Article(id=1200070659490542290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070652918072201, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230133, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1682179200000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764048741457, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1731600000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764048741457, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764048741457, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764048741457, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200070652918072201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2024', volume='', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764048739890, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764049437840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200073580382879882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070652918072201, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200073580382879883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070652918072201, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=25, endPage=30, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200070659763172074, articleId=1200070659490542290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Study on Oil Purification Effect and Suitability of Centrifugal Oil Filter, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issue of deterioration of soot caused by EGR technology, a shunt centrifugal oil filter is introduced based on the principle of centrifugal sedimentation, and its structure principle, critical characteristic and influencing factors are systematically reviewed. A magneto-electric test system based on speed characteristics is developed, and the key points of adaptive design of centrifugal oil filter are explored. The soot-removal effects of the centrifugal oil filter are analyzed from the aspects of physical and chemical testing of oil products, plugging life of filter element and driving test. The results show that the soot-filtration effect of centrifugal oil filter is more obvious for EGR models, but slightly redundant for SCR models. The paper analyzes the influence of soot on oil viscosity and the benefit mathematical model of centrifugal rotor filter on fuel consumption builds based on the relationship between oil viscosity on fuel economy.

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为解决废气再循环(EGR)技术造成的碳烟生成加剧问题,基于离心沉降原理引入了分流离心式机油滤清器,并系统梳理了其结构原理、关键特性以及影响因素,开发了基于转速特性的磁电式测试系统,并探索了离心式机油滤清器的适配设计要点,从油品理化检测、滤芯堵塞寿命及行车试验等维度分析了其碳烟滤除效果,结果表明,离心式机油滤清器对EGR机型的碳烟滤除效果更明显,对选择性催化还原(SCR)机型略显冗余。最后,分析了烟炱对机油粘度的影响并基于机油粘度与燃油经济性的关系,搭建了离心式机油滤清器在燃油消耗量方面的收益数学模型。

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机型 缸径×行程
/mm×mm
排量/L 功率/kW 排放控制方案
A 116×142 9.5 294 EGR+选择性催化还原(SCR)
B 116×142 9.5 294 SCR
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试验用柴油机主要技术参数

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机型 缸径×行程
/mm×mm
排量/L 功率/kW 排放控制方案
A 116×142 9.5 294 EGR+选择性催化还原(SCR)
B 116×142 9.5 294 SCR
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试验
项目
试验目的 评价指标
功能匹配测试 判断滤清器产品本身特性及设计匹配边界是否恰当 转速特性
过滤效果测试 分析配置滤清器时对机油含碳量、机油滤清器堵塞的影响以及转子本身质量增加的情况,以评价其过滤效果 机油理化指标;滤清器堵塞寿命;燃油消耗率
), ArticleFig(id=1200070670940992020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070659490542290, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验项目、试验目的及评价指标

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试验
项目
试验目的 评价指标
功能匹配测试 判断滤清器产品本身特性及设计匹配边界是否恰当 转速特性
过滤效果测试 分析配置滤清器时对机油含碳量、机油滤清器堵塞的影响以及转子本身质量增加的情况,以评价其过滤效果 机油理化指标;滤清器堵塞寿命;燃油消耗率
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离心式机油滤清器的机油净化效果及适配性研究
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崔永 1, 2 , 王超 1, 2 , 申加伟 1, 2 , 王磊 1, 2 , 安铭 1, 2
汽车工程师 | 2024,(11): 25-30
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汽车工程师 | 2024, (11): 25-30
离心式机油滤清器的机油净化效果及适配性研究
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崔永1, 2, 王超1, 2, 申加伟1, 2, 王磊1, 2, 安铭1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 内燃机可靠性国家重点实验室, 潍坊 261061
  • 2 潍柴动力股份有限公司, 潍坊 261061
Study on Oil Purification Effect and Suitability of Centrifugal Oil Filter
Yong Cui1, 2, Chao Wang1, 2, Jiawei Shen1, 2, Lei Wang1, 2, Ming An1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Reliability of Internal Combustion Engine, Weifang 261061
  • 2 Weichai Power Co., Ltd., Weifang 261061
出版时间: 2024-11-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230133
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为解决废气再循环(EGR)技术造成的碳烟生成加剧问题,基于离心沉降原理引入了分流离心式机油滤清器,并系统梳理了其结构原理、关键特性以及影响因素,开发了基于转速特性的磁电式测试系统,并探索了离心式机油滤清器的适配设计要点,从油品理化检测、滤芯堵塞寿命及行车试验等维度分析了其碳烟滤除效果,结果表明,离心式机油滤清器对EGR机型的碳烟滤除效果更明显,对选择性催化还原(SCR)机型略显冗余。最后,分析了烟炱对机油粘度的影响并基于机油粘度与燃油经济性的关系,搭建了离心式机油滤清器在燃油消耗量方面的收益数学模型。

