Article(id=1200070655900217887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070649520685783, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240047, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1710172800000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764048740601, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1720972800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764048740601, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764048740601, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764048740601, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200070649520685783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2024', volume='', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764048739080, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764049321016, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200073090391703635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070649520685783, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200073090391703636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070649520685783, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200070656252539452, articleId=1200070655900217887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=An Overview of Generation Methods for Autonomous Vehicle Simulation Test Scenarios, columnId=1200070651898851777, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=Special Topic on Simulation Test and Scenarios Generation Technology for Autonomous Vehicle, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper systematically sorts out the generation methods of simulation test scenarios for autonomous vehicle, summarizes the latest research progress in the fields of autonomous vehicle simulation test scenario definition, scenario deconstruction, scenario generation based on data driven, and scenario generation based on mechanism modeling, and summarizes the relevant evaluation and application of test scenarios. Finally, the paper proposes that future research should focus on integrating the characteristics of Chinese driving scenarios, deepening the research on edge scenario generation strategies, and accelerating the construction of the standard system of scenario construction.

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针对自动驾驶汽车仿真测试场景生成方法进行了系统梳理,综述了自动驾驶汽车仿真测试场景定义、场景解构、数据驱动式场景生成、机理建模式场景生成等方向的最新研究进展,并对测试场景的相关评价与应用进行了总结,最后,提出了未来研究应重点考虑融入中国驾驶场景特征,深化边缘场景生成策略,加速场景构建的标准体系化建设工作。

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元素 子元素 属性
道路 路网 节点、节段
路型 坡度、曲率
路面 附着情况、车道线
标志设施 指示标志 外观、尺寸、方位
警告标志 外观、尺寸、方位
禁止标志 外观、尺寸、方位
建筑模型 外观、尺寸、方位
自然要素 外观、尺寸、方位
交通参与者 机动车 尺寸、方位、运动特性
非机动车 尺寸、方位、运动特性
行人 方位、运动特性
被测车辆 几何特征 长度、宽度、轴距
性能特性 加速性能、减速性能
自动驾驶 自动驾驶等级
天气和光照 雨/雪 降水量
光照 角度、强度
浓度
强度
), ArticleFig(id=1200070665891049709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070655900217887, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

场景元素及属性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 子元素 属性
道路 路网 节点、节段
路型 坡度、曲率
路面 附着情况、车道线
标志设施 指示标志 外观、尺寸、方位
警告标志 外观、尺寸、方位
禁止标志 外观、尺寸、方位
建筑模型 外观、尺寸、方位
自然要素 外观、尺寸、方位
交通参与者 机动车 尺寸、方位、运动特性
非机动车 尺寸、方位、运动特性
行人 方位、运动特性
被测车辆 几何特征 长度、宽度、轴距
性能特性 加速性能、减速性能
自动驾驶 自动驾驶等级
天气和光照 雨/雪 降水量
光照 角度、强度
浓度
强度
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自动驾驶汽车仿真测试场景生成方法综述
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李伟男 1, 2 , 王宇 1, 2 , 李林润 1, 2 , 孟祥哲 1, 2 , 王超 1, 2 , 刘迪 1, 2
汽车工程师 | 自动驾驶汽车仿真测试与场景生成技术专题 2024,(7): 1-10
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汽车工程师 | 自动驾驶汽车仿真测试与场景生成技术专题 2024, (7): 1-10
自动驾驶汽车仿真测试场景生成方法综述
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李伟男1, 2, 王宇1, 2, 李林润1, 2, 孟祥哲1, 2, 王超1, 2, 刘迪1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院, 长春 130013
  • 2 高端汽车集成与控制全国重点实验室, 长春 130013
An Overview of Generation Methods for Autonomous Vehicle Simulation Test Scenarios
Weinan Li1, 2, Yu Wang1, 2, Linrun Li1, 2, Xiangzhe Meng1, 2, Chao Wang1, 2, Di Liu1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Global R&D Center, China FAW Corporation Limited, Changchun 130013
  • 2 National Key Laboratory of Advanced Vehicle Integration and Control, Changchun 130013
出版时间: 2024-07-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240047
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针对自动驾驶汽车仿真测试场景生成方法进行了系统梳理,综述了自动驾驶汽车仿真测试场景定义、场景解构、数据驱动式场景生成、机理建模式场景生成等方向的最新研究进展,并对测试场景的相关评价与应用进行了总结,最后,提出了未来研究应重点考虑融入中国驾驶场景特征,深化边缘场景生成策略,加速场景构建的标准体系化建设工作。

自动驾驶  /  测试场景  /  数据驱动  /  机理建模

This paper systematically sorts out the generation methods of simulation test scenarios for autonomous vehicle, summarizes the latest research progress in the fields of autonomous vehicle simulation test scenario definition, scenario deconstruction, scenario generation based on data driven, and scenario generation based on mechanism modeling, and summarizes the relevant evaluation and application of test scenarios. Finally, the paper proposes that future research should focus on integrating the characteristics of Chinese driving scenarios, deepening the research on edge scenario generation strategies, and accelerating the construction of the standard system of scenario construction.

