Article(id=1200070665840722448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070648174314131, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.2024270, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1723392000000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764048742970, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1728921600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764048742970, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764048742970, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764048742970, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200070648174314131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2024', volume='', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764048738759, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764049409565, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200073461822488711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070648174314131, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200073461822488712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070648174314131, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=7, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200070666176266781, articleId=1200070665840722448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Mass Estimation and Slope Estimation Based on Longitudinal-Transverse Dynamic Coupling, columnId=1200070660828525387, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=Selected Papers of SAECCE 2024, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issue of deviation in the estimation of vehicle mass and road gradient by applying the longitudinal dynamics model when there is a lateral component force in the driving process of vehicles, this paper proposes a coupled mass estimation model based on longitudinal-horizontal dynamics and an algorithm for slope estimation. By analyzing the effect of the acceleration phase on mass estimation, the mass estimation trigger condition is set and the recursive least squares method with forgetting factor is used to estimate the vehicle mass, and the kinematic Kalman filter is fused with the kinematic extended Kalman filter to jointly estimate the road slope. The algorithm is validated by Simulink-CarSim joint simulation and real vehicle test. The results show that the error of the mass estimation algorithm based on longitudinal-transverse dynamics is 0.82%, and the error of the fusion slope estimation algorithm is within 3%, which verifies that the algorithm has good accuracy and real-time performance.