离心式机油滤清器  /  碳烟  /  转速特性  /  油品分析

To address the issue of deterioration of soot caused by EGR technology, a shunt centrifugal oil filter is introduced based on the principle of centrifugal sedimentation, and its structure principle, critical characteristic and influencing factors are systematically reviewed. A magneto-electric test system based on speed characteristics is developed, and the key points of adaptive design of centrifugal oil filter are explored. The soot-removal effects of the centrifugal oil filter are analyzed from the aspects of physical and chemical testing of oil products, plugging life of filter element and driving test. The results show that the soot-filtration effect of centrifugal oil filter is more obvious for EGR models, but slightly redundant for SCR models. The paper analyzes the influence of soot on oil viscosity and the benefit mathematical model of centrifugal rotor filter on fuel consumption builds based on the relationship between oil viscosity on fuel economy.

Centrifugal oil filter  /  Soot  /  Speed characteristics  /  Oil analysis
崔永, 王超, 申加伟, 王磊, 安铭. 离心式机油滤清器的机油净化效果及适配性研究. 汽车工程师, 2024 , (11) : 25 -30 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230133
Yong Cui, Chao Wang, Jiawei Shen, Lei Wang, Ming An. Study on Oil Purification Effect and Suitability of Centrifugal Oil Filter[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2024 , (11) : 25 -30 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230133
随着排放法规的日趋严格,废气再循环(Exhaust Gas Recirculation,EGR)等新技术在发动机上的应用越来越广泛。柴油和进入燃烧室的润滑油在空气不足的条件下经过不完全燃烧或热裂解会产生不定形碳(微小的碳微粒)[1]。Hu[2]采用高分辨率透射电镜观察到烟炱在机油中以固体不溶物的形式存在,初始大小约为45 nm。鞠红玲等[3]研究了化学反应动力学过程中碳烟粒子数量与质量的关系,尺寸小于100 nm的碳烟颗粒占颗粒总数量的93.6%。Esangbed等[4]认为在重负荷柴油机中会产生“惰性”烟炱,这种烟炱不易被分散剂分子吸附,从而发生聚集。机油中的烟炱作为单独的小颗粒均匀分散时,一般不会造成粘度的明显提高。但当烟炱粒子增加到一定程度时,会发生凝聚,烟炱与形成胶质的氧化物凝聚成高粘度的网状结构,危害性急速提升[5-6]。解决烟炱问题的关键在于抑制烟炱的产生(途径在于改进燃烧技术和燃料)、防止烟炱的聚集(主要依靠提升机油的清净分散性[7])、切实有效的清除。虽然典型的机油滤清器可以有效滤除对轴承磨损影响较大的5~15 μm粒径范围杂质[8],但对以碳烟颗粒为代表的小粒径颗粒没有滤除效果。
