Article(id=1200070656609055315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070647759078025, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230446, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1697126400000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764048740769, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1726329600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764048740769, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764048740769, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764048740769, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200070647759078025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2024', volume='', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764048738660, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764049380600, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200073340305109868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070647759078025, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200073340309304173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070647759078025, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=31, endPage=37, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200070656906850913, articleId=1200070656609055315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Modeling and Key Parameter Analysis of Automotive CDC Damper Solenoid Valve, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to discover the effects of automotive Continuous Damping Control (CDC) shock absorber solenoid valve on electromagnetic force, the two-dimensional simulation model of CDC shock absorber solenoid valve is established under ANSYS Maxwell environment, and working air gap, material properties, moving iron core radius and other parameters are simulated and analyzed to obtain the relation curve of electromagnetic force of CDC shock absorber solenoid valve with each parameter. The influence of different structural parameters on electromagnetic force of CDC shock absorber solenoid valve is analyzed. The results show that electromagnet properties and moving iron core radius have a great impact on solenoid force and displacement relation curve. The solenoid valve can be optimized by changing related parameters.

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获得汽车连续阻尼控制(CDC)减振器电磁阀关键参数对电磁力的影响规律,在ANSYS Maxwell环境下建立CDC减振器电磁阀二维仿真模型,并对工作气隙、材料属性、动铁芯半径等参数进行仿真分析,得到CDC减振器电磁阀电磁力随各参数变化的关系曲线,分析了不同结构参数变化对CDC减振器电磁阀电磁力的影响。结果表明:电磁铁材料属性、动铁芯半径对电磁阀的电磁力与位移关系曲线影响较为显著,可通过改变相关参数对电磁阀开展优化设计。

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汽车连续阻尼控制减振器电磁阀建模与关键参数影响分析
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徐莉 , 陈双 , 华仲让
汽车工程师 | 2024,(9): 31-37
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汽车工程师 | 2024, (9): 31-37
汽车连续阻尼控制减振器电磁阀建模与关键参数影响分析
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徐莉, 陈双, 华仲让
作者信息
  • 辽宁工业大学, 锦州 121000
Modeling and Key Parameter Analysis of Automotive CDC Damper Solenoid Valve
Li Xu, Shuang Chen, Zhongrang Hua
Affiliations
  • Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou 121000
出版时间: 2024-09-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230446
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获得汽车连续阻尼控制(CDC)减振器电磁阀关键参数对电磁力的影响规律,在ANSYS Maxwell环境下建立CDC减振器电磁阀二维仿真模型,并对工作气隙、材料属性、动铁芯半径等参数进行仿真分析,得到CDC减振器电磁阀电磁力随各参数变化的关系曲线,分析了不同结构参数变化对CDC减振器电磁阀电磁力的影响。结果表明:电磁铁材料属性、动铁芯半径对电磁阀的电磁力与位移关系曲线影响较为显著,可通过改变相关参数对电磁阀开展优化设计。

电磁力  /  电磁阀  /  材料属性  /  结构参数

In order to discover the effects of automotive Continuous Damping Control (CDC) shock absorber solenoid valve on electromagnetic force, the two-dimensional simulation model of CDC shock absorber solenoid valve is established under ANSYS Maxwell environment, and working air gap, material properties, moving iron core radius and other parameters are simulated and analyzed to obtain the relation curve of electromagnetic force of CDC shock absorber solenoid valve with each parameter. The influence of different structural parameters on electromagnetic force of CDC shock absorber solenoid valve is analyzed. The results show that electromagnet properties and moving iron core radius have a great impact on solenoid force and displacement relation curve. The solenoid valve can be optimized by changing related parameters.

