Article(id=1200070651605250492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070649520685783, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240038, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1711468800000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764048739577, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1720972800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764048739577, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764048739577, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764048739577, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200070649520685783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2024', volume='', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764048739080, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764049321016, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200073090391703635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070649520685783, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200073090391703636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070649520685783, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=18, endPage=23, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200070651995320772, articleId=1200070651605250492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Design of Virtual Simulation Test System for Autonomous Vehicle in the Loop Based on the Roll/Brake Test Stand, columnId=1200070651898851777, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=Special Topic on Simulation Test and Scenarios Generation Technology for Autonomous Vehicle, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To test the steering function of autonomous vehicles, a vehicle in the loop virtual simulation testing system design is designed. A rotating plate driven by a linear motor is added to the front axle drum group on the traditional drum/brake testing platform to achieve a maximum 10° steering function during vehicle driving. Combined with software simulation technology, dynamic braking force testing is carried out for the speed reduction of autonomous vehicles from 80 km/h to 20 km/h during steering operation, as well as braking friction force testing during the speed reduction to 0 km/h. The test results are analyzed and verified. The analysis results indicate that the testing system can achieve the expected braking ability of autonomous vehicles within a steering angle range of ±10°, and control the testing braking force accuracy within the range of ±5 N, whitch further verifies the effectiveness of the testing system.

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为实现转向条件下自动驾驶车辆的功能测试,设计了一种整车在环虚拟仿真测试系统,在传统转鼓/制动试验台的前轴辊筒组上增加由线性电机驱动的旋转板实现整车行驶中最大10°的转向功能,并结合软件仿真技术,针对自动驾驶车辆转向行驶时车速从80 km/h下降到20 km/h的工况进行动态制动力测试,以及车速下降到0 km/h过程的制动摩擦力测试,最后,对测试数据进行了分析验证,结果表明,该测试系统能够在±10°的转向角范围内实现自动驾驶车辆的预期制动加速度变化,并控制测试制动力精度在±5 N的范围内,进一步验证了该测试系统的有效性。

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Ltd., Shanghai 200444, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1200070656172847672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070651605250492, authorId=1200070655937966626, language=CN, stringName=田常青, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=上海申克机械有限责任公司, 上海 200444, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1200070655766000149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070651605250492, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200070655803748888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070651605250492, companyId=1200070655766000149, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Schenck Shanghai Machinery Corp. Ltd., Shanghai 200444), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200070655824720411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070651605250492, companyId=1200070655766000149, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海申克机械有限责任公司, 上海 200444)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1200070656353202753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070651605250492, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=Autonomous driving), Keyword(id=1200070656449671751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070651605250492, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=Steering function), Keyword(id=1200070656558723664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070651605250492, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=Dynamic braking force test), Keyword(id=1200070656663581270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070651605250492, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=Vehicle in the loop), Keyword(id=1200070656827159129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070651605250492, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=自动驾驶), Keyword(id=1200070656923628131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070651605250492, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=转向功能), Keyword(id=1200070657020097129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070651605250492, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=动态制动力测试), Keyword(id=1200070657141731955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070651605250492, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=整车在环)], refs=[Reference(id=1200070661273121661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070651605250492, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=32, issue=6, pageStart=1, pageEnd=19, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=朱冰, 张培兴, 赵健, journalName=中国公路学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=朱冰, 张培兴, 赵健, 等. 基于场景的自动驾驶汽车虚拟测试研究进展[J]. 中国公路学报, 2019, 32(6): 1-19., articleTitle=基于场景的自动驾驶汽车虚拟测试研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200070661432505231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070651605250492, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=32, issue=6, pageStart=1, pageEnd=19, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=ZHU B, ZHANG P X, ZHAO J, journalName=Chinese Journal of Highways, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU B, ZHANG P X, ZHAO J, et al. 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参数 取值
前轴配置 同一机架上独立辊筒组数量/个 2
辊筒组旋转轴方向 z
辊筒组可移动和固定的方向 x
最大车轮载荷/kg 1 000
z轴旋转工况 车轮最大转向角/(°) ±10
驱动器 直线电机
最大驱动力/kN 4.5
最大驱动速度/m·s-1 1
最大行程/mm ±200
沿x方向行驶工况 驱动器 电动气缸
最大进给力/kN 10.0
最大进给速度/m·s-1 0.45
最大行程/mm 200
), ArticleFig(id=1200070660815942473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070651605250492, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

多功能测试试验台技术参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 取值
前轴配置 同一机架上独立辊筒组数量/个 2
辊筒组旋转轴方向 z
辊筒组可移动和固定的方向 x
最大车轮载荷/kg 1 000
z轴旋转工况 车轮最大转向角/(°) ±10
驱动器 直线电机
最大驱动力/kN 4.5
最大驱动速度/m·s-1 1
最大行程/mm ±200
沿x方向行驶工况 驱动器 电动气缸
最大进给力/kN 10.0
最大进给速度/m·s-1 0.45
最大行程/mm 200
), ArticleFig(id=1200070660992103258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070651605250492, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 取值
连续工作工况电机功率/kW 41
防护等级 IP 54
最大测试速度/km·h-1 170
静态制动力测试速度范围/km·h-1 4~10
动态制动力测试速度范围/km·h-1 80~20
每个辊筒组电机额定牵引力(辊筒速度不变)/N 1 700
每个辊筒组电机最大牵引力(辊筒速度不变)/N 4 500
前、后轴最大速度差(速度不变)/km·h-1 <0.1**
前、后轴最大动态速度差(加速度不变且小于6 m/s2)/km·h-1 <0.5**
速度精度(相对于辊筒圆周)/km·h-1 <0.1**
<1.0*
制动力精度(动态)/N (-35,35)*
制动力标定精度(平均值)/N (-45,45)**
6 km/h速度下制动力计算精度/N 45
), ArticleFig(id=1200070661117932392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070651605250492, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

矢量控制电机技术参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 取值
连续工作工况电机功率/kW 41
防护等级 IP 54
最大测试速度/km·h-1 170
静态制动力测试速度范围/km·h-1 4~10
动态制动力测试速度范围/km·h-1 80~20
每个辊筒组电机额定牵引力(辊筒速度不变)/N 1 700
每个辊筒组电机最大牵引力(辊筒速度不变)/N 4 500
前、后轴最大速度差(速度不变)/km·h-1 <0.1**
前、后轴最大动态速度差(加速度不变且小于6 m/s2)/km·h-1 <0.5**
速度精度(相对于辊筒圆周)/km·h-1 <0.1**
<1.0*
制动力精度(动态)/N (-35,35)*
制动力标定精度(平均值)/N (-45,45)**
6 km/h速度下制动力计算精度/N 45
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基于转鼓/制动试验平台的自动驾驶整车在环虚拟仿真测试系统设计
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田常青
汽车工程师 | 自动驾驶汽车仿真测试与场景生成技术专题 2024,(7): 18-23
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汽车工程师 | 自动驾驶汽车仿真测试与场景生成技术专题 2024, (7): 18-23
基于转鼓/制动试验平台的自动驾驶整车在环虚拟仿真测试系统设计
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田常青
作者信息
  • 上海申克机械有限责任公司, 上海 200444
Design of Virtual Simulation Test System for Autonomous Vehicle in the Loop Based on the Roll/Brake Test Stand
Changqing Tian
Affiliations
  • Schenck Shanghai Machinery Corp. Ltd., Shanghai 200444
出版时间: 2024-07-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240038
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为实现转向条件下自动驾驶车辆的功能测试,设计了一种整车在环虚拟仿真测试系统,在传统转鼓/制动试验台的前轴辊筒组上增加由线性电机驱动的旋转板实现整车行驶中最大10°的转向功能,并结合软件仿真技术,针对自动驾驶车辆转向行驶时车速从80 km/h下降到20 km/h的工况进行动态制动力测试,以及车速下降到0 km/h过程的制动摩擦力测试,最后,对测试数据进行了分析验证,结果表明,该测试系统能够在±10°的转向角范围内实现自动驾驶车辆的预期制动加速度变化,并控制测试制动力精度在±5 N的范围内,进一步验证了该测试系统的有效性。

自动驾驶  /  转向功能  /  动态制动力测试  /  整车在环

To test the steering function of autonomous vehicles, a vehicle in the loop virtual simulation testing system design is designed. A rotating plate driven by a linear motor is added to the front axle drum group on the traditional drum/brake testing platform to achieve a maximum 10° steering function during vehicle driving. Combined with software simulation technology, dynamic braking force testing is carried out for the speed reduction of autonomous vehicles from 80 km/h to 20 km/h during steering operation, as well as braking friction force testing during the speed reduction to 0 km/h. The test results are analyzed and verified. The analysis results indicate that the testing system can achieve the expected braking ability of autonomous vehicles within a steering angle range of ±10°, and control the testing braking force accuracy within the range of ±5 N, whitch further verifies the effectiveness of the testing system.

Autonomous driving  /  Steering function  /  Dynamic braking force test  /  Vehicle in the loop
田常青. 基于转鼓/制动试验平台的自动驾驶整车在环虚拟仿真测试系统设计. 汽车工程师, 2024 , (7) : 18 -23 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240038
Changqing Tian. Design of Virtual Simulation Test System for Autonomous Vehicle in the Loop Based on the Roll/Brake Test Stand[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2024 , (7) : 18 -23 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240038
自动驾驶车辆的功能测试主要依托试验台测试和道路测试。目前,传统试验台无法实现车辆高速工况下转向时的制动测试,而道路测试时车辆转向角度不可控,且车辆在特定转角下的制动数据难以采集,仅依靠实车道路试验难以满足自动驾驶车辆的测试需求。
在上述背景下,虚拟仿真测试系统仍是当下的研究热点,王润民等[2]搭建了整车在环虚拟仿真测试平台,集成了试验台、虚拟场景和自动驾驶车辆,用于测试车辆的感知、决策等功能,并提出一种转向随动系统,实现了传统转鼓试验台上车辆转向角的采集。该测试平台转向随动系统依靠转向台的激光距离传感器和被测车辆转向盘上的陀螺仪实现车辆的实时转向检测,单片机采用模糊PID控制算法对检测到的车轮转角和转向盘转角进行处理,生成控制驱动器的符号脉冲和方向脉冲,通过控制伺服电机带动转向机构跟随被测车辆的转向而转动。从实现目的上,这种随动系统高度依赖激光传感器的灵敏度,以及驱动器的反馈无滞后;从测试需求上,由于该测试系统转向角度范围为±1°,转鼓组无法实现随轮胎转向,则无法开展需依靠电机驱动加载实现的制动摩擦力测试。
因此,本文提出一种自动驾驶整车在环虚拟仿真测试系统,在现有转鼓试验台上增加可操纵辊筒组的功能,实现转向条件下的测试,并配备额外的传感器和驱动器进行辊筒组控制,实现不同驾驶工况均速和变速状态下的测试,在保证仿真测试道路真实性的同时,结合仿真测试软件中对交通环境的多样化建模,可保证测试结果的有效性,并满足车辆实际驾驶工况下的测试要求。
自动驾驶车辆仿真试验台以转鼓/制动试验平台为基础。试验台主要包括支撑车轮的4套转鼓组,每套转鼓组与一个矢量控制交流电机连接,电机由变频器控制并以驱动或发电机模式单独工作,一套中央控制单元监测电机独立同步运行所需的参数(转速、转矩),电机间的能量交换由直流电路完成,数据传输通过总线系统进行。
转鼓的转动惯量与整车质量相匹配,使其尽可能接近实际行驶工况。通过转鼓之间轮胎的几何关系,即轮胎在转鼓上的2个落点与车轮中心连线的角度关系,计算得出转鼓组在车辆行驶方向及其反方向上提供的大部分保持力,并由此确定轮胎向转鼓传递的最大驱动力。
前桥由2个单独的辊筒组组成,安装在同一机架上。每个辊筒组单元由一个可在x方向(车辆行驶方向)上移动的旋转板和一个用于辊筒安装的框架组成。
当车辆进入或驶出试验台时,旋转板的旋转及其在x方向上的移动均被阻挡,旋转板的转向位置通过线性编码器检测。如图1所示为前轴集成转向辊筒组结构。
保持转鼓/制动试验台原有功能不变,额外配备了传感器和执行器,可以快速可靠地控制旋转板的旋转运动,从而控制辊筒组的旋转运动。辊筒组旋转板驱动组如图2所示,新增传感器和执行器如下:
a. 用于检测车辆的侧向运动或者分别检测车轮角度的传感器;
b. 用于检测旋转板角度的传感器和用于驱动旋转板的驱动单元;
c. 用于驱动辊筒组在x方向上运动的驱动单元。
为了最大限度地减少车辆的横向运动,必须快速检测车轮的角度和车辆位置,并相应地控制驱动器,此外,使用集成在传感器中的软件评估来自点激光传感器的测量值,计算车轮角度。仿真试验台的控制系统如图3所示。
除进行常规测试外,还可以在考虑车辆转向的情况下,进行高速行驶条件下的车辆测试。当车辆转角达到极限时,试验台电机在调整辊筒组速度时产生的加速度会转化为反向摩擦力作用于轮胎。同时,集成转向功能的控制系统具有高度的灵活性,体现在智能驱动控制、自动化系统的通用性,以及从可能的运行模式中产生不同的测试工况和加载水平。
图4所示,测试系统硬件包含前轴带转向功能的试验台、计算机和显示器。试验台的控制通过一套基本软件的参数设定完成。系统和测试软件的操作通过工业计算机、可编程逻辑控制器(Programmable Logic Controller,PLC)、数据接口以及现场总线系统实现。采用x-line和Windows 10 64位操作系统实现界面操作和控制程序的开发。图5所示为无人操作的自动驾驶车辆仿真测试系统的测试过程。
自动驾驶测试通过外部ECU与无人驾驶车辆通信,通过前轴辊筒组将车辆在试验台上定位,先进行直线行驶测试,再进行转向条件下的测试。详细步骤为:车辆进入试验台后,通过转鼓组在前轴上绕z轴旋转对其进行定位;以不同的速度直行或进行全功能测试,包括转鼓试验台典型测试,如制动、加速、传感器测试;车辆以不同速度转向并以不同的转向角度向前行驶。表1所示为多功能测试试验台的技术参数。测试系统中转鼓组电机技术参数、电机和发电机运行曲线分别如表2图6所示。其中,连续工作工况是指在恒定负载下的运行时间足以达到热稳定状态的工况,周期运行工况是指按照由一段启动时间、一段恒定负载运行时间、一段快速电制动时间和一段断能停转时间构成的固定周期运行的工况。
制动过程中,摩擦力测试流程如下:
a. 将转鼓试验台加速至100 km/h(或任何其他速度);
b. 关闭电机,使辊筒组自由运行,直到0 km/h;
c. 记录从最大速度到静止状态的100个值(按照3σ取值原则);
d. 使用记录的速度计算摩擦力并存储平均值;
e. 对速度取平均值;
f. 将速度和力同时存储在“校准存储器”中,用于操作模式下的计算校准;
g. 如果记录中车速高于最大校准速度100 km/h,将该值作为最大校准速度;
h. 在2个存储值之间进行插值。
以通过摩擦力校准和摩擦力测试确定的两条曲线之间的差值作为质量标准,如允许的最大值为7 N,4个辊筒组的摩擦力曲线如图7所示。
动态制动力测试流程如下:
a. 对辊筒组用不同的力加速几次;
b. 通过安装在逆变器上的软件程序对测得的电机力和加速力进行比较;
c. 在校准期间记录电机力和加速力之间的差异,并将用于试验台操作模式下的电机力缩放和校正;
d. 对每个轴进行力校准,可同时对2组辊筒组进行校准,以避免进给返回装置过载;
e. 选择车辆在转鼓组上停止时,轮胎面落在鼓面的5个不同的转鼓位置作为测量点,每个测量点电机加载力均从最大值开始,如3 000 N、2 000 N、1 000 N、500 N、250 N;
f. 对中间值进行线性插值;
g. 完成力校准后,在“测试”模式下记录测量值,以便对力进行评估。
车辆在不同的模块中进行测试,由模块自动处理,系统告知工人必要的操作和程序步骤,通过远程控制操作各程序步骤。车辆测试完成或中止后,系统返回原位。
电机力通过加速力进行校准。加速力通过电机编码器记录的加速度和整个系统的已知折算质量(减少质量)计算,折算质量是一个完整辊筒组(辊筒、皮带轮、皮带、电机)质量惯性的测量单位,通过测量系统x-cal确定,包括所有旋转部件(辊筒、驱动电机、齿形垫圈、齿形皮带等)的质量减少。
因此,在校准系统的帮助下确定辊筒组的减小质量:
FInertia=mreda
式中:FInertia为辊筒组质量惯性力,mred为辊筒组的折算质量,a为辊筒组的加速度。
辊筒组的折算质量通过特殊流程确定。试验台和测试设备x-cal热机后进行5次重复测试,确定辊筒组折算质量的平均值,并检查重复测试结果间的误差。x-cal测试的重复性精度为4.5 kg。在校准过程中,将记录不同力范围内电机力与加速力的偏差;在运行过程中,电机力用检测值校正,该值与速度和力无关;对于本文所述的校准,不需要扭矩测量轴。
对于动态制动力验证,x-cal首先用恒定加速力(一般为约500 N)将试验台的辊筒组驱动到约80 km/h,然后向辊筒组施加恒定的减速力(一般为约300 N)。x-cal产生的力由其自身测量并与转鼓制动测试平台显示的力进行比较,评估力的偏差是否在允许的范围内。x-cal的测试精度为±5 N(测量不确定性K=2.95%的测试值在实际值的±5 N范围内)。
力校准结果分析如图8所示。
图8可知,测量摩擦力与校准摩擦力在测试过程中的力偏差在±5 N以内,符合GB 7258《机动车运行安全技术条件》中“当进行制动力检验时,汽车、汽车列车各车轮的阻滞力均应小于等于轮荷的10%”的要求。
图9所示为自动驾驶条件下力校准中速度变化特性曲线,由图9可知,在自动驾驶模式下,动态力校准中,加速度变化特性大致符合预期,并在计算值范围内。
从试验结果可以看出,基于转鼓/制动试验平台搭建的自动驾驶车辆仿真试验台为自动驾驶车辆的性能测试提供了高稳定性的可控驾驶环境,实现状态和结果的实时记录测试,可为被测系统提供高度真实的原始数据,也证明了该整车仿真测试平台在自动驾驶工况下测试系统的仿真效果良好。
本文基于转鼓/制动试验平台,通过增加前轴转鼓的转向功能,搭建了自动驾驶车辆仿真试验台,提供一种车辆在真实交通环境下的自动驾驶状态,在动态制动力校准过程中记录电机力与加速度力间的差异,并在试验台操作模式下对电机力进行缩放和校正。数据分析结果验证了该仿真测试平台的有效性。
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2024年第卷第7期
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240038
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-07-15
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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