利用离心沉降原理可有效分离密度不同的两相或多相混合物。固相颗粒在液体流动的作用下高速旋转,粒度和密度较大的固体颗粒受到的离心力作用更大,从而产生向旋流器壁迁移的趋势[9]。离心式机油滤清器是由分流式滤清器与全流式机油滤清器构成的复合滤清系统,已应用到主要排量段的主流机型中。罗君等[10]建立了分流离心式滤清器转速特性和液力特性的数学模型,分析了转子转速、驱动流量和进油压力之间的关系,获得了喷嘴口径的最佳范围。Patil等[11]评估了喷嘴尺寸、位置和工艺参数对离心式机油滤油器的转速、稳定性和性能的影响。Bang等[12]利用Fluent软件将油液流动和颗粒运动解耦,利用颗粒跟踪轨迹实现了对不同粒径、颗粒密度和滤材转速下过滤效率的估算。Tambolkar等[13]利用离散相位模型和田口方法(Taguchi Method)改变输入参数,优化过滤器设计,最大限度地提高过滤效率。韦唐凌等[14]利用计算流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)技术对分流离心式机油滤清器在稳定工作状态下的内部流场进行仿真分析,并结合试验结果优化了产品结构。余兀[15]通过耐久试验中的油品监测,证明了离心式机油滤清器能够有效滤除机油中不溶物和Fe。
目前已有研究主要围绕提升离心式机油滤清器的性能,对国家第六阶段机动车污染物排放标准下不同技术路线的适配性及节能减排效果研究较少。本文基于离心式机油滤清器的特性及其影响因素展开分析,通过测试系统研究了匹配要点,并从油品理化分析、机油滤清器寿命、不同路线的行车试验对比以及节能降耗等角度论证离心式机油滤清器在国家第六阶段机动车污染物排放标准商用柴油机上的适配性。
待净化机油在油压驱动下经中空主轴进入转子内腔。转子底部有2个切向反对称的喷嘴,净化后的机油经喷嘴喷出后从滤座底部以正常压力流回油底壳。机油喷出时产生的反作用力驱动转子绕轴做高速圆周运动,转子转速高达6 000~10 000 r/min,离心力为地心引力的2 000倍以上,可将机油中比重较大的杂质甩向转子内壁,达到滤清的目的。
假定一个质量为m0的质点沿某圆心作等速旋转运动,在离心力作用下会产生相对运动并引致分离,将其所受离心力F0和重力G的比值定义为分离因数Fr[16]
Fr=F0/G
其中:
F0=m0ω2r
G=m0g
式中:ω=2πn/60为旋转角速度;r为杂质粒子与转子轴轴心的距离,即回转半径;n为转子转速;g为重力加速度。
经计算,Fr≈1.12×10-3n2r
分离因数表征了离心力相对于重力的作用效果,Fr越大,分离效果越好。分离因数与回转半径、转子转速的平方线性相关,因此,提高转子的转速可以更有效地提高离心力场强度,显著提高离心式机油滤清器的效率。根据能量守恒定律,转子转动所需的能量来自高压机油势能,提高机油流量或进口压力是提高转子转速的有效措施。但转子转速过高会加剧轴承磨损,造成轴的振动弯曲疲劳。转子的临界角速度与转子轴横向振动的自振圆频率完全一致[10,17]。可通过评估目标柴油机的运行路谱判断离心式机油滤清是否适配,如工程类专用汽车因发动机转速低,机油进口压力较低,分流至滤清器的流量较少,转子转速较低,碳烟颗粒的分离过滤作用较差。
试验用柴油机主要技术参数如表1所示。
试验项目、试验目的及评价指标如表2所示。
转子顶部一般设计有花槽用于分散应力、提高刚度,基于此,本文设计了磁电式转速传感器对转子转速进行测量,传感器探头附近磁场每发生一次变化,传感器输出一个正弦波。在转子上部正对传感器的位置粘贴2块磁铁,如图1所示。当转子转过一圈,6个花槽(包括2块磁铁)从传感器探头位置扫过,传感器输出信号如图2所示,其中带磁铁处信号较强。选择每个转速下油温、油压相对稳定的波形,可得图2中正弦波的周期数N与总时间t,进而得到转子转速。
在A机型开发初期,据特性曲线选用的转子在配机测试时转速远低于零部件试验结果,且限压阀开启后,转子转速急剧降至420 r/min,如图3所示。经分析,原因为限压阀和滤清器共用回油口,当限压阀开启时,出现抢流现象,有效面积不足的回油口在曲轴箱压力的反作用下出现机油堵塞,转子浸没于机油中,阻滞力矩过大。优化措施为将滤清器回油口与限压阀回油口分离以获得足够大的回流面积并远离包络线布置,经验证,转子转速实现预期目标。
选用A机型排碳速率最高的工况进行60 h的机油积碳加速试验,分别验证有、无离心式机油滤清器的2种配置,对比机油含碳量和机油粘度的差异,如图4所示。增加离心式机油滤清器后,机油中的含碳量降低50%,粘度亦得到改善。拆检转子,将所得到的胶状物用汽油溶解,烘干后对粉末进行能谱分析(Energy Dispersive Spectrometer,EDS),如图5所示,胶状物的主要元素是C,符合滤除碳烟的预期。
耐久试验后的旧滤芯流阻数据如图6所示,由图6可知:
a. 增加离心式机油滤清器后,纸质全流式滤芯的寿命大幅提升。林进修等[18]研究表明,分流离心式机油滤清器可将纸质全流式滤芯的寿命提高1倍,机油寿命提高55%,连杆轴承和主轴承的磨损速率降低40%~52%。
b. 纸质滤芯的精度不能有效拦截碳烟颗粒,只是在理论上以机械过滤机理进行评估。实际上,碳烟颗粒尺寸不规则且易与胶质氧化物凝结成高粘度的网状结构[19],达到一定尺寸后可被纸质滤芯拦截,其过滤机理兼具架空分离和粘附分离,因此,不采用离心式机油滤清器时纸质滤芯的流阻增大。