Autonomous driving  /  Test scenario  /  Data driven  /  Mechanism modeling
李伟男, 王宇, 李林润, 孟祥哲, 王超, 刘迪. 自动驾驶汽车仿真测试场景生成方法综述. 汽车工程师, 2024 , (7) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240047
Weinan Li, Yu Wang, Linrun Li, Xiangzhe Meng, Chao Wang, Di Liu. An Overview of Generation Methods for Autonomous Vehicle Simulation Test Scenarios[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2024 , (7) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240047
随着科学技术的加速发展和城市化的持续推进,承载着“零事故、低污染”等美好愿景,自动驾驶技术应运而生。依据国际自动机工程师学会(SAE International)的标准,自动驾驶汽车的自动化水平包括人工驾驶(L0)、驾驶辅助(L1)、部分自动驾驶(L2)、有条件自动驾驶(L3)、高度自动驾驶(L4)和完全自动驾驶(L5)共6个等级。针对高等级自动驾驶汽车(L3级及以上),自动驾驶系统与整车制造商将分别作为车辆的驾驶主体和责任主体[1],因此,高等级自动驾驶汽车上路前必须通过严格的测试评价来证明其安全性。
然而,随着自动驾驶汽车自动化水平的不断提升,其内部系统复杂度、外部环境多变性和驾驶任务多样性也在不断提高,这些变化为自动驾驶汽车的测试评价带来了新的挑战。近年来,自动驾驶系统导致的交通事故频发,也暴露了复杂行驶环境下自动驾驶汽车应对能力不足的问题。目前,围绕自动驾驶汽车的测试主要包括实车测试和仿真测试。
实车测试是最直接、最真实的测试方法,能够获取准确的测试数据,是传统汽车的主要测试方法。然而,相关研究表明,自动驾驶汽车需要进行2.4×108 km以上的测试,才能充分证明系统的安全性[2]。受限于测试周期和成本,实车测试难以满足自动驾驶汽车的测试里程要求。
相比于实车测试,仿真测试主要通过物理建模、数值仿真、图像渲染等技术,构建面向不同应用需求的汽车虚拟仿真测试场景。仿真测试具备测试效率高、资源消耗低、灵活性强以及可重复性好等显著优点,目前已经成为自动驾驶汽车测试验证的重要手段[3-4]
仿真测试的核心和重点在于场景的选择与构建[5]。传统方法主要依赖于专家经验进行场景枚举式生成,即基于自动驾驶汽车测试过程中的实践积累、总结提炼得到的场景要素信息等专家经验信息,通过枚举式生成等方法进行场景生成,但这种方式难以满足自动驾驶汽车进行大规模仿真测试的需求。近年来,如何解决场景库的大规模自动化生成问题已经成为国内外学者的研究热点。朱冰等[6]对基于场景的自动驾驶汽车测试技术的相关研究进展进行了系统梳理和总结,详细分析了典型测试方式和测试平台的技术要点,并概述了基于场景的加速测试技术。邓伟文等[7]分析和总结了自动驾驶场景定义、场景解构、场景生成等方向的最新研究进展,概述了多要素耦合的系统化建模理论研究的重要意义。任秉韬等[8]系统阐述了国内外在场景自动构建和交通仿真建模方面研究工作的进展与现状,介绍了团队相关研究的应用情况。虽然目前对基于场景的仿真测试技术已经有了较多的研究综述,但是针对场景生成技术的系统性、全面化总结分析仍然有待提出。
