Article(id=1200070658647487173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070647759078025, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240099, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1712073600000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764048741256, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1726329600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764048741256, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764048741256, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764048741256, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200070647759078025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2024', volume='', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764048738660, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764049380600, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200073340305109868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070647759078025, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200073340309304173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070647759078025, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8, endPage=12, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200070659649925854, articleId=1200070658647487173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Study on the Influence of Dual-Rotor System with Micro-Speed Difference on Idle Vibration of AT Vehicle, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The micro-speed difference dual-rotor system composed of a hydraulic torque converter and a crankshaft affects the idle twitch of an Automatic Transmission (AT) vehicle. Through the Hilbert transform of the dynamic unbalanced coupling excitation force of the dual-rotor system, it is revealed that the beat vibration of the component is the root cause of the regular idle twitch. The maximum twitch amplitude is the sum of the excitation forces, and the twitch time interval is the difference between the excitation force frequencies. The Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems (ADAMS) model including engine, transmission and mounting system is established and simulated. The results show that the closer the vertical rigid body mode of the powertrain is to the excitation frequency, the greater the vertical first-order dynamic stiffness of the hydraulic mount and the greater the vibration amplitude. Therefore, the idle twitch can be improved by the frequency avoidance design of the Z-direction mode of the powertrain and the dynamic unbalance excitation frequency of the crankshaft, reducing the vertical dynamic stiffness of the hydraulic mount, and improving the vibration isolation performance of the mount system.

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为分析液力变矩器与曲轴组成的微转速差双转子系统对自动液力变速器(AT)车型怠速抽动的影响,通过对双转子系统动不平衡耦合激励力进行希尔伯特变换(Hilbert Transform),揭示出部件拍振是导致有规律怠速抽动的根本原因,其抽动激励幅值最大值为激励力之和,抽动间隔频率为激励力频率之差。建立包括发动机、变速器、悬置等系统的机械系统动力学自动分析(ADAMS)模型并进行仿真,结果表明,动力总成垂向刚体模态频率与激励频率越接近,液压悬置垂向一阶动刚度越大,振动幅值越大。因此,可通过动力总成Z向模态频率与曲轴动不平衡激励频率间的避频设计、降低液压悬置垂向动刚度、提高悬置系统的隔振性能等方式改善怠速抽动。

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方向 纵向 横向 垂向 侧倾 俯仰 横摆
实测值 12.3 13.5 8.9 7.8 6.1 6.1
计算值 12.2 13.7 9.1 8.4 6.1 6.3
), ArticleFig(id=1200407198590423454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070658647487173, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

动力总成刚体模态频率实测值与计算值对比 Hz

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方向 纵向 横向 垂向 侧倾 俯仰 横摆
实测值 12.3 13.5 8.9 7.8 6.1 6.1
计算值 12.2 13.7 9.1 8.4 6.1 6.3
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微转速差双转子系统对自动液力变速器车型怠速抽动的影响研究
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李兴泉 1, 2 , 付江华 2 , 贾小利 1 , 邓仁伟 1 , 李宏成 1 , 魏宏杰 3
汽车工程师 | 2024,(9): 8-12
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汽车工程师 | 2024, (9): 8-12
微转速差双转子系统对自动液力变速器车型怠速抽动的影响研究
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李兴泉1, 2, 付江华2, 贾小利1, 邓仁伟1, 李宏成1, 魏宏杰3
作者信息
  • 1 重庆长安汽车股份有限公司汽车工程研究总院, 重庆 401120
  • 2 重庆理工大学, 重庆 400054
  • 3 重庆交通大学, 重庆 400074
Study on the Influence of Dual-Rotor System with Micro-Speed Difference on Idle Vibration of AT Vehicle
Xingquan Li1, 2, Jianghua Fu2, Xiaoli Jia1, Renwei Deng1, Hongcheng Li1, Hongjie Wei3
Affiliations
  • 1 Chang’an Auto Global R&D Center, Chongqing Chang’an Automobile Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120
  • 2 Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054
  • 3 Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074
出版时间: 2024-09-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240099
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为分析液力变矩器与曲轴组成的微转速差双转子系统对自动液力变速器(AT)车型怠速抽动的影响,通过对双转子系统动不平衡耦合激励力进行希尔伯特变换(Hilbert Transform),揭示出部件拍振是导致有规律怠速抽动的根本原因,其抽动激励幅值最大值为激励力之和,抽动间隔频率为激励力频率之差。建立包括发动机、变速器、悬置等系统的机械系统动力学自动分析(ADAMS)模型并进行仿真,结果表明,动力总成垂向刚体模态频率与激励频率越接近,液压悬置垂向一阶动刚度越大,振动幅值越大。因此,可通过动力总成Z向模态频率与曲轴动不平衡激励频率间的避频设计、降低液压悬置垂向动刚度、提高悬置系统的隔振性能等方式改善怠速抽动。

微转速差双转子系统  /  自动变速器  /  怠速  /  抽动  /  液力变矩器  /  发动机