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针对汽车行驶过程中存在侧向分力时应用纵向动力学模型进行整车质量与道路坡度估计存在偏差的问题,提出了基于纵-横向动力学耦合的质量估计模型和坡度估计算法。通过分析加速阶段对质量估计的影响,设定质量估计触发条件,并使用带遗忘因子的递推最小二乘法对整车质量进行估计,融合运动学卡尔曼滤波算法与动力学扩展卡尔曼滤波算法对道路坡度进行联合估计。通过Simulink-CarSim联合仿真与实车试验对算法进行验证,结果表明,基于纵-横向动力学的质量估计算法误差为0.82%,融合坡度估计算法误差在3%以内,验证了该算法具有较好的准确性与实时性。

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参数 数值
整备质量/kg 2 545
风阻系数 0.281
轮胎有效半径/m 0.354
轴距/mm 2 920
前轴到质心的距离/mm 1 474
迎风面积/m2 2.650
空气密度/kg·m-3 1.184
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整车动力学参数

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参数 数值
整备质量/kg 2 545
风阻系数 0.281
轮胎有效半径/m 0.354
轴距/mm 2 920
前轴到质心的距离/mm 1 474
迎风面积/m2 2.650
空气密度/kg·m-3 1.184
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基于纵-横向动力学耦合的整车质量与道路坡度估计
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廖银生 , 胡志明 , 贾洪波 , 田育丞 , 钟世浩 , 彭祥龙
汽车工程师 | 2024中国汽车工程学会年会优秀论文(选登) 2024,(10): 1-7
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汽车工程师 | 2024中国汽车工程学会年会优秀论文(选登) 2024, (10): 1-7
基于纵-横向动力学耦合的整车质量与道路坡度估计
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廖银生, 胡志明, 贾洪波, 田育丞, 钟世浩, 彭祥龙
作者信息
  • 比亚迪汽车工业有限公司汽车工程研究院, 深圳 518118
Mass Estimation and Slope Estimation Based on Longitudinal-Transverse Dynamic Coupling
Yinsheng Liao, Zhiming Hu, Hongbo Jia, Yucheng Tian, Shihao Zhong, Xianglong Peng
Affiliations
  • Automotive Engineering Research Institute, BYD Automotive Industry Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118
出版时间: 2024-10-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.2024270
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针对汽车行驶过程中存在侧向分力时应用纵向动力学模型进行整车质量与道路坡度估计存在偏差的问题,提出了基于纵-横向动力学耦合的质量估计模型和坡度估计算法。通过分析加速阶段对质量估计的影响,设定质量估计触发条件,并使用带遗忘因子的递推最小二乘法对整车质量进行估计,融合运动学卡尔曼滤波算法与动力学扩展卡尔曼滤波算法对道路坡度进行联合估计。通过Simulink-CarSim联合仿真与实车试验对算法进行验证,结果表明,基于纵-横向动力学的质量估计算法误差为0.82%,融合坡度估计算法误差在3%以内,验证了该算法具有较好的准确性与实时性。

质量估计  /  坡度估计  /  带遗忘因子的递推最小二乘法  /  卡尔曼滤波  /  融合估计

To address the issue of deviation in the estimation of vehicle mass and road gradient by applying the longitudinal dynamics model when there is a lateral component force in the driving process of vehicles, this paper proposes a coupled mass estimation model based on longitudinal-horizontal dynamics and an algorithm for slope estimation. By analyzing the effect of the acceleration phase