本文在广泛调研国内外最新研究成果的基础上,围绕自动驾驶汽车仿真测试场景生成方法进行综述,系统梳理场景的定义,归纳场景的解构要素,将场景的自动生成方法划分为数据驱动式场景生成、机理建模式场景生成两大类分别开展分析,对场景自动化生成的相关评价及应用方法进行总结,分析现有研究的不足,并提出研究展望。
场景定义是实现场景认知的基础。“场景”一词最早来源于古法语“scene”,表示舞台上的一幕[9]。随着科学技术的发展,研究人员逐渐将场景的概念延展应用到工业生产的开发测试中,主要描述系统的使用方式、使用要求和使用环境。
在传统汽车领域,场景通常指车辆周围环境的相关信息,主要在交通事故分析、自然驾驶研究等分类和归纳工作中得到了广泛应用[10]。在自动驾驶领域,场景是开发过程中的核心需求和指导原则,高频率地应用于高等级自动驾驶系统的模拟测试中,但是,现阶段自动驾驶领域尚无对场景的统一定义。Elrofai等[11]认为场景是指自动驾驶汽车周围动态环境在一个特定时间范围内的持续变化。Schuldt等[12]认为自动驾驶测试场景是多个场面单元按照时间顺序依次展现的过程,该过程会持续一定的时间。Menzel等[13]基于不同的抽象层级,将场景分为具体场景、逻辑场景和功能场景,并基于状态空间变量对场景中各元素间的关联及其取值状态进行了详细的描述。Hina等[14]提出了一种基于本体论的场景解析方法,该方法将场景分解为驾驶员、环境和车辆这三个本体,及其各自的子类和属性,从而构建本体模型以有效表征自动驾驶的各种场景。赵祥模等[15]提出,场景是指在一定时空范围内自车与环境中其他要素的充分交互过程。王军雷等[16]挖掘相关公开专利信息,经梳理、总结可知,自动驾驶汽车仿真测试场景构建的关键技术点主要包括环境仿真和车辆仿真,重点在于如何实现对真实环境中的道路场景要素、交通流信息及交通参与者运动行为的有效模拟。
归纳上述对场景的研究结果,提取、整合各描述中的核心要素,可以将自动驾驶汽车仿真测试场景定义为在一段时间内、一定驾驶任务下自动驾驶汽车与行驶环境各组成要素之间持续性的动态描述,行驶环境的组成要素包括其他交通参与者、基础设施、道路、天气等,具体的组成由驾驶任务决定。
场景是高度复杂且多源异构的系统,由多个场景元素通过动态关联组合而成,而非简单的元素要素堆砌。因此,明确并理解这些场景要素对于生成自动驾驶汽车的测试场景至关重要。OpenX系列标准中的OpenSCENARIO和OpenDRIVE是目前广泛采用的开源场景描述文件格式[17],这两种标准详细规定了场景中的交通动态要素和道路要素的描述方式,国内外学者也针对场景要素的内容及组成开展了不同程度的研究,但目前仍未达成共识。
Korbiniand等[18]将被测自动驾驶汽车之外的测试场景元素划分为静态部分(交通标志、建筑、车道线等)、动态部分(行人、机动车、非机动车等)和环境部分(温度、湿度、可见度、风速等)。白雪松等[19]总结指出,仿真场景的主要元素可以划分为静态的道路设施和动态的天气、光照与交通条件,这些元素具体涵盖了道路、建筑物、天气状况、光照条件、交通设施、周边车辆以及交通路况等多样化的信息。朱向雷等[20]从基本属性出发,将场景元素划分为静态路外元素(交通标志、建筑等)、静态路内元素(车道类型、路面类型等)、动态路外元素(交通参与者类型、数量等)和动态路内元素(交通参与者类型、数量等)。吴旭阳[21]等深入研究了自动驾驶系统中视觉和激光雷达传感器的感知过程,详细分析了影响这些传感器性能的各种因素,实现了对天气环境(雨、雪、雾等)、交通环境(道路、建筑物、标牌、标志线等)和光线环境(逆光、背光和反光等)等典型场景元素的提取。
综上,基于上述场景元素的划分策略,并参考GB/T 41798—2022《智能网联汽车自动驾驶功能场地试验方法及要求》中对测试场景和相关场景环境元素的详细描述[22],对场景组成元素进行归纳,并将其整理成表1的形式,能够更清晰地展示自动驾驶系统测试场景的关键组成要素。
面向自动驾驶汽车仿真测试,各国学者提出了多种基于已知数据源或经验知识的场景挖掘、解构与重构生成方法,这些方法所生成的场景在代表性和应用方向上呈现出多样性。本文在系统研究现有场景构建方法的基础上,结合自动驾驶仿真测试需求,归纳总结出两种主要的场景生成方式:一种是基于数据驱动的测试场景生成方法,能够有效还原数据中的有效信息并生成衍生场景;另一种是基于机理建模的测试场景生成方法,能够实现在短时间内基于理论模型生成大量的场景。梳理仿真测试场景生成框架如图1所示,数据驱动与机理建模方法之间通过优势互补,提升了自动驾驶汽车测试场景库的丰富性与多样性。
通过挖掘场景数据实现场景库的自动化生成是数据驱动方法的核心,为了确保自动驾驶汽车在测试时能够涵盖多种场景类型,需要收集大量的典型场景数据,并以此为基础构建完善的场景库,保障自动驾驶系统能够进行充分的测试,从而提高其在实际应用中的安全性和可靠性[23]。如图2所示,自动驾驶测试场景的数据来源主要涵盖自然驾驶数据、模拟驾驶数据和专家经验数据等3个部分。
自然驾驶数据内容多样,主要包括道路驾驶数据、封闭场地测试以及交通事故数据等典型测试数据[24]。道路驾驶数据的采集往往通过在传统汽车上加装雷达、摄像头、高精度惯性导航系统等多传感器采集平台,在车辆正常行驶过程中采集场景要素数据实现。封闭场地测试数据是自动驾驶汽车在封闭的汽车试验场内进行测试得到的场景要素数据,目前,我国已经建设了多个智能汽车封闭测试场地,如上海的智能网联汽车试点示范区、长春的国家智能网联汽车应用(北方)示范区等。交通事故数据的获取是在真实的交通事故数据集中进行场景要素提取,目前,代表性的数据库包括美国事故数据库(General Estimates System,GES)、德国深度调查事故数据库(German In-Depth Accident Study,GIDAS)等[25]
模拟驾驶数据主要包含两大类,即仿真数据和驾驶模拟器数据。仿真数据是指自动驾驶汽车在仿真环境下运行过程中产生的数据,仿真环境可以通过真实场景生成或自行配置产生。驾驶模拟器数据是指通过模拟真实的驾驶环境和车辆操作,利用驾驶模拟器进行测试所获取的数据,驾驶模拟器是集成车辆运动学模型、显示设备、声音设备、数据采集设备以及踏板、转向盘等驾驶员操纵机构于一体的虚拟仿真测试设备[26]
专家经验数据是基于自动驾驶汽车测试过程中的实践积累,通过总结提炼得到的场景要素信息,如根据标准、法规中的测试场景进行场景数据提取。以联合国法规R157《装备自动车道保持系统的车辆认证的统一规定》(Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of Vehicles with Regard to Automated Lane Keeping System)为例,其提出了对车道保持、跟随前车、视野测试、换道测试等测试场景的具体要求,能够提供丰富的测试场景要素信息参考[27]
区别于传统的依赖于专家经验的枚举式场景生成方法,基于数据驱动的场景自动化生成方法的核心在于通过数据处理实现场景要素的解构与重构,考虑到场景数据中可能存在大量的冗余数据,不同来源的场景数据往往在类型、格式上也存在一定的差异,因此,典型场景数据处理方式主要包括以下几个步骤:
a. 清洗、修复场景数据。在满足数据完整性约束的前提下,对场景数据中的无效数据、重复数据、异常数据进行清除,根据数据内部的统计学规律补全可修复的缺失数据,对清洗修复后的场景数据进行整理。
