Article(id=1200070657695380111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070648174314131, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230503, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1701964800000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764048741029, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1728921600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764048741029, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764048741029, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764048741029, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200070648174314131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2024', volume='', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764048738759, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764049409565, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200073461822488711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070648174314131, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200073461822488712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070648174314131, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=44, endPage=48, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200070657963815585, articleId=1200070657695380111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Millimeter Wave Radar Occlusion Detection Based on Spectral Estimation, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problem of target detection failure of millimeter wave radar due to radar occlusion under complex road conditions, this paper proposes a radar occlusion detection method based on spectral estimation. Multi-channel signal accumulation is used to solve the two-dimensional spectrum of echo, adaptive CFAR detection algorithm is used to eliminate the radar target, and Spectrum estimation is used to solve the echo background power. The occlusion detection is accomplished by counting the energy distribution characteristics of the echo in a certain time interval. The experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve the radar occlusion state estimation with an accuracy of over 70% in 10 s and over 90% in 100 s.

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为解决复杂路况下毫米波雷达被遮挡而导致目标检测失效的问题,提出一种基于谱估计的雷达遮挡检测方法。利用多通道信号积累求解目标回波二维谱,采用自适应恒虚警检测算法剔除雷达目标,运用谱估计求解回波背景功率,通过统计回波在一定时间区间的能量分布特性完成遮挡检测。试验结果表明,该方法能够实现雷达遮挡状态估计,10 s内检测准确率超过70%,100 s内检测准确率达到90%以上。

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编号 遮挡物类别 说明
1 无遮挡(公路) 用于对比验证
2 无遮挡(停车场) 用于对比验证
3 水袋 测试下雨遮挡
4 冰袋 测试下雪遮挡
5 泥土 测试泥土遮挡
6 湿纸巾(多层) 测试不同强度下雨遮挡场景
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遮挡物测试类别

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编号 遮挡物类别 说明
1 无遮挡(公路) 用于对比验证
2 无遮挡(停车场) 用于对比验证
3 水袋 测试下雨遮挡
4 冰袋 测试下雪遮挡
5 泥土 测试泥土遮挡
6 湿纸巾(多层) 测试不同强度下雨遮挡场景
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编号 遮挡类别 数据帧序号
1 无遮挡 1~8 900
2 1层纸巾 8 901~14 700
3 2层纸巾 14 701~21 000
4 3层纸巾 21 001及以后
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告警测试记录

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编号 遮挡类别 数据帧序号
1 无遮挡 1~8 900
2 1层纸巾 8 901~14 700
3 2层纸巾 14 701~21 000
4 3层纸巾 21 001及以后
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基于谱估计的毫米波雷达遮挡检测
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王震 , 龙超 , 龚宝泉
汽车工程师 | 2024,(10): 44-48
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汽车工程师 | 2024, (10): 44-48
基于谱估计的毫米波雷达遮挡检测
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王震, 龙超, 龚宝泉
作者信息
  • 中汽创智科技有限公司, 南京 211100
Millimeter Wave Radar Occlusion Detection Based on Spectral Estimation
Zhen Wang, Chao Long, Baoquan Gong
Affiliations
  • China Automotive Innovation Corporation, Nanjing 211100
出版时间: 2024-10-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230503
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为解决复杂路况下毫米波雷达被遮挡而导致目标检测失效的问题,提出一种基于谱估计的雷达遮挡检测方法。利用多通道信号积累求解目标回波二维谱,采用自适应恒虚警检测算法剔除雷达目标,运用谱估计求解回波背景功率,通过统计回波在一定时间区间的能量分布特性完成遮挡检测。试验结果表明,该方法能够实现雷达遮挡状态估计,10 s内检测准确率超过70%,100 s内检测准确率达到90%以上。

自动驾驶  /  毫米波雷达  /  谱估计  /  遮挡检测

In order to solve the problem of target detection failure of millimeter wave radar due to radar occlusion under complex road conditions, this paper proposes a radar occlusion detection method based on spectral estimation. Multi-channel signal accumulation is used to solve the two-dimensional spectrum of echo, adaptive CFAR detection algorithm is used to eliminate the radar target, and Spectrum estimation is used to solve the echo background power. The occlusion detection is accomplished by counting the energy distribution characteristics of the echo in a certain time interval. The experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve the radar occlusion state estimation with an accuracy of over 70% in 10 s and over 90% in 100 s.