在同平台、不同排放技术方案的2台路试车辆上配备离心式机油滤清器,跟踪其转子轴承磨损情况和转子总质量,评估转子的可靠性和杂质滤除质量,以此推断转子的维护周期,如图7所示。
A机型运行10×104 km后,转子已接近使用寿命终点,转子总质量为1 010.54 g。杂质颗粒由转子中心向外壁运动的过程中,所受到的离心力逐渐增大,因此,杂质逐层集聚在壁面,使有效转子半径r逐渐减小,同时,随杂质集聚,质量增加,在油压势能不变的条件下转子转速不断下降,分离过滤效果大幅下降。整个过程中滤除杂质约560.5 g,对机油容量为26 L的机型,相当于损耗(质量分数)2.5%,据GB/T 7607—2010《柴油机油换油指标》,如不配置离心式机油滤清器,EGR机型无法满足10×104 km的换油期目标。
B机型运行16×104 km后,转子腔仍余有较大空间,使用过程中滤除杂质约206.4 g,总质量为656.43 g,剩余寿命约60%,对于机油容量为26 L的机型,相当于损耗(质量分数)0.9%,仍处于机油自身清净分散剂能力范围,因此,未配置离心式机油滤清器的SCR机型行驶16×104 km后,机油的含碳量仍低于换油指标。是否配置离心式机油滤清器要综合考虑实用性、购置成本和维护费用等。
基于前文分析结果研究离心式机油滤清器对燃油消耗率的影响,计算假设条件如下:
a. 假设滤清器增重在整个换油期内是匀速的,且对粘度影响一致;
b. 整个换油期内,机油粘度由初始值13.2 mm2/s至试验终了值17.0 mm2/s(实测值)是匀速增长的,运行10×104 km的总增长率为28.8%,每1×104 km的增长率为2.88%;
c. 百公里燃油消耗量为33 L;
d. EGR机型与SCR机型的机油含碳量增长率参考图8拟合曲线斜率而得,分别为0.35%、0.25%;
e. 滤清器过滤的碳烟对粘度的增长影响占比为10/35;
f. 以不同粘度机油下的燃油消耗率为基础可计算粘度增长对油耗的影响,本研究采用已有经验数据。
按照加权算法,每运行1×104 km,滤清器所过滤的烟炱对粘度及油耗的影响为:0~1×104 km区间粘度增长为(1+0.028 8) mm2/s;1×104 km~2×104 km区间粘度增长为(1+0.028 8)2 mm2/s;依此类推,9×104 km~10×104 km区间粘度增长为(1+0.028 8)10 mm2/s。
搭建换油周期内的节油量数学模型如下:
${f}_{b}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{(1+\frac{\eta -{\eta }_{0}}{T})}^{n}\times \frac{{c}_{1}-{c}_{2}}{{c}_{1}}\times {\eta }_{e}\epsilon $
式中:fb为一个换油期内的节油量;η0η分别为机油粘度的初始值和终了值;T为机油更换周期;c1c2分别为不使用离心式机油滤清器及使用离心式机油滤清器时机油含碳量增长斜率;ηe为该机型的燃油消耗率;ε为单位粘度下降值对燃油消耗率的贡献;n为运行里程的区间序号,以每104 km为一个区间。
以A机型为例,换油周期为10×104 km,假定机油粘度不变,共节省燃油162.8 L,其中离心式机油滤清器的贡献约为46.5 L。
本文基于离心式机油滤清器的特性及影响因素,研究了其设计要点,从油品理化分析、机油滤清器堵塞寿命、行车对比试验以及节能降耗等角度分析了其应用效果,结论如下:
a. EGR技术的应用加剧了积碳的生成,常规机油滤清器无法有效滤除,利用离心沉降原理可分离多相混合物。
b. 离心式机油滤清器是否适配应结合常用路谱确认。
c. 配置离心式机油滤清器后,机油粘度的增长速度降低,机油中含碳量降低约50%,滤芯的堵塞情况显著改善。
d. 离心式机油滤清器对EGR机型滤除效果明显,对SCR机型的收益略显冗余。匹配时应根据具体排放方案、换油期目标等综合评估。
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2024年第卷第11期
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230133
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-11-15
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  • 修回日期:2023-04-23
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    1 内燃机可靠性国家重点实验室, 潍坊 261061
    2 潍柴动力股份有限公司, 潍坊 261061
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