b. 生成附加信息。受限于原始数据中单位、种类等的固定要求,车头时距等场景附加信息需通过对原始数据集中的数据进行转换或计算得到。
c. 标注关键信息。通过语义分析、贝叶斯网络、半监督学习等方式对场景要素中的关键信息进行标注。
d. 设计场景分类规则。结合被测自动驾驶系统的功能需求,分析、总结不同场景数据之间的差异,设计场景的分类规则。
e. 聚类场景数据。通过层次聚类、K-均值(K-Means)聚类等方法对场景数据进行聚类处理,聚类结果需要与步骤d中所设计的场景分类规则吻合。
f. 场景生成。根据得到的场景数据聚类结果计算不同场景的概率分布情况,并据此进行测试场景的随机生成。
在场景数据采集过程中,出于安全性和可行性考虑,所收集的场景数据往往局限于安全范围内,这导致危险场景数据在数据集中的出现频率相对较低。目前,主要通过机器学习算法实现对典型场景库中危险场景的补充,首先对场景数据库中的交通车辆轨迹等运动特性进行学习,然后训练生成相关模型以及相应的危险场景,实现对典型场景危险度的补充。
Krajewski等[28]分别设计了轨迹生成对抗网络和轨迹变分自编码器,并通过无监督机器学习算法对网络模型进行训练,训练后的网络模型能够基于原始场景数据智能生成全新轨迹。Ding等[29]基于双向编码器和多分支解码器实现了对多次轨迹发生器的构建,能够有效补充典型数据集外多车交互下的危险场景。魏鹏等[30]挖掘了跟车场景下前车的运动特性分布特征并使用高斯混合模型进行拟合,基于快速搜索随机树搜索边缘加速度来随机控制前车运动,能够快速生成跟车危险场景测试用例。
机理建模式场景生成方法是一种根据场景物理原型进行场景内部机制表征与生成的方法,核心在于通过理论模型创造场景,因此,对场景数据体量的要求不高,主要包括组合式场景生成方法和边缘场景生成方法。
组合式场景生成方法需要通过本体论对交通场景中的元素组成及关系进行分析、提取,建立能够结构化描述场景的本体模型,然后将本体模型作为场景组合模型的输入[31],能够更加关注部分关键场景参数,有助于提高场景参数设置效率。
通过本体论实现对场景的结构化描述是组合式场景生成的重要前置环节。Chen等[32]设计了一种高速公路匝道合流场景的测试用例生成方法,基于本体论分别建立了针对道路、环境和车辆的本体模型,实现场景参数结构化和测试用例生成。朱波等[33]基于本体论对场景中的信息进行参数化,将表征场景的参数化信息与多通道态势图进行关联,采用K-均值聚类算法对场景对象分布类型进行聚类。季言实[34]针对冰雪路面条件下驾驶场景的复杂特性,基于分类与回归树(Classification And Regression Tree,CART)提取冰雪路面条件下的典型场景信息,利用本体论实现对提取信息的结构化归纳、存储。
基于本体论方法建立环境本体后,杨清蓉[35]将结构化的变道场景环境本体输入场景组合模型,基于成对独立组合测试方法实现测试场景的生成。张培兴[36]基于本体论进行道路属性、车辆属性等场景要素的顺序化提取,利用幂定律分布描述本体要素属性,分析本体要素参数概率分布规律,最后输入组合测试模块进行测试。
边缘测试场景通常指自动驾驶汽车难以应对的小概率事件场景,或基于真实交通事故数据所衍生出的场景。这些场景可以视为典型测试场景的有力补充,因为它们能够揭示自动驾驶系统在非常规或极端情况下的表现,有必要通过边缘测试场景自动化生成方法来提高自动驾驶汽车的功能边界测试效率。
