=2025-12-19, pubDate=1721404800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766110484623, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766110484623, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766110484623, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208718233222386276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, year='2024', volume='', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='72', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766110483699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766110483699, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=49, endPage=53, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208718237349573067, articleId=1208718237097914822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873562199433220, language=EN, title=Fatigue Life Analysis and Application Based on Bench Test Data of Casting Rear Axle, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology & Material, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Taking the cast iron rear axle housing of commercial vehicle as the research object, the bench test fatigue life data analysis and processing of several axle shell types are carried out. And the number of loading cycles at failure is obtained. Using the finite element fatigue analysis method based on time history load, the fatigue equivalent stress of the cast axle housing under the corresponding load cycle is obtained. Then the S-N curve of the cast axle housing is fitted by combining the fatigue equivalent stress and number of failure cycles. The results show that, the current analysing cast axle housing has a problem of low defect control level. The manufacturing process level needs to be improved. Moreover, the importance of formulating defect level classification during design is proposed. The application of the finite element fatigue analysis combined with the test data can effectively predict the fatigue life of the newly designed structure on the premise of stable process level. The finite element analysis results and manufacturing process can be combined effectively to expand the practicability of the bench test data.

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以商用车铸造后桥壳为研究对象,对多个类型桥壳台架试验疲劳寿命进行数据分析处理,得到失效时的加载循环次数。应用基于时间历程载荷的有限元疲劳分析方法,得到铸造桥壳在对应载荷循环下的疲劳等效应力,联合疲劳等效应力与失效次数获得铸造桥壳的S-N曲线。结果表明,当前分析的铸造桥壳存在缺陷控制水平低的问题,需要提升制造工艺水平,并提出在设计中制定缺陷等级分类的重要性。应用有限元疲劳分析联合试验数据,可以在工艺水平稳定的前提下,提前有效预测新设计结构的疲劳寿命,将有限元分析结果与制造工艺联系起来,扩展了试验数据的实用性。

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张烈明(1985—),男,学士学位,研究方向为结构优化设计。

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张烈明(1985—),男,学士学位,研究方向为结构优化设计。

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张烈明(1985—),男,学士学位,研究方向为结构优化设计。

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疲劳寿命
/万次
疲劳等效应力
/MPa
疲劳寿命
对数
疲劳等效应力对数
17.05 76.44 1.23 1.89
20.45 78.45 1.31 1.89
23.50 76.50 1.37 1.88
25.70 73.50 1.41 1.87
27.40 70.30 1.44 1.85
30.70 68.70 1.49 1.84
33.43 67.50 1.52 1.89
36.60 65.30 1.57 1.81
38.30 62.10 1.58 1.79
40.50 60.30 1.61 1.78
42.76 63.01 1.63 1.80
45.342 58.45 1.65 1.76
53.36 49.44 1.73 1.69
56.20 55.82 1.75 1.75
65.56 50.34 1.81 1.70
70.45 49.56 1.85 1.69
75.54 48.33 1.88 1.68
79.90 61.83 1.90 1.79
83.40 46.65 1.92 1.66
86.56 45.55 1.93 1.65
90.35 44.10 1.95 1.64
92.70 39.22 1.97 1.59
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疲劳数据分析样本数据统计

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疲劳寿命
/万次
疲劳等效应力
/MPa
疲劳寿命
对数
疲劳等效应力对数
17.05 76.44 1.23 1.89
20.45 78.45 1.31 1.89
23.50 76.50 1.37 1.88
25.70 73.50 1.41 1.87
27.40 70.30 1.44 1.85
30.70 68.70 1.49 1.84
33.43 67.50 1.52 1.89
36.60 65.30 1.57 1.81
38.30 62.10 1.58 1.79
40.50 60.30 1.61 1.78
42.76 63.01 1.63 1.80
45.342 58.45 1.65 1.76
53.36 49.44 1.73 1.69
56.20 55.82 1.75 1.75
65.56 50.34 1.81 1.70
70.45 49.56 1.85 1.69
75.54 48.33 1.88 1.68
79.90 61.83 1.90 1.79
83.40 46.65 1.92 1.66
86.56 45.55 1.93 1.65
90.35 44.10 1.95 1.64
92.70 39.22 1.97 1.59
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基于台架试验数据的铸件疲劳寿命分析与应用
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张烈明 1, 2 , 崔震 1, 2 , 郭继文 1, 2 , 王乾勋 1, 2 , 田延芳 1, 2
汽车工艺与材料 | 材料应用 2024,(7): 49-53
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汽车工艺与材料 | 材料应用 2024, (7): 49-53
基于台架试验数据的铸件疲劳寿命分析与应用
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张烈明1, 2, 崔震1, 2, 郭继文1, 2, 王乾勋1, 2, 田延芳1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 合智数创(山东)科技开发有限公司, 日照 276800
  • 2 山东五征集团有限公司, 日照 276800
  • 张烈明(1985—),男,学士学位,研究方向为结构优化设计。