on mass estimation, the mass estimation trigger condition is set and the recursive least squares method with forgetting factor is used to estimate the vehicle mass, and the kinematic Kalman filter is fused with the kinematic extended Kalman filter to jointly estimate the road slope. The algorithm is validated by Simulink-CarSim joint simulation and real vehicle test. The results show that the error of the mass estimation algorithm based on longitudinal-transverse dynamics is 0.82%, and the error of the fusion slope estimation algorithm is within 3%, which verifies that the algorithm has good accuracy and real-time performance.

Mass estimation  /  Slope estimation  /  Forgetting Factor Recursive Least Squares (FFRLS)  /  Kalman filter  /  Fused estimation
廖银生, 胡志明, 贾洪波, 田育丞, 钟世浩, 彭祥龙. 基于纵-横向动力学耦合的整车质量与道路坡度估计. 汽车工程师, 2024 , (10) : 1 -7 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.2024270
Yinsheng Liao, Zhiming Hu, Hongbo Jia, Yucheng Tian, Shihao Zhong, Xianglong Peng. Mass Estimation and Slope Estimation Based on Longitudinal-Transverse Dynamic Coupling[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2024 , (10) : 1 -7 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.2024270
目前,整车质量与道路坡度估计方法主要有两类。一类基于传感器进行参数辨识,采用高精度惯性导航系统、惯性测量单元(Inertial Measurement Unit,IMU)等传感器获取车辆三维实时坐标,通过纵向与垂向的位移对道路坡度进行估计,利用卡尔曼滤波(Kalman Filter,KF)算法对参数进行实时解算。如郝胜强[1]等利用加速度传感器信号,基于稳态卡尔曼滤波算法对坡度进行识别。另一类基于车辆动力学进行建模。朱宗铠[2]等基于惯性导航系统和车辆控制器局域网(Controller Area Network,CAN)总线采集数据,利用车辆纵向动力学模型对车辆起步阶段质量进行估计,并利用带遗忘因子的递推最小二乘(Forgetting Factor Recursive Least Squares,FFRLS)法和卡尔曼滤波算法进行坡度估计。杨建青[3]等将递推最小二乘法与双容积卡尔曼滤波(Double Cubature Kalman Filter,DCKF)算法相结合,基于三自由度非线性整车动力学模型对车辆参数与行驶状态进行估计。戴卓[4]等基于动力学方法建立7速双离合自动变速器动力学模型,采用卡尔曼滤波估计输出扭矩,对道路坡度和整车质量进行估计,在不增加传感器的前提下获取了较为准确的参数估计值。刘琳[5]等针对坡道识别算法工况适应性差等问题,对实际车载条件下加速度传感器的信号特征进行分析,提出了静态驻车和动态行车两种驾驶场景下的坡道识别算法,融合了FFRLS法质量估计。雷雨龙[6]等结合非线性车辆纵向动力学模型,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波(Extended Kalman Filter,EKF)算法对车辆质量及道路坡度进行估计。孙思鑫[7]等提出利用自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波(Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter,AUKF)算法对微小加速度工况下汽车质量和道路坡度进行估计。管信[8]等对车速和纵向加速度信号进行预处理后利用卡尔曼滤波估计坡度参数,通过噪声方差设计了自适应卡尔曼滤波器,优化了估计结果。
现有算法一般基于单一的纵向动力学模型进行分析,由于车辆在行驶中会产生侧向力与侧向加速度,对整车质量与坡度估计造成偏差。李林润[9]等在分析转弯运动时发现了纵向加速度导致的直线运动模型失真现象,引入横向加速度和横摆角速度补偿转向的纵向坡度估计,在转向工况下坡度估计取得了较好的效果。林玉敏[10]等利用纵向加速度、车速、电机扭矩信号建立纵向动力学模型估算整车质量,实测误差较小,优化了制动能耗。褚文博[11]结合分布式电驱动车辆的特点,提出分布式电驱动车辆状态参数观测和驱动力协调控制的体系架构,通过运动学与动力学融合方法估计道路坡度。赵健[12]等提出了一种基于交互多模型(Interacting Multiple Model,IMM)的质量与坡度融合估计方法,具有较好的实时性和准确性。