The micro-speed difference dual-rotor system composed of a hydraulic torque converter and a crankshaft affects the idle twitch of an Automatic Transmission (AT) vehicle. Through the Hilbert transform of the dynamic unbalanced coupling excitation force of the dual-rotor system, it is revealed that the beat vibration of the component is the root cause of the regular idle twitch. The maximum twitch amplitude is the sum of the excitation forces, and the twitch time interval is the difference between the excitation force frequencies. The Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems (ADAMS) model including engine, transmission and mounting system is established and simulated. The results show that the closer the vertical rigid body mode of the powertrain is to the excitation frequency, the greater the vertical first-order dynamic stiffness of the hydraulic mount and the greater the vibration amplitude. Therefore, the idle twitch can be improved by the frequency avoidance design of the Z-direction mode of the powertrain and the dynamic unbalance excitation frequency of the crankshaft, reducing the vertical dynamic stiffness of the hydraulic mount, and improving the vibration isolation performance of the mount system.

Dual-rotor system with micro-speed difference  /  Automatic Transmission (AT)  /  Idle  /  Twitch  /  Torque Converter  /  Engine
李兴泉, 付江华, 贾小利, 邓仁伟, 李宏成, 魏宏杰. 微转速差双转子系统对自动液力变速器车型怠速抽动的影响研究. 汽车工程师, 2024 , (9) : 8 -12 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240099
Xingquan Li, Jianghua Fu, Xiaoli Jia, Renwei Deng, Hongcheng Li, Hongjie Wei. Study on the Influence of Dual-Rotor System with Micro-Speed Difference on Idle Vibration of AT Vehicle[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2024 , (9) : 8 -12 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240099
怠速抽动是指汽车在怠速工况下,车内乘员感受到的间歇性振动[1-2]。由于不存在路面激励等干扰,怠速抽动更容易被用户感知和引起抱怨,是汽车NVH性能开发需解决的关键问题之一。
怠速抽动可分为抽动间隔不同的无规律怠速抽动和抽动间隔相同的有规律怠速抽动两类。
无规律怠速抽动一般与气缸偶发性的点火、燃烧异常等相关,可通过燃烧稳定性测试等方法进行原因分析和优化。Ajovalasit等[3]研究了燃烧气体压力峰值对振动加速度振幅的影响。Stout等[4]提出利用燃烧均匀性对怠速抽动进行评价。
有规律怠速抽动一般与旋转部件的动不平衡激励耦合引起的拍振相关。Lim[5]、Phan[6]等研究发现,散热器冷却风扇、涡轮增压器转子动不平衡对怠速抽动有重要影响。程林等[7]提出发动机曲轴及变速器输入轴不平衡量是怠速一阶振动的重要影响因素。自动液力变速器(Automatic Transmission,AT)车型液力变矩器与发动机怠速工况的耦合运动也会引起怠速抽动,但未见相关文献报道。拍振引起的怠速抽动由于转动部件之间的转速差小、频率接近,常规的频谱分析很难进行信号分离[8],一般通过将两个不同频率的正弦信号之和进行三角函数变换来分析拍振频率成分[9]。主观评价感受到的有规律间歇性抽动,在客观测试中体现为振动加速度时域信号包络线的有规律变化,其变化的频率、幅值与旋转部件之间的转速差、动不平衡量等的数学关系,未见相关文献报道。动力总成系统含有多个旋转部件,难以通过数学关系快速判定引起怠速抽动的关键部件,一般通过对各部件单独扰动进行分析和优化[10-15],费时费力。希尔伯特变换(Hilbert Transform)能够将实信号变为复信号,进而对拍振信号的包络和瞬时频率进行分析。周永举[8]、徐军等[16]结合希尔伯特变换等方法,对卧螺离心机的拍振问题进行了研究,可为自动液力变速器车型怠速抽动问题提供一定的参考。
本文通过建立自动液力变速器车型液力变矩器涡轮与曲轴的拍振分析模型,采用希尔伯特变换对抽动的包络线和瞬时频率进行分析,揭示抽动的时间间隔、振动幅值与涡轮转速、动不平衡量等的数学关系,进一步建立包括发动机、变速器、悬置系统的机械系统动力学自动分析(Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems,ADAMS)模型,分析动力总成刚体模态、液压悬置一阶动刚度等对怠速抽动的影响。
搭载自动液力变速器的动力总成在怠速工况下,发动机曲轴的转动带动液力变矩器泵轮同步转动,液力变矩器涡轮在液压油的作用下同时转动,且因存在一定的液力传动损失,涡轮的转速略低于发动机曲轴转速[17],涡轮与曲轴组成了微转速差双转子系统,同时,曲轴端和涡轮端均存在一定的动不平衡量。假设两个动不平衡激励F1F2分别为:
${F}_{1}\left(t\right)={A}_{1}sin ({\omega }_{1}t+{\varphi }_{1})$
${F}_{2}\left(t\right)={A}_{2}sin ({\omega }_{2}t+{\varphi }_{2})$
式中:A1A2分别为F1F2的激励力幅值,ω1ω2分别为F1F2的圆频率,ϕ1ϕ2分别为F1F2的初始相位,t为激励力的作用时间。
F1F2共同作用到同一根旋转轴上,其合力F(t)为:
$F\left(t\right)={F}_{1}\left(t\right)+{F}_{2}\left(t\right)={A}_{1}sin ({\omega }_{1}t+{\varphi }_{1})+{A}_{2}sin ({\omega }_{2}t+{\varphi }_{2})$
ω1ω2差异较小时,F1F2组成的微转速差双转子系统容易产生拍振,时域信号表现为有规律间歇性抽动。
为求得F(t)的包络线,对其进行希尔伯特变换,令
${\alpha }_{1}={\omega }_{1}t+{\varphi }_{1}, {\alpha }_{2}={\omega }_{2}t+{\varphi }_{2}$
$\widehat{F}\left(t\right)=\frac{1}{\pi }{\int }_{-\infty }^{+\infty }\frac{F\left(t\right)}{t-\tau }dt=F\left(t\right)·\frac{1}{\pi t}={A}_{1}cos\left({\alpha }_{1}\right)+{A}_{2}cos \left({\alpha }_{2}\right)$
式中:$\widehat{F}\left(t\right)$F(t)在正频延迟π/2,在负频超前π/2的相位结果;$\tau $表示在不同时间点的取值。
定义振动信号为:
$Z\left(t\right)=F\left(t\right)+j\widehat{F}\left(t\right)={A}_{1}sin\left({\alpha }_{1}\right)+{A}_{2}sin\left({\alpha }_{2}\right)+j \left[{A}_{1}cos\right({\alpha }_{1})+{A}_{2}cos({\alpha }_{2}\left)\right]$
式中:j为虚数单位。
Z(t)幅值信号的包络线可表示为:
$\begin{aligned} & A(t)=\sqrt{F^2(t)+\hat{F}^2(t)} \\ & =\sqrt{\left[A_1 \sin \left(\alpha_1\right)+A_2 \sin \left(\alpha_2\right)\right]^2+\left[A_1 \cos \left(\alpha_1\right)+A_2 \cos \left(\alpha_2\right)\right]^2} \\ & =\sqrt{A_1^2+A_2^2+2 A_1 A_2 \cos \left(\alpha_1-\alpha_2\right)} \end{aligned}$
式中:A(t)为F(t)的瞬时幅值。
将式(4)代入式(7),可得:
$A\left(t\right)=\sqrt{{{A}_{1}}^{2}+{{A}_{2}}^{2}+2{A}_{1}{A}_{2}cos\left[\right({\omega }_{1}-{\omega }_{2})t+({\varphi }_{1}-{\varphi }_{2}\left)\right]}$
由式(8)可知,通过将激励力进行希尔伯特变换,其抽动激励幅值最大值为A1+A2,抽动间隔频率为(ω1-ω2)/2π=f1-f2,其中f1f2为激励力频率。因此,可以通过拍振信号的抽动时间间隔,并结合各转动部件的旋转角速度,确定产生拍振问题的主要部件。
搭载自动液力变速器的动力总成由于液力变矩器曲轴和涡轮组成了微转速差双转子系统,容易导致动力总成和座椅存在等时间间隔的振动,即怠速抽动。
假设涡轮动不平衡量为U1、转速为n1,泵轮及曲轴动不平衡量为U2、转速为n2,则式(1)和式(2)中,由动不平衡量引起的激励力幅值和圆频率分别为:
${A}_{1}={U}_{1}\frac{\pi {n}_{1}}{30}, {A}_{2}={U}_{2}\frac{\pi {n}_{2}}{30}, {\omega }_{1}=\frac{\pi {n}_{1}}{30}, {\omega }_{2}=\frac{\pi {n}_{2}}{30}$
将式(9)代入式(8),即可通过拍振信号的抽动时间间隔,并结合各转动部件转速,快速确定引起抽动问题的关键部件。
某搭载四缸发动机和自动液力变速器的车型在怠速工况下,乘员感受到座椅存在有规律的怠速抽动。经发动机振动加速度测试(右悬置主动端安装点),发现曲轴一阶动不平衡激励频率11.3 Hz附近(曲轴转速为750 r/min)存在间歇性抽动特征,如图1a所示,提取11.3 Hz附近的振动加速度曲线,存在时间间隔为5 s左右的有规律抽动特征,如图1b所示。
根据怠速抽动原理,初步判断怠速抽动为两个旋转部件动不平衡激励的拍振所致。结合式(8)的分析,根据抽动的时间间隔及曲轴转速计算另一个存在微转速差的转动部件的转速,可以快速确定拍振部件。
该间歇性抽动问题的时间间隔为5 s,对应的频率为0.2 Hz,发动机怠速转速为750 r/min,如果存在某部件与发动机曲轴拍振,根据式(8)可得到其转速为738 r/min。
分析怠速工况下动力总成各转动部件,发现该车型液力变矩器涡轮在泵轮带动的液力冲击下,其转速测试结果为738 r/min,推测该问题是由涡轮与曲轴组成的微转速差系统产生的拍振所致。
根据曲轴、液力变矩器涡轮动不平衡量实测值(曲轴为16 g·cm,涡轮为80 g·cm),由式(8)计算两个旋转部件作用力拍振幅值特性,结果如图2所示。拍振时间间隔为5 s,与图1b所示的抽动测试结果一致,表明液力变矩器涡轮与曲轴系统组成的微转速差系统拍振是导致怠速抽动的根本原因。
为进一步研究刚体模态、悬置刚度等对该抽动问题的影响并提出优化措施,基于ADAMS软件平台,建立包括动力系统、悬置系统的多体动力学模型,以发动机实测缸压为激励输入,以右悬置被动侧振动加速度响应为目标,研究拍振激励在动力总成及悬置系统中的传递规律,提出关键控制措施。在怠速抽动激励频率附近,车身、悬架系统等一般不存在与怠速抽动激励耦合的模态,建模时悬置被动端只考虑安装点动刚度的影响。该车型动力总成为直列四缸发动机、8AT变速器,悬置系统为扭矩轴布置的三点式悬置,右悬置为液压悬置。建立的多体动力学模型如图3所示,其主要组成部件包括活塞、连杆、曲轴、驱动盘、液力变矩器、悬置系统等。
在曲柄-连杆机构上,活塞与发动机箱体之间通过直线副连接。活塞上固定有活塞销,活塞销与连杆通过圆柱副连接,允许两者存在角度变化。连杆与曲轴之间通过旋转副连接,连杆大头端可以绕曲轴旋转。曲轴和液力变矩器通过旋转副与动力总成壳体连接,绕曲轴中心线作旋转运动。在驱动盘、液力变矩器远离轴线位置分配动不平衡量(曲轴为16 g·cm,涡轮为80 g·cm)。
动力总成刚体模态频率计算结果与实测结果如表1所示,二者的一致性是评价该动力学模型准确性的关键指标之一。刚体模态频率计算结果与实测结果误差小于1 Hz,一致性较好,表明所建立的多体动力学模型具有较高的准确性。
以各气缸实测缸压和转速作为输入、右悬置被动端振动加速度响应为输出进行仿真计算,仿真结果与实测结果对比如图4所示。
对比右悬置主动端振动加速度可知,在曲轴动不平衡激励频率11.3 Hz附近,间歇性振动的计算结果与实测结果、抽动间隔和幅值对应较好,表明已建立的多体动力学模型较好地复现了怠速抽动问题。右悬置振动实测结果中,除曲轴一阶转速激励频率外,其他频率段也存在振动特征,这是因为实车测试中动力总成附件存在其他频率成分的激励。其他频率的振动不影响怠速抽动问题的分析计算,因此本次仿真未予考虑。
基于上述动力学模型,根据怠速抽动问题的拍振机理及振动传递关系,对涡轮、曲轴、悬置系统等影响因素进行分析,以找出关键影响因素及优化措施。
涡轮与曲轴的转速差、涡轮动不平衡量、悬置系统模态、悬置刚度等对怠速抽动振动加速度的影响如图5所示。
图5a可知,涡轮与曲轴的转速差越大,振动加速度幅值越小,仿真结果与式(8)的理论推导结论一致。此外,涡轮不平衡量增加(图5b)、动力总成Z向模态频率与曲轴激励频率相近(图5c),以及右悬置Z向刚度增大(图5d),均会导致振动加速度明显增大。
自动液力变速器车型怠速工况下,液力变矩器涡轮与曲轴组成的微转速差双转子系统动不平衡引起的拍振是导致间歇性有规律怠速抽动的根本原因。
对怠速抽动的激励力进行希尔伯特变换可知,抽动幅值最大值为激励力之和,抽动间隔频率为激励频率之差。动力总成Z向模态频率和液压悬置垂向动刚度对怠速抽动幅值有重要影响,刚体模态频率与激励频率越接近,动刚度越大,振动幅值越大。因此,可通过动力总成Z向模态与曲轴动不平衡激励频率的避频设计、降低液压悬置垂向动刚度、提高悬置系统的隔振性能等方式改善怠速抽动。
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2024年第卷第9期
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240099
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-09-15
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  • 修回日期:2024-04-03
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    1 重庆长安汽车股份有限公司汽车工程研究总院, 重庆 401120
    2 重庆理工大学, 重庆 400054
    3 重庆交通大学, 重庆 400074
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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