Fatigue Life Analysis and Application Based on Bench Test Data of Casting Rear Axle
Lieming Zhang1, 2, Zhen Cui1, 2, Jiwen Guo1, 2, Qianxun Wang1, 2, Yanfang Tian1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Intelligence Integration & Numerical Innovation (Shandong) Technology Co., Ltd., Rizhao 276800
  • 2 Shangdong Wuzheng Group Co., Ltd., Rizhao 276800
出版时间: 2024-07-20 doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230139
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以商用车铸造后桥壳为研究对象,对多个类型桥壳台架试验疲劳寿命进行数据分析处理,得到失效时的加载循环次数。应用基于时间历程载荷的有限元疲劳分析方法,得到铸造桥壳在对应载荷循环下的疲劳等效应力,联合疲劳等效应力与失效次数获得铸造桥壳的S-N曲线。结果表明,当前分析的铸造桥壳存在缺陷控制水平低的问题,需要提升制造工艺水平,并提出在设计中制定缺陷等级分类的重要性。应用有限元疲劳分析联合试验数据,可以在工艺水平稳定的前提下,提前有效预测新设计结构的疲劳寿命,将有限元分析结果与制造工艺联系起来,扩展了试验数据的实用性。

铸件  /  疲劳分析  /  S-N曲线  /  铸造缺陷  /  铸造等级

Taking the cast iron rear axle housing of commercial vehicle as the research object, the bench test fatigue life data analysis and processing of several axle shell types are carried out. And the number of loading cycles at failure is obtained. Using the finite element fatigue analysis method based on time history load, the fatigue equivalent stress of the cast axle housing under the corresponding load cycle is obtained. Then the S-N curve of the cast axle housing is fitted by combining the fatigue equivalent stress and number of failure cycles. The results show that, the current analysing cast axle housing has a problem of low defect control level. The manufacturing process level needs to be improved. Moreover, the importance of formulating defect level classification during design is proposed. The application of the finite element fatigue analysis combined with the test data can effectively predict the fatigue life of the newly designed structure on the premise of stable process level. The finite element analysis results and manufacturing process can be combined effectively to expand the practicability of the bench test data.