本文提出一种基于纵-横向动力学耦合的整车质量与道路坡度估计算法。首先,基于车辆行驶状态建立纵-横向动力学耦合的质量估计模型,计算整车在水平面内的合力,通过FFRLS法对整车质量进行估计,再基于KF及EKF融合算法估计道路坡度,并通过联合仿真与实车试验验证算法的有效性。
基于纵-横向动力学耦合对整车质量进行估计,对整车在X-Y平面内进行受力分析,建立纵-横向平衡方程:
maΣ=FΣ-Fi-Fw-Ff
式中:m为整车质量,aΣ为车辆所受合加速度,FΣ为整车在水平面内所受的合力,Fi=mgsinθ为坡道阻力,Fw=(CdAρVx2)/2为空气阻力,Ff=mg(f+kVx)cosθ为滚动阻力,θ为道路坡度,Cd为空气阻力系数,A为迎风面积,ρ为空气密度,Vx为纵向车速。
水平面内第i个轮胎的纵向力为:
Fxi=(TAi-TBi)/r, i=1,2,3,4
式中:TAi为第i个车轮的驱动力矩,TBi为第i个车轮的制动力矩,r为车轮有效滚动半径。
在轮胎线性区域内,轮胎侧向力为:
Fyfi=Kfαfi, i=1,2
Fyri=Krαri, i=1,2
前、后轮的侧偏角为:
αfi=δfi-β-(Lfωr)/Vx, i=1,2
αri=δri-β+(Lrωr)/Vx, i=1,2
水平面内轮胎的横向力为:
Fy=Fyf1+Fyf2+Fyr1+Fyr2
式中:Fyf1Fyf2分别为左、右前轮侧向力,Fyr1Fyr2分别为左、右后轮侧向力,KfKr分别为前、后轮胎的侧偏刚度,αf1αf2分别为左、右前轮侧偏角,αr1αr2分别为左、右后轮侧偏角,δf1δf2分别为左、右前轮转角,δr1δr2分别为左、右后轮转角,β为质心侧偏角,LfLr分别为质心到前、后轴的距离,ωr为横摆角速度。
整车在水平面内所受的合力为:
${F}_{\Sigma }=\sqrt{{\left({\sum }_{i=1}^{2}{F}_{xi}\right)}^{2}+{\left({\sum }_{i=1}^{2}{F}_{yi}\right)}^{2}}$
整车加速度为:
${a}_{\Sigma }=\sqrt{{a}_{xx}^{2}+{a}_{y}^{2}}$
式中:axx为不包含坡度分量的纵向加速度,ay为侧向加速度。
综上,整车质量估计公式为:
$m=\frac{\sqrt{{\left({\sum }_{i=1}^{2}{F}_{xi}\right)}^{2}+{\left({\sum }_{i=1}^{2}{F}_{yi}\right)}^{2}}-\frac{{C}_{d}A\rho {V}_{x}^{2}}{2}}{\sqrt{{a}_{xx}^{2}+{a}_{y}^{2}}+gsin\theta +g(f+k{V}_{x})cos\theta }$
为获得理想的质量估计结果,需建立质量估计触发条件:
a. 车辆起步阶段往往加速度较大,使车辆产生俯仰角,因而设定纵向车速大于门限值时,满足触发子条件。
b. 车辆稳定加速时,整车加速度大于门限值时满足质量估计子条件。
c. 车辆急加速时,处于不稳定阶段会产生较大的俯仰角,影响质量估计精度。本文车辆加速度与俯仰角的关系如图1所示。为滤除加速度变化过大对质量估计的影响,定义加速度变化率阈值锁存条件。
加速度变化率Δa的计算公式为:
Δa=(a(t)-a(t-Δt))/Δt
式中:a(t)t时刻的加速度,Δt为时间间隔。
传感器采样周期为0.01 s,由于存在噪声误差,应选取合适的计算周期计算加速度变化率,数据分析可知,加速度变化率过大会产生瞬时的车轮滑移和车身俯仰,为剔除不良数据对质量估计的影响,需设定合理的阈值:小于阈值时,满足质量估计条件,正常进行计算;大于阈值时,对质量估计值进行锁存,即保留上一时刻的质量估计值。满足上述条件时,参数估计模块开始对整车质量进行估计。
整车质量产生较大变化一般发生在停车阶段,因此,停车超过一定时间后将整车质量重置为初值(空载质量),车辆再次启动后满足触发条件时对质量进行重新估计。
采用FFRLS法对质量参数进行估计可避免实际信号噪声较大造成的误差,其性能指标为:
$J={\sum }_{k=1}^{L}{\lambda }^{L-k}{\left[y\left(k\right)-{\varphi }^{T}\left(k\right)\widehat{\theta }\right]}^{2}$
式中:J为损失函数,L为样本数量,λ=0.95为遗忘因子,y(k)、ϕT(k)为k时刻系统输出,$\widehat{\theta }$为待估计参数。
对目标函数求得FFRLS法参数估计公式为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\widehat{\theta }\left(k\right)=\widehat{\theta }\left(k-1\right)+K\left(k\right)\left[y\right(k)-{\varphi }^{T}(k\left)\widehat{\theta }\right(k-1\left)\right]\\ K\left(k\right)=\frac{P\left(k-1\right)\varphi \left(k\right)}{\lambda +{\varphi }^{T}\left(k\right)P\left(k-1\right)\varphi \left(k\right)}\\ P\left(k\right)=[I-K(k\left){\varphi }^{T}\right(k\left)\right]P(k-1)\end{array}\right.$