Electromagnetic force  /  Solenoid valve  /  Material properties  /  Structure parameters
徐莉, 陈双, 华仲让. 汽车连续阻尼控制减振器电磁阀建模与关键参数影响分析. 汽车工程师, 2024 , (9) : 31 -37 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230446
Li Xu, Shuang Chen, Zhongrang Hua. Modeling and Key Parameter Analysis of Automotive CDC Damper Solenoid Valve[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2024 , (9) : 31 -37 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230446
连续阻尼控制(Continuous Damping Control,CDC)减振器作为典型的无级阀控式减振器,具有成本低、性能稳定等优点。电磁阀作为CDC减振器的核心部件,其电磁力特性对CDC减振器的动态响应具有显著影响。
传统电磁阀研发过程周期长、成本高。随着计算机技术的发展,越来越多的专家和学者应用ANSYS Maxwell对电磁阀进行研究。张功晖[1]利用Maxwell计算不同驱动电压、工作间隙下电磁阀模型的电磁力,得出电磁力关系曲线,并进行了试验验证。黄路路[2]对带隔磁环的比例电磁铁进行建模,研究了安匝数对比例电磁铁的影响,并分析了电磁铁衔铁静磁场的分布规律。孙虎胆[3]对电磁阀电磁铁进行建模,对衔铁位置等因素开展优化,最终得到了吸合力最优的结构布局。肖咏[4]对电磁比例阀中的隔磁环结构进行分析,并优化了隔磁环的位置、长度等参数,提高了电磁力的线性度。周小伟[5]建立了电磁力的数学模型,运用ANSYS Maxwell对电磁阀的电磁力进行计算,并对影响电磁力的不同气隙参数进行了分析。
以上研究为电磁阀的优化提供了多种思路,但针对电磁阀结构参数对电磁力的影响分析较少。电磁阀特性分析中,电磁作用力与电磁铁结构的关系、电磁力影响因素以及各组合参数的优化等最为重要[6]。为探索质量轻、电磁特性好的电磁阀结构,本文对某款CDC减振器电磁阀的结构进行参数化分析,利用ANSYS Maxwell建立电磁阀模型,分析不同参数对电磁铁电磁力的影响。
CDC减振器由普通减振器本体和旁路电磁阀组成,相较于传统减振器,CDC减振器增加了中间缸和电磁阀,中间缸与电磁阀形成了流量可调的油路通道,通过控制旁路电磁阀的工作电流改变节流通道的大小,达到对阻尼的连续调节,从而提高汽车的乘坐舒适性。本文以某CDC减振器为研究对象,如图1所示,研究其电磁阀的电磁特性。
CDC减振器电磁阀一般采用轴对称结构,具体分为液压部分和电磁部分。液压部分主要由阀盘、阀片等组成,其作用是调节减振系统的压力;电磁部分主要包括动铁芯、静铁芯、线圈等,其作用是产生电磁力驱动液压部分工作,该部分对电磁力的影响最大。对电磁阀进行完整建模的难度很大,会影响网格划分的精度导致结果误差较大,并大幅降低计算机的计算速度。而液压部分对线圈在通电时的电磁力大小无影响,因此在分析各参数对电磁力的影响时,只对电磁部分进行建模,结构如图2所示。
电磁力的计算方法主要包括经验公式法、磁路分割法和有限元分析法。工程上常用的是经验公式法,该方法较为简单、实用,但对参数选取的精度要求十分精确,对经验要求较高。磁路分割法是将磁路分割成形状简单的磁体,再利用磁阻经验公式计算各部分的磁阻。磁路分割法只适用于设计初期对电磁力的估算,原因在于磁路分布具有非线性,使磁路计算变得复杂且无法精确计算出各路磁通。基于ANSYS Maxwell的有限元分析法可以综合考虑各种参数的影响,能较为准确地计算出电磁力、磁场分布及磁感应强度等参数[7]。因此,本文采用基于ANSYS Maxwell的有限元分析方法进行电磁阀关键参数对电磁力的影响分析。
麦克斯韦方程组是二维静磁场分析的有力依据[8]。本文以麦克斯韦方程组为理论依据,建立静态磁场的二维有限元分析模型,其数学模型为:
$\nabla \times H=J$
$\nabla \times E=-\frac{B}{\partial t}$
$\nabla \times B=0$
式中:$\nabla $为哈密顿算子,H为磁场强度,J为电流密度,E为电场强度,B为磁感应强度,t为时间。
各参数间的关系为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}B=\mu H\\ D=\epsilon E\\ J=\sigma E\end{array}\right.$
式中:μ为介质的磁导率,D为电位移矢量,ε为介质的介电常数,σ为介质的电导率。
由于B的无散性,引入矢量磁位A,有
$B=\nabla \times A$
将式(5)和B=μH代入式(1)得:
$\nabla \times \left(\frac{1}{\mu }\nabla \times A\right)=J$
本文研究的电磁阀为轴对称结构,故分析时采用圆柱坐标系r-θ-z进行分析,式(6)可写成:
$\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial }{\partial z}\left[\frac{1}{\mu }\frac{\partial }{\partial z}\left(r{A}_{\theta }\right)\right]+\frac{\partial }{\partial r}\left[\frac{1}{\mu }\frac{\partial }{\partial r}\left(r{A}_{\theta }\right)\right]+\frac{1}{\mu }{\nabla }^{2}{A}_{\theta }=-{J}_{\theta }$
式中:Aθ为电磁阀在θ坐标方向上的矢量磁位,Jθ为电磁阀在θ坐标方向上的电流密度。
通过计算可以求得矢量磁位A,根据其与磁感应强度的关系可得:
${B}_{r}=-\frac{\partial {A}_{\theta }}{\partial z}$
${B}_{z}=\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial \left(r{A}_{\theta }\right)}{\partial r}$
式中:BrBz分别为电磁阀在r坐标方向、z坐标方向上的磁感应强度。
在求解模型时,通过数值插值求得A,并进一步求得气隙处磁感应强度B,最终求得电磁力的计算公式:
$F=\frac{{B}^{2}S}{2{\mu }_{0}}$
式中:μ0为真空磁导率,S为磁路截面积。
式(9)适用于工作气隙较小的情况下求解电磁力,例如电磁阀处于吸合位置或接近吸合位置时。当工作气隙较大时,需要引入修正系数来修正大气隙条件下磁通分布不均引起的误差,因此,电磁力的计算公式为:
$F=\frac{{B}^{2}\cdot S}{2{\mu }_{0}}\cdot \frac{1}{1+a\delta }$
式中:a为修正系数,经验值为3~5;δ为工作气隙长度[5]
CDC减振器电磁阀模型是轴对称模型,为了提高仿真效率,选择建立其1/2二维仿真模型,通过静态磁场求解器进行求解,分析电磁阀的磁场分布情况以及各参数对电磁力的影响。工程计算时,需要对较远磁场进行分析,但过大的求解域也在很大程度上增加了计算成本和时间,降低了工作效率。ANSYS Maxwell中的气球边界条件可用于无穷远处磁场的计算,无需过大的求解域[9],因此本文采用气球边界条件作为计算边界。电磁阀输入电流在0~2 A内变化,所添加的激励为激励电流的大小与线圈匝数的乘积。
ANSYS Maxwell可以自适应划分网格,为了获得更精确的计算结果,在线圈、静铁芯等关键部件中增加了网格划分。在动铁芯中添加参数类型为Force,动铁芯的位移为Move,仿真模型如图3所示。
建立模型时需要对不同部件施加材料,分配参数。为了验证模型材料的正确性,分析不同输入电流条件下电磁铁内部的磁场强度、磁感应强度以及电磁力与输入电流的关系曲线,从而验证模型材料的选用是否正确。
图4所示为输入电流为2 A时电磁铁的磁场强度分布情况,因为电流输入在线圈一侧,所以线圈附近的磁场强度大于铁芯附近的磁场强度。从图4中可以看出,电流相同时,靠近线圈的位置磁场强度较大。
图5所示为输入电流为2 A时电磁铁的磁感应强度分布情况,从图5中可以看出,电流相同时,线圈附近的磁感应强度较小,铁芯附近的磁感应强度相对较大,这是因为线圈的材料不导磁,不会产生磁感应现象,而铁芯、套筒的材料是导磁材料,会产生磁感应现象。
图6所示为不同输入电流下电磁力的变化曲线,由图6中可以看出,随着输入电流的增加,动铁芯的电磁力(绝对值)也随之增加。
根据磁场分布情况及电磁力随电流变化情况可知,所建立的电磁阀模型各部分材料选用正确。
在电磁铁的有效行程内,电磁力不仅与电磁铁工作锥面的形状、吸合面位置有关[10],与铁芯结构也有很大关系。铁芯结构可以改变气隙间的磁通密度,因此铁芯结构对电磁力特性有很大的影响,本文从铁芯的工作气隙、材料属性、半径等方面进行分析,研究不同参数对铁芯所受电磁力的影响。
工作气隙是指动铁芯的工作行程或动铁芯与静铁芯间的距离。从式(10)中可知,动铁芯的工作气隙与电磁力成反比,随着动铁芯工作气隙的增大,电磁阀电磁力减小。由于电磁阀的结构较为复杂,各部分磁阻难以准确求出,采用式(10)计算的结果误差较大,而基于Maxwell的有限元分析法可以较为准确地求解各参数对电磁力的影响。图7所示为输入电流为2 A时,动铁芯的电磁力随工作气隙的变化曲线。
图7中可以看出:工作气隙在0~0.5 mm范围内时,随工作气隙增大,电磁力急剧减小,工作气隙在0.5~2.0 mm范围内时,随工作气隙增大,电磁力减小的幅度逐渐趋于平缓,电磁力在较小的工作气隙下电磁力反而较大。为了增加电磁力,考虑减小工作气隙,但随着工作气隙的减小,动铁芯的工作行程势必减小。因此,在电磁阀设计过程中,应权衡各方面的影响因素,并在加工工艺允许的条件下尽可能减小工作气隙,从而增加电磁阀的电磁力。
电磁阀铁芯的材料性能很大程度上影响电磁阀的性能,选用高磁导率的软磁材料,可以在较低的外部磁场强度下获得较大的磁场强度和较高的磁感应强度[11]。故磁性材料的选择在电磁力的计算过程中起到关键作用。
在Maxwell中建立模型时,需对各部件添加材料。电磁阀的初始模型中动铁芯、静铁芯和套筒的材料均设置为08号钢,线圈部分的材料设置为铜。为了研究不同材料属性对电磁力的影响,依次将动铁芯、套筒和静铁芯材料均由08号钢替换为电工纯铁,计算电磁铁的电磁力随位移的变化曲线,结果如图8~图10所示。
图8图9可知,仅改变动铁芯或套筒材料时,电磁力并没有增大,甚至有所减小;由图10可知,改变静铁芯材料后,在位移为0 mm时,初始模型的电磁力为66.95 N,材料改变后的电磁力为180.34 N,提高了约1.7倍,且材料改变后电磁力始终高于初始模型,电磁力性能显著提高。
将动铁芯、静铁芯及套筒材料均改为电工纯铁,动铁芯位移与电磁力关系曲线如图11所示。从图11中可以看出,在位移为0 mm时,材料改变后的电磁力为183.03 N,相较于初始电磁力提高了173%。但在位移大于0.5 mm时,电磁力趋近于0 N,且电磁阀电磁力低于初始模型,电磁力性能下降,优化性能并不理想。从上述分析可以看出,仅将静铁芯材料改为电工纯铁,可以有效提高电磁力,满足设计需求。
在保证电磁阀总体积不变的前提下,在动铁芯半径增加的同时,减小铁芯套筒的厚度,尽量使其他参数保持不变。动铁芯初始半径为6.0 mm,套筒初始壁厚为2 mm,为了研究动铁芯半径对电磁阀性能的影响,分别将动铁芯半径改为5.0 mm、7.0 mm和7.5 mm,对应的套筒壁厚改为3.0 mm、1.0 mm和0.5 mm,分析动铁芯不同半径条件下电磁阀的电磁力,如图12所示。
图12中可以看出:动铁芯半径由5.0 mm增加至6.0 mm再增加至7.0 mm时,电磁铁电磁力逐渐增加;当动铁芯半径为7.0 mm时,可以获得较好的位移力特性,尤其在位移为0 mm时,电磁阀动铁芯所受电磁力提高了23.7%;但当动铁芯半径由7.0 mm增加至7.5 mm时,动铁芯位移在小于0.5 mm时的电磁力小于半径为7.0 mm时的电磁力,动铁芯位移在0.5~2.0 mm范围内时,电磁力较半径为7.0 mm时的电磁力大,说明动铁芯半径对电磁力的影响较为复杂;当动铁芯半径为7.5 mm时,套筒厚度仅为0.5 mm。考虑到套筒加工难度以及电磁力曲线等因素,选用动铁芯半径为7.0 mm更为合适。
动铁芯初始高度为14 mm,为探究铁芯高度对电磁阀电磁力性能的影响,改变动铁芯的高度,分别计算动铁芯高度为10 mm、11 mm、12 mm、13 mm和14 mm时电磁力与位移的关系曲线,仿真结果如图13所示。从图13中可以看出,动铁芯高度由10 mm逐渐增加至14 mm,所产生的位移与电磁力曲线基本重合,说明动铁芯高度对电磁阀电磁力的性能影响较小。由于增加动铁芯高度会增大电磁阀的质量,且电磁力增量较小,为追求电磁阀的轻量化,选择动铁芯高度为10 mm较为理想。
本文通过ANSYS Maxwell软件对电磁阀在二维静磁场中进行仿真,分析了电磁铁不同电流下的磁场强度分布情况、磁感应分布情况及电磁力与输入电流的关系曲线,验证了初始模型的正确性,并利用模型对电磁铁工作气隙、材料属性、动铁芯半径、动铁芯高度等不同参数进行了分析,结果表明:
a. 工作气隙较小时,电磁力相对较大,应权衡各方面因素且在加工工艺条件允许时,尽可能减小工作气隙,从而增大电磁阀的电磁力。将静铁芯材料改为电工纯铁后,在位移为0 mm时,电磁力较初始模型提高了169%,电磁力性能明显提高。动铁芯半径为7 mm时,电磁力明显增加且在位移为0 mm时,电磁阀动铁芯所受电磁力提高了23.7%,可获得较好的电磁特性。
b. 电磁铁材料属性、动铁芯半径对电磁阀的电磁力与位移的关系曲线影响较为明显,相较于材料属性与动铁芯半径,动铁芯高度在一定范围内对电磁力的影响不大。
c. 影响电磁铁电磁力的因素主要是工作间隙、静铁芯材料和动铁芯半径,可通过改变上述参数改善电磁铁的电磁半径,从而得到较好的位移-电磁力特性。
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2024年第卷第9期
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230446
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-09-15
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    辽宁工业大学, 锦州 121000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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