Casting part  /  Fatigue analysis  /  S-N curve  /  Casting defect  /  Casting level
张烈明, 崔震, 郭继文, 王乾勋, 田延芳. 基于台架试验数据的铸件疲劳寿命分析与应用. 汽车工艺与材料, 2024 , (7) : 49 -53 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230139
Lieming Zhang, Zhen Cui, Jiwen Guo, Qianxun Wang, Yanfang Tian. Fatigue Life Analysis and Application Based on Bench Test Data of Casting Rear Axle[J]. Automobile Technology & Material, 2024 , (7) : 49 -53 . DOI: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230139
疲劳是材料在循环应力和应变作用下,结构产生永久性累积损伤,经一定循环次数后产生宏观裂纹或突然断裂的过程。
按照可靠性中“浴盆曲线”[1]的定义,桥壳结构的失效率一般会在服役后期出现较快增长,也就是达到了所设计结构的寿命目标。验证汽车后桥壳疲劳寿命的方法主要有3种:一是台架试验,按照国家标准进行桥壳垂直方向的反复弯曲加载,直到桥壳失效,以加载次数定义桥壳的疲劳寿命;二是将桥壳搭载到试验样车上,检验桥壳本身的疲劳寿命是否满足设计要求,以试验里程表示桥壳的疲劳寿命;三是通过有限元分析软件,建立桥壳的疲劳寿命虚拟分析方法[2],经过有限元分析计算出桥壳的寿命。
目前,商用车桥壳的结构主要分为焊接结构和铸造结构,这2种结构在疲劳寿命分析中面向的主要分析对象分别为焊缝疲劳和铸件疲劳。对于铸铁桥壳,需要应用铸铁材料的S-N曲线[3]解读桥壳不同失效数据之间的关系,以修改结构提升疲劳寿命,相关书籍和文献中,铸铁材料的S-N曲线斜率一般为-0.2。工程师在应用这一斜率系数和企业实际桥壳疲劳试验数据对标的过程中,有时会发现不吻合的现象,需要深入分析研究斜率的由来和铸件疲劳机理。
以商用车后桥壳为案例,通过搜集铸造后桥壳台架试验失效数据,明确台架试验寿命、试验失效位置、试验轴荷、试验失效形式、材料等台架试验基础信息,获取可用于对标分析的有效数据,通过数据拟合出企业自身应用的铸造桥壳材料S-N曲线。然后搭建有限元模型,对桥壳进行基于时间历程载荷的疲劳分析,获得结构的疲劳等效应力,结合上述铸件S-N曲线斜率即可实现对标,进而应用虚拟分析的方法预测新设计的疲劳寿命。
首先参照企业商用车后桥壳疲劳分析规范建立后桥壳有限元分析模型,利用HyperWorks软件进行网格划分、网格质量检查调整、连接单元建模。模型包含后桥壳、半轴套管、减速器壳体及油底壳,模型如图1所示。
采用惯性释放,添加虚拟约束。如图2所示为轮心激励点,对激励点分别施加XYZ 3个方向载荷大小为1 N的单位力载荷。
在HyperWorks中对有限元模型应力和位移以output2的形式输出,如图3所示进行设置。
提交运算得到单位载荷工况下的结构应力分布,并通过输出的位移查看分析结果的合理性。
商用车后桥壳主要起承载和保护传动系统的作用,因此,基于时间历程载荷的疲劳分析意义远大于振动疲劳分析。在进行疲劳分析之前,首先要解决载荷的问题。这里根据所分析桥壳轴荷与现有采集信号桥壳轴荷大小之间的关系,进行等比例缩放得到所分析桥壳激励信号。
在获得单位载荷工况下的应力结果文件和载荷信号的循环信息之后,应用自主开发的应力叠加程序进行疲劳循环应力的计算、雨流统计、损伤计算。为了解决S-N曲线问题,提出了一种基于可靠性试验数据的结构疲劳寿命分析方法[4],该方法的优点在于改变了传统疲劳寿命计算中的S-N寿命计算流程,通过假设虚拟S-N曲线,引入等效疲劳应力概念并可以在有限元后处理软件HyperView中直接查看疲劳等效应力的计算结果,按照该计算流程得到的桥壳疲劳等效应力结果如图4所示。
重复以上计算,即可得到需要分析的其他桥壳的等效疲劳应力数据。为了得到疲劳等效应力与实际寿命之间的对应关系,需要利用结构疲劳失效数据真正S-N曲线的斜率进行计算,因此,接下来的重点是如何获得铸造桥壳真实的S-N曲线的斜率数据,这一思路正是体现了利用台架试验数据的优势,所获得的S-N曲线斜率既符合企业实际的制造水平,又大幅降低了试样疲劳曲线获取的成本。
对搜集的铸造桥壳台架试验失效疲劳分析得出的等效应力及其对应的寿命(台架试验失效次数)进行取双对数数据拟合[5],本文选取十进对数进行数据集合,具体分析数据如表1所示,拟合数据曲线如图5所示。
图5所示S-N曲线(等效应力与应力循环次数关系)斜率为-0.330 3,与典型铸铁件S-N曲线斜率-0.2相比,曲线更陡一些,这说明实际铸造桥壳在同样应力幅变化下疲劳寿命变化更不敏感,说明在结构中存在更敏感的因素影响疲劳寿命。如图6图7所示的疲劳极限与缺陷大小之间的关系曲线可以看出,当结构本身内部缺陷小于阈值a0时,结构的疲劳极限跟结构材料本身的屈服强度相关,随着材料屈服强度的提高,结构疲劳极限也相应提高。当结构本身内部缺陷大于阈值a0时,疲劳极限不再取决于材料的强度,而是由缺陷大小决定疲劳极限,且疲劳极限随着缺陷尺寸的变化呈线性快速降低。该曲线所示又称为Kitagawa图,很好地解释了本次统计的铸造桥壳台架疲劳寿命的变化原因,即铸造材料本身存在的各种缺陷及铸造工艺存在的铸造缺的。