边缘场景的表征与分类是实现边缘场景泛化衍生的基础,Tang等[37]基于MATLAB环境开发了一套边缘场景的参数特征识别策略,实现了对城市交通中边缘场景的可视化表征。Nitsche等[38]采用K-中心点(K-Medoids)聚类算法对1 056起事故案例进行了分析聚类,实现了对13类三枝路口边缘场景和6类四枝路口边缘场景的有效表征。Wang等[39]采用最大减速度、平均减速度和车辆动能减少百分比实现对场景风险等级的表征,并使用决策树来研究驾驶员特征、周围车辆、道路环境与边缘场景风险等级之间的关系。
吴斌等[40]通过三层渐进式的方法实现对边缘场景的分类,第一层分析车辆的行驶速度与加速度、横摆角度等的关系,第二层分析车辆的碰撞时间等数据指标,第三层基于模糊评价实现对危险指标的量化以及场景分类。陈吉清等[41]在结合了通过聚类分析得到的典型车辆碰撞边缘场景后,深入探究了这些边缘事故的典型特征,并据此构建了15个涵盖不同道路路段类型的自动驾驶测试场景,其中包含9个涉及路口路段的场景和6个涉及普通路段的场景。胡越宁等[42]基于378例碰撞事故案例进行场景要素提取,利用聚类分析和卡方检验算法,并基于事故类型提取典型参数特征,得到10类三枝路口典型边缘场景。
实现对边缘测试场景的表征与分类后,往往需要采用先进的机器学习算法等方法训练和学习边缘场景中的样本特征,进而智能化生成场景库中不存在的边缘场景样本。现有研究中典型的边缘测试场景生成方法包括基于优化搜索的边缘测试场景生成方法和基于强化学习的边缘测试场景生成方法。
基于优化搜索策略的边缘场景生成方法的核心在于构建被测车辆与周围环境中其他车辆之间的交互模型,不断迭代优化参数空间,该方法能够逐步减小测试过程中实际碰撞风险与预期碰撞风险之间的差异,生成一系列边缘测试场景,这些场景能够精准地测试自动驾驶车辆的功能边界,从而确保车辆在各种复杂环境下的安全性和可靠性。Yasasa等[43]使用贝叶斯优化方法自动生成对抗性边缘场景,优化了对行人等目标与车辆发生碰撞场景的交互建模,相关场景能够显著暴露自动驾驶汽车设计的不足之处。欧洋辰等[44]使用贝塞尔曲线生成道路参考线后进行场景元素泛化,使用支持向量机算法寻找危险场景边界,实现了边缘场景的快速生成。
基于强化学习的边缘测试场景生成方法主要是在被测车辆与环境交互的过程中引入反馈机制,根据反馈结果获得学习信息并不断更新模型参数。Koren等[45]利用马尔可夫决策过程描述自动驾驶汽车与环境之间的交互过程,基于深度强化学习与蒙特卡洛搜索来生成边缘测试场景。李江坤等[46]提出了一种基于强化学习和场景动力学融合的边缘测试场景生成方法,能够模拟实际交通场景中交通参与者之间的对抗与博弈行为特征。如图3所示,该方法首先通过微分方程构建场景动力学系统,然后基于神经网络模型构建边缘场景的黑盒控制器,最后利用强化学习实现对边缘场景的优化求解。
综上,基于优化搜索方法的边缘场景生成方法能够快速发现导致系统故障的场景,减少测试场景的数量,但目标函数设计困难,且缺乏对自动驾驶系统在边缘场景下的预测和行为决策的能力测试。基于强化学习的边缘测试场景生成方法能探测到不易发生的小概率事件,但同时会造成算力浪费以及产生重复的测试场景。
对生成的测试场景的综合评价是实现其应用的前提,梳理现有研究中对测试场景的评价维度,主要包括以下几个方面,在实际应用中可以结合测试目的进行组合使用:
a. 场景有效性。场景有效性是评价生成场景是否达到预期设想的重要指标,蒋渊德等[47]利用真实驾驶数据构建测试集,对测试场景中模拟的车辆交互过程进行了对比验证,分析了场景的有效性。
b. 场景复杂性。场景复杂性用来反映道路交通环境的参与者与其所处的交通环境之间的相互作用关系的复杂程度,王荣等[48]通过信息熵和引力模型相结合的方法,实现了对自动驾驶车辆道路测试场景的复杂性评价。
c. 场景风险性。场景风险指自动驾驶汽车在行驶过程中由交通要素产生的风险,苏欣[49]采用专家方法与数学方法相结合的方式,设计多指标权重,通过模糊评价的方式实现了对场景风险性的评价。