式中:K(k)为k时刻增益矩阵,P(k)为k时刻协方差矩阵。
为保证实时估计的准确性,需对FFRLS法的质量估计参数进行收敛判断。收敛判断需对质量估计值与时间关系曲线的斜率进行估计,当质量的变化率趋于稳定时,质量估计结束。采用3个样本点计算质量估计的斜率,过去2个点的样本权重分别为0.8、0.2,采用三点拟合斜率计算。
当IMU纵向加速度信号受车身俯仰角和路面纵向坡度角的影响时,处于车身平面质心处的纵向加速度计的输出值会变为:
axm=axcosφ+gsin(φ+α)
式中:axm为IMU纵向加速度,ax为实际纵向加速度,ϕ为车身俯仰角,α为纵向坡度角。
考虑到车身俯仰角和道路坡度角很小,式(14)变为:
axm=ax+g(φ+α)
采用卡尔曼滤波算法对道路坡度进行估计,建立车辆纵向运动学微分方程:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{V}}_{x}={a}_{xm}-g(\varphi +\alpha )\\ \dot{\varphi }=0\end{array}\right.$
将式(16)离散化,得到k时刻的状态空间方程:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{k}=A{x}_{k-1}+B{u}_{k-1}+{w}_{k-1}\\ {z}_{k}=H{x}_{k}+{v}_{k}\end{array}\right.$
式中:xk=[Vx ϕ]Tuk=[axm];zk=[Vx];$A=\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& g\Delta t\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right]$B=[Δt 0]TH=[1 0];wk-1vk-1分别为计算误差、测量误差,都是均值为0的高斯白噪声。
卡尔曼滤波主要包括预测和校正两个步骤:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\widehat{x}}_{k}^{-}=A{\widehat{x}}_{k-1}+B{u}_{k-1}\\ {P}_{k}^{-}=A{P}_{k-1}{A}^{T}+Q\\ {K}_{k}=\frac{{P}_{k}^{-}{H}^{T}}{H{P}_{k}^{-}{H}^{T}+R}\\ {\widehat{x}}_{k}={\widehat{x}}_{k}^{-}+{K}_{k}({z}_{k}-H{\widehat{x}}_{k}^{-})\\ {P}_{k}={P}_{k}^{-}-{K}_{k}H{P}_{k}^{-}=(I-{K}_{k}H){P}_{k}^{-}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${\widehat{x}}_{k}^{-}$为先验估计值,${P}_{k}^{-}$为先验误差协方差,Kk为卡尔曼增益,${\widehat{x}}_{k}$为后验估计值,Pk为更新误差协方差,Q为预测噪声协方差矩阵,R为测量噪声协方差矩阵。
通常,道路坡度很小,且变化缓慢,根据式(1),在只考虑纵向动力学的情况下,建立如下动力学微分方程:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{V}}_{x}=\frac{{\sum }_{i=1}^{2}{F}_{xi}}{m}-\frac{{C}_{d}A\rho {V}_{x}^{2}}{2m}-(f+k{V}_{x})g-g\theta \\ \dot{\theta }=0\end{array}\right.$
将式(19)离散化,得到k时刻的状态空间方程:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{k}=f\left({x}_{k-1}\right)+{w}_{k-1}\\ {z}_{k}=H{x}_{k}+{v}_{k}\end{array}\right.$
基于式(20)的非线性,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波算法进行估计,主要包括预测和校正两个步骤:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\widehat{x}}_{k}^{-}=f\left({\widehat{x}}_{k-1}\right)\\ {P}_{k}^{-}=J\left({\widehat{x}}_{k-1}\right){P}_{k-1}{J}^{T}\left({\widehat{x}}_{k-1}\right)+Q\\ {K}_{k}=\frac{{P}_{k}^{-}{H}^{T}}{H{P}_{k}^{-}{H}^{T}+R}\\ {\widehat{x}}_{k}={\widehat{x}}_{k}^{-}+{K}_{k}({z}_{k}-H{\widehat{x}}_{k}^{-})\\ {P}_{k}={P}_{k}^{-}-{K}_{k}H{P}_{k}^{-}=(I-{K}_{k}H){P}_{k}^{-}\end{array}\right.$
其中,J( )为雅克比矩阵,可由状态方程式(19)对状态量求偏导得到:
$J\left( \right)=\left[\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\partial {\dot{V}}_{x}}{{V}_{x}}& \frac{\partial {\dot{V}}_{x}}{\theta }\\ \frac{\partial \dot{\theta }}{{V}_{x}}& \frac{\partial \dot{\theta }}{\theta }\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cc}1-\left(\frac{{C}_{d}A\rho {V}_{x}}{m}+kg\right)\Delta t& -g\Delta t\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right]$
考虑到初始时刻质量估计未收敛,先使用运动学方法的估计值,待质量估计收敛后,采用融合估计方法进行估计。基于车辆动力学模型的估计方法需要车辆具有一定的加速度才能保证估计效果,当加速度较小时,计算误差较大,无法保证动力学模型估计的准确性,故引入系数η
$\eta ={e}^{-0.1\left|{a}_{x}\right|}$
最终输出的坡度估计值为:
θ=(1-η)θ1+λθ2
式中:θ1θ2分别为动力学方法、运动学方法输出的坡度估计值。
为验证算法的有效性,在Simulink中搭建模型与CarSim建立联合仿真。在CarSim中设定直线加减速、双移线作为仿真工况对算法进行验证,设定仿真时间为20 s,采样周期为0.01 s。整车动力学参数如表1所示。仿真中,整车实际总质量设置为2 700 kg。
直线加减速工况中,初始车速为0,采用恒定油门加速,在起步阶段,由于加速度变化率较大,没有触发质量估计条件,在0.6 s后触发质量估计算法,触发条件变化情况如图2所示。在第0.6~2.1 s内质量估计收敛在2 712 kg,相对误差为0.44%,满足质量估计精度要求,质量估计结果如图3所示。
为验证纵-横向动力学耦合方法对整车质量估计的效果,选取双移线工况进行仿真,车辆直线加速阶段屏蔽质量估计触发条件,在进入双移线工况阶段时,触发质量估计,结果如图4所示。质量估计在10.4 s后收敛于2 686 kg,相对误差为0.52%,质量估计结果如图5所示。
为验证坡度估计算法的有效性,本文暂将整车质量作为已知的固定值进行验证。在CarSim仿真软件中建立平路的道路模型,设置车型参数,车辆从静止状态起步加速,采集数据,并在MATLAB平台上搭建算法模型,进行联合仿真验证。
试验工况分别为平路、平路到10%上坡、10%上坡,静止起步加速的仿真结果如图6所示,工况采用全油门起动。
融合估计算法对道路坡度的估计结果与真实值非常接近,车辆在起步阶段存在波动误差,如图6a图6c所示,坡度变化较大的位置坡度估计值存在波动,如图6b所示,总体误差在2%以内。
为进一步验证算法的有效性,进行实车试验,试验样车如图7所示,通过整车CAN总线获取算法所需信号。
在质量估计过程中,质量为定值,试验车整备质量为2 545 kg,在试验场中选取直线广场进行试验,试验工况分别为直线加减速、双移线,试验过程中车辆总质量为2 700 kg。
直线加减速工况中采用恒定油门加速到80 km/h,车速稳定后开始减速,在3.1 s后开始估计,第6.1 s达到稳定状态,触发条件如图8所示。最终估计值收敛在2 682 kg附近,相对误差为0.67%,质量估计结果如图9所示。
在实车试验中,选取双移线工况,车辆从零以恒定油门起步,在进入双移线工况前稳定在80 km/h,在11 s后进入双移线转向区域,满足质量估计的触发条件,结果如图10所示,第11 s后开始估计,质量估计值迅速收敛至总质量附近,收敛时估计值为2 678 kg,相对误差为0.82%,质量估计结果如图11所示。
试验道路包含15%、20%和30%的坡道,坡道顶端相连,可以实现上、下坡连续采集。试验1工况为15%上坡-20%下坡-30%上坡-15%下坡,坡度估计结果如图12所示。
试验2工况为20%上坡-30%下坡-15%上坡-20%下坡,坡度估计结果如图13所示。
由综合路段估计结果可知,基于动力学的EKF算法在起步阶段误差较大;基于运动学的KF算法在坡度发生变化时,车身不稳定,加速度传感器存在噪声,造成估计误差。融合算法较好地解决了上述问题,总体误差控制在3%以内。
针对存在侧向力及侧向加速度工况下整车质量估计不准确的问题,本文提出了一种基于纵-横向动力学耦合的方法,设计了整车质量估计触发条件,并结合带遗忘因子的递推最小二乘法,通过仿真与试验进行了验证。结果表明,在具有较大侧向加速度的工况中,质量估计收敛速度快、稳定性好,采用融合运动学卡尔曼滤波和动力学扩展卡尔曼滤波的联合估计算法可以较为准确地估计道路坡度。
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2024年第卷第10期
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.2024270
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-10-15
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    比亚迪汽车工业有限公司汽车工程研究院, 深圳 518118
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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