对前桥桥壳失效位置前桥-安装座周围切片进行缺陷检测,发现失效部位周围存在明前的铸造缺陷,如图8所示。
进一步,将铸件材料缺陷如裂纹长短、铸件内部缺陷尺寸大小控制在合理范围内,铸件的疲劳强度会几乎不变,维持在如图7所示的水平区间。对于普通水平的焊接结构,焊缝是疲劳失效的危险位置,根据相关研究,焊缝结构的S-N曲线斜率为-0.33[6],而一般铸件的内部缺陷相比于焊接结构更加容易控制,因此,缺陷小于焊接结构中的缺陷尺寸说明当前铸造桥壳的制造水平有待提升。
铸件按照缺陷尺寸的大小进行铸造等级划分,对实现制造成本、设计成本与维修成本之间的最佳匹配具有重要意义。对于抗疲劳设计,主要考虑在产品的寿命周期内给定一个合理的失效概率。安全性相关的结构需要更低的失效概率,另外还要考虑制造与维修成本,最终目的是设计的结构件具有最优化的经济效益。
在结构件的设计过程中,通过有限元的虚拟疲劳寿命计算,确定失效危险位置及其应力水平,根据应力水平的安全裕度在图纸中标注铸造等级要求,例如对于安全区域只需一般的铸造质量即可,而对于危险区域需要严格控制铸造质量,制造部门可以根据铸造等级要求综合考虑工艺能力设计铸造模具的冷却水道。再结合金属流动冷却的铸件模流分析,可以快速设计出更加合理的铸造模具。
在铸造结构件制造完成后,还应确保检测手段可对提供的结构件内部缺陷尺寸大小进行检测,确保材料的强度(屈服强度、抗拉强度、延伸率、珠光体铁素体比例)符合要求。对于铸件强度的检测,有时通过连铸拉伸试样的方式进行样品制作并进行检验,通过以上内容的讨论可知,铸件强度的试件制作最好从最终成形产品上下料,且要选择容易产生缺陷的位置,确保最危险位置的材料强度满足要求,而不是通过连铸试样进行检验。连铸试样只能确定材料成分的影响,而不能确定缺陷的影响,因为连铸试样的缺陷很容易控制。铸造缺陷[7]包含以下2个概念:
a.缺陷类型 (Defect Class)。以缺陷的位置对铸造缺陷进行分类。缺陷位置按照材料表面一定深度范围内、机加工内孔表面一定深度内进行分类,主要考虑结构危险外表面区域的缺陷控制,材料受力中性层区域缺陷尺寸可以适当放大。
b.缺陷等级(Defect Level)。以缺陷的尺寸大小进行等级划分。
图9所示为材料表面的一类缺陷类型,其中L为缺陷长度,由于存在多个缺陷临近的情况,因此还要考虑多个缺陷下的总尺寸计算问题。如果一些缺陷距离较近,则将其作为一个缺陷进行评价,评价准则为:
$X({L}_{1}+{L}_{2})/2$
式中:X为缺陷高度、深度,L1为缺陷1的长度,L2为缺陷2的长度。
如果缺陷对应的表面存在剥落缺陷,则把2个缺陷合并,且这一类缺陷附近不允许有2个连续的深度超过0.3 mm的剥落缺陷。
基于以上台架试验失效数据推理出的S-N曲线斜率值,可根据某铸件A台架试验失效的寿命及等效应力,推导出另一铸件B的疲劳寿命。例如已知铸件A的等效应力为63.01 MPa,疲劳寿命为42.764 9万次,疲劳分析得出铸件B的疲劳等效应力为55.815 MPa,基于上述推导的S-N曲线,可得出铸件B的疲劳寿命N符合公式:
$\begin{array}{l}lgN=\left(lg55.815-lg63.01\right)/\\               \left(-0.330 3\right)+lg42.764 9\end{array}$
经计算,N=61.73万次。铸件B的实际台架试验疲劳寿命为56.2万次,差异9.8%,对于疲劳寿命分析的误差来说非常准确。随着样本数据的累积,差异率会更小,需要强调的是,铸件疲劳寿命与铸造水平密切相关,因此,同一制造商生产的结构件可以相互验证推断。
铸件的疲劳性能与其自身的缺陷大小密切相关,缺陷大小又与铸造工艺水平、材料、热处理密切相关,因此对于铸造结构件,需要按照缺陷类型和缺陷大小进行等级划分和控制。不同制造工艺和水平下的铸件结构,分析对比疲劳性能时需要注意是否具备可对比性和对比目的。
通过铸造桥壳的台架疲劳试验数据分析,以缺陷理论可以很好地解释其疲劳寿命的表现。结果表明,当前研究的几台铸造桥壳S-N曲线的拟合斜率为-0.33,是由于铸造桥壳中缺陷控制水平低,制造工艺有待进一步提升。
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doi: 10.19710/J.cnki.1003-8817.20230139
  • 首发时间:2025-12-19
  • 出版时间:2024-07-20
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    1 合智数创(山东)科技开发有限公司, 日照 276800
    2 山东五征集团有限公司, 日照 276800
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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