d. 场景覆盖性。场景覆盖性是评价场景是否全面的重要指标,场景覆盖性评价需要与被测自动驾驶功能的设计运行域和测试目的相匹配,李东峻[50]从静态场景要素和动态场景要素出发,综合考虑场景要素之间的交互作用,实现了对场景覆盖性的评价。
评价合格的测试场景主要应用于自动驾驶仿真测试,使用者可以基于场景参数信息,在VTD、Carla、PanoSim、PreScan、CarMaker等场景仿真器中配置或导入道路、车辆、交通标志等场景元素及相关参数,形成仿真场景文件并进行仿真测试。此外,为了提高仿真场景的搭建效率,可以通过编写自动化脚本实现对大批量仿真场景的自动化构建。
目前,基于场景的自动驾驶汽车测试方式主要可以归纳为三类:片段式测试应用,将每个独立的场景以片段的形式依次完成测试;拼接式测试应用,将每个独立的场景片段进行拼接、排布,通过设定自动驾驶汽车测试顺序,实现被测场景的连续触发测试,提高测试的连续性;融合式测试应用,将场景片段有机融入真实交通流数据中进行测试,提高测试的真实度。
随着自动驾驶汽车智能化等级的提升,对自动驾驶测试场景的全面性、有效性要求也日益严苛,传统的场景枚举式生成方法已经无法满足大规模仿真测试的需求。本文在广泛调研国内外最新研究文献的基础上,对自动驾驶汽车测试场景的定义、生成方法以及应用进行了系统性梳理、分析和总结。尽管自动驾驶汽车测试场景自动化生成研究已有所突破,但仍存在明显不足。现有的方法主要局限于生成简单的测试场景,这些场景与真实的驾驶环境相差甚远,因此难以满足高阶自动驾驶系统在安全性评估测试方面的需求。目前,自动驾驶测试场景生成的研究尚未成熟,未来还应重点关注以下几个方面:
a. 基于中国驾驶场景特征优化场景建模。中国是全世界交通路况最丰富的国家,包括复杂的立交桥、山路以及各种类型的交通场景,考虑到中国驾驶场景的复杂性和特殊性,如何基于现有数据构建出与中国实际用车情况高度契合的仿真测试场景,成为目前亟待解决的核心问题。在未来的研究中,需要构建中国驾驶场景特征的提取方法,研究如何提高测试场景库与中国驾驶场景特征的贴近度,实现高维复杂场景的高效模拟。
b. 深化边缘场景生成策略。边缘场景是对典型场景的重要补充,如果自动驾驶汽车在边缘场景下也能展现出良好的性能,那么其在典型场景下的系统性能通常也能得到充分保障。目前的研究主要集中在边缘场景的优化求解领域,缺少对典型场景与边缘场景迁移机理和分布概率的研究,需要深化对边缘场景生成策略的研究,实现对场景空间的有效扩建。
c. 加速场景构建的标准体系化建设。目前,自动驾驶测试场景的分类并没有广泛认可的统一标准,涵盖场景定义与架构、提取挖掘、推理演绎、重构衍生以及相关工具链等全维度内容的标准体系仍有待建设。
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240047
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
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    1 中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院, 长春 130013
    2 高端汽车集成与控制全国重点实验室, 长春 130013
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
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