Autopilot  /  Millimeter wave radar  /  Spectrum estimation  /  Occlusion detection
王震, 龙超, 龚宝泉. 基于谱估计的毫米波雷达遮挡检测. 汽车工程师, 2024 , (10) : 44 -48 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230503
Zhen Wang, Chao Long, Baoquan Gong. Millimeter Wave Radar Occlusion Detection Based on Spectral Estimation[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2024 , (10) : 44 -48 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230503
毫米波雷达具有距离分辨率较高、辐射功率低、质量和体积小等优点,广泛应用于高级驾驶辅助系统和自动驾驶等领域[1-2]。当车载毫米波雷达被雨雪、泥污等外来物遮挡时,雷达电磁波辐射受阻,目标检测能力下降,严重时将导致检测失效,威胁驾驶安全[3-4]。因此,车载毫米波雷达遮挡检测是车辆的必备功能[5]
传统的雷达遮挡识别方法大致分为基于雷达与其他传感器融合的方法、基于遮挡前后目标探测或航迹数量统计的方法、基于雷达探测威力变化的方法。基于雷达与其他传感器融合的方法,如通过相机数据和雷达数据融合检测雷达的遮挡状态[6],操作复杂且成本较高。基于遮挡前、后目标探测或航迹数量统计的方法[7-8]通过观察雷达对环境目标检测的直观结果判断是否被遮挡,但当雷达探测目标数量较少是因为有雨雪或灰尘等不易查觉的遮挡存在,或因视野范围内没有汽车等有效目标,则无法准确判断是被遮挡或确实没有有效探测目标。此外,利用标定目标的强度变化可以判断雷达遮挡状态[7],即通过已知目标在遮挡前、后的信号幅度或者功率变化判定雷达是否被遮挡,这种方法多以已知的静止目标作为参考,如道路护栏或引入外部合作设备作为参考,但因护栏材料和尺寸存在差异,遮挡前、后的目标强度变化稳定性差,易产生误判[8]。基于雷达探测威力变化的方法[9]根据雷达被遮挡时目标检测数量和强度下降、探测距离缩短判断遮挡情况。该方法易受行驶路况的影响,准确率较低,在遮挡物为泥、雪等轻微遮挡情况下易造成误判。
上述遮挡检测方法多应用于视觉检测或者理论研究,应用于工程实践的遮挡检测及性能研究未见报道。本文提出一种基于回波谱密度的遮挡检测方法,通过对其各通道信号的频谱分布特征变化进行统计分析判断雷达遮挡情况,并实车验证算法的遮挡检测性能。
雷达的目标探测过程如图1所示。雷达接收功率与雷达目标散射截面之间的关系由雷达方程描述[10]
${P}_{r}=\frac{{P}_{t}G}{4\pi {R}_{1}^{2}}\cdot \sigma \cdot \frac{1}{4\pi {R}_{2}^{2}}\cdot {A}_{e}$
式中:PrPt分别为雷达接收功率、发射功率,G为发射天线增益,σ为目标截面积,R1R2分别为目标与发射天线、接收天线的距离,Ae为接收天线有效孔径面积。
雷达接收的回波中,除目标反射的回波信息外,还包含干扰、噪声、杂波。雷达被遮挡时,天线辐射电磁波能量严重衰减,即天线增益明显下降,导致雷达接收回波能量降低,故可通过分析雷达接收回波能量谱检测雷达遮挡情况。
本文提出的毫米波雷达遮挡检测方法流程主要由数据获取、通道信号积累、目标剔除、谱估计、遮挡检测5个部分组成,流程如图2所示。
车载毫米波雷达采用时分多输入多输出(Time-Division Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,TD-MIMO)体制,由M个发射天线和N个接收天线构成,在一个完整数据帧周期内,发射天线依次发射电磁信号,经过目标反射后,由接收天线同时接收,共有M×N个接收通道数据,此数据包含周围环境探测信息。对此数据进行二维傅里叶变换处理,获取M×N个接收通道目标的距离维和速度维信息数据[11]
获取帧周期内的距离-速度信息矩阵W=(r,d,m,n),其中,r=1,2,…,1 024为距离单元,d=1,2,…,512为速度单元,m=1,2,3为发射天线单元,n=1,2,3,4为接收天线单元。将多通道数据累加,形成目标观测矩阵W1(r,d):
${W}_{1}(r,d)=\sum _{m=1}^{M}\sum _{n=1}^{N}W(r,d,m,n)$
通道积累将M×N个接收通道数据累加,充分利用多通道数据信息,并有效降低了数据维度,为后续处理节省了运算时间。
对目标观测矩阵进行目标检索,分别在距离维和速度维进行恒虚警检测,将检出的目标剔除,减少目标能量对雷达接收回波背景的影响。均值类恒虚警检测[12]的流程如图3所示,雷达目标观测向量为(x1,…,xk,xk+1,…,xK),其中K=1 024为观测矩阵长度。针对观测矩阵的每一个观测点,设定一定长度的检测窗口,窗口的大小和形态依据环境噪声分布调节。
检测窗口以待检测单元D为中心,分别计算左侧窗口的信号功率均值X和右侧窗口的信号功率均值Y;将统计功率均值Z乘以阈值系数α=4,形成功率比较阈值T,并与待检测单元的功率PD进行比较,判定待检测单元是否为目标信号。Z的计算依据背景环境的不同采用不同的计算准则,均匀杂波背景、杂波边缘、多目标背景的统计功率均值计算公式分别为:
ZCA=mean(X,Y)
ZGO=max(X,Y)
ZSO=min(X,Y)
当待检测单元存在目标信号时,将待测单元回波置零,消除雷达回波中的目标能量影响,便于后续遮挡检测。此时,经过傅里叶变换处理和恒虚警检测后的回波剔除了车辆、行人、护栏等目标反射回波信息。
为了准确估计目标剔除后的回波谱能量,减少干扰、噪声产生的窄脉冲影响,指定距离区间数据进行谱估计。
假定目标剔除后回波数据为W1(r,d),对距离区间[r1,r2]数据进行累加,形成距离积累数据W2(d):
${W}_{2}\left(d\right)=\sum _{r={r}_{1}}^{{r}_{2}}{W}_{1}(r,d)$
距离积累后的数据包含了不同速度分量的频谱能量分布信息,对W2(d)进行频谱能量分析,搜索速度维的频谱能量最大值,生成值函数W3
${W}_{3}=\underset{d}{max}\left[{W}_{2}\left(d\right)\right]$
值函数反映了距离区间的最大速度谱,对距离区间进行归一化处理后,得到归一化的值函数W3,完成速度谱密度计算。
在统计周期内,统计速度谱密度超过预设阈值的次数c,毫米波雷达每接收一帧数据,即进行一次统计。
由于车辆运动状态的不同,速度谱分布和能量强弱存在较大差异,因此,雷达回波的速度谱密度判别分开进行。当车辆静止时,如果W3不大于预设值C1,计数值加1,否则保持不变;当车辆运动时,如果W3不大于预设值C2,计数值加1,否则保持不变。其中C1C2分别为车辆静止状态和车辆运动状态下回波谱估计预设值。
此外,回波速度谱密度与判别阈值之间的数量关系反映了雷达被遮挡的程度。依据雷达回波速度谱密度强弱,可以进行遮挡危险等级分级。当回波速度谱密度小于25 dB时,判定为严重遮挡;当回波速度谱密度在25~40 dB范围内时,判定为轻微遮挡;当回波速度谱密度大于40 dB时,判定为正常工作。
外场测试时雷达安装在试验车辆左前方,将不同的遮挡物覆盖到雷达表面,分别采集试验车在路边停车、地下停车场环境,以及被水袋、冰袋、泥土、湿纸巾等多种遮挡物遮挡条件下的雷达原始数据。遮挡物的类型如表1所示。
不同遮挡物对雷达的遮挡效果如图4所示,其中,薄土遮盖和厚土遮盖的厚度分别为约1 mm和约3 mm。
获取雷达回波数据后,按照本文的处理流程进行遮挡检测。当雷达被遮挡时,统计近距离区间的速度谱密度,不同场景的谱密度统计结果如图5所示。
测试结果表明:当雷达被遮挡时,雷达接收回波在指定距离区间段的谱密度统计值明显低于正常道路的统计结果,当谱密度低于40 dB时,判定雷达存在遮挡的概率较大;对雷达遮挡后的谱密度由大到小排序的结果说明,遮挡物对雷达的遮挡能力从低到高依次是泥土、薄纸巾、冰水、厚纸巾;纸巾层数增加后,对雷达的遮挡能力增强;地下停车场因为存在较多的车辆强反射回波,谱密度功率统计值明显高于其他类型。
为了克服雷达回波的波动及突发的短暂遮挡(如行人从车前走过),对遮挡检测设定了不同统计周期和统计次数c的累计次数门限,从而控制实车应用时遮挡告警的触发频率。
外场测试时,雷达安装在试验车辆左前方,分别记录4个状态下的雷达回波数据,遮挡告警测试记录如表2所示。
统计周期分别设置为100 s、10 s,记录测试过程中回波谱密度、行车速度随时间变化情况如图6所示,遮挡检测结果如图7所示。
试验结果表明:当遮挡告警按100 s周期输出时,遮挡告警准确率达90%以上,误报率为0,其中,1层纸巾的首次告警成功率达到100%,5 min后告警成功率下降,3层纸巾遮挡10 min后告警成功率下降,可能与纸巾中水分随时间推移而减少,影响遮挡效果有关;当遮挡告警按10 s周期输出时,遮挡告警准确率为70%以上,误报率为0,其中,1层纸巾的首次告警时刻较100 s周期输出时提前,随着时间推移,行车过程中存在告警失败,原因与纸巾中水分随时间减少有关。
不同周期的测试结果表明,随着遮挡告警周期缩短,告警次数明显增加,但是遮挡告警准确率略有下降。合适的告警周期需要根据实际需求确定。
本文针对复杂路况下毫米波雷达被遮挡而导致检测失效的问题,通过分析各通道信号的频谱分布特征变化判断雷达遮挡情况,并实车验证了算法的遮挡检测性能。结果表明,该方案检测准确率高、鲁棒性强。
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230503
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-10-15
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    中汽创智科技有限公司, 南京 211100
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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