Article(id=1200070651026440968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070649520685783, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230384, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1697990400000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764048739439, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1720972800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764048739439, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764048739439, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764048739439, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200070649520685783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2024', volume='', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764048739080, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764049321016, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200073090391703635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070649520685783, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200073090391703636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070649520685783, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=38, endPage=43, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200070651324236572, articleId=1200070651026440968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Cause Analysis and Scheme Optimization of the Automobile Sunroof Water Leakage, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to find the cause of sunroof water leakage, this paper systematically studies three types of sunroof water leakage modes based on the bottom-mounted sunroof structure, including water leakage between the body and the roof seal strip, water leakage between the roof seal strip and the sunroof glass, water leakage over the guiding gutter. The result show that the sunroof water leakage are related to factors like the sunroof seal strip, the sunroof guiding gutter, the sunroof drain pipe, the body and the assembly. The sunroof water leakage can be effectively solved by improving the form of the roof seal strip, compression load performance, coordination with environmental components and joint quality, improving the layout, structure and water conductivity of the guiding gutter, improving the form, layout and displacement of the drainage pipe, improving the flanging size and surface quality of the body, optimizing the assembly environment, techniques and tooling positioning.

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为解决汽车天窗漏水问题,以底装式天窗结构为基础,研究了车身与车顶密封条之间漏水、车顶密封条与天窗玻璃之间漏水、水流翻过导水槽漏水3种天窗漏水模式,发现漏水原因与天窗密封条、天窗导水槽、天窗排水管、车身、装配等因素有关,结果表明,改善车顶密封条的形式、压缩载荷性能、与环境件之间的配合以及接头质量,改进导水槽的布置、结构与导水量,改进排水管的形式、布置、排水量,改善车身的翻边尺寸与表面质量,优化装配环境、手法与工装定位,可有效解决天窗漏水问题。

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汽车天窗漏水原因分析与方案优化
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卢超 , 周广 , 杜宇亮
汽车工程师 | 2024,(7): 38-43
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汽车工程师 | 2024, (7): 38-43
汽车天窗漏水原因分析与方案优化
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卢超, 周广, 杜宇亮
作者信息
  • 神龙汽车有限公司, 武汉 430056
Cause Analysis and Scheme Optimization of the Automobile Sunroof Water Leakage
Chao Lu, Guang Zhou, Yuliang Du
Affiliations
  • Dongfeng Peugeot Citroen Automobile Company Ltd., Wuhan 430056
出版时间: 2024-07-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230384
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为解决汽车天窗漏水问题,以底装式天窗结构为基础,研究了车身与车顶密封条之间漏水、车顶密封条与天窗玻璃之间漏水、水流翻过导水槽漏水3种天窗漏水模式,发现漏水原因与天窗密封条、天窗导水槽、天窗排水管、车身、装配等因素有关,结果表明,改善车顶密封条的形式、压缩载荷性能、与环境件之间的配合以及接头质量,改进导水槽的布置、结构与导水量,改进排水管的形式、布置、排水量,改善车身的翻边尺寸与表面质量,优化装配环境、手法与工装定位,可有效解决天窗漏水问题。

天窗  /  密封条  /  导水槽  /  漏水

In order to find the cause of sunroof water leakage, this paper systematically studies three types of sunroof water leakage modes based on the bottom-mounted sunroof structure, including water leakage between the body and the roof seal strip, water leakage between the roof seal strip and the sunroof glass, water leakage over the guiding gutter. The result show that the sunroof water leakage are related to factors like the sunroof seal strip, the sunroof guiding gutter, the sunroof drain pipe, the body and the assembly. The sunroof water leakage can be effectively solved by improving the form of the roof seal strip, compression load performance, coordination with environmental components and joint quality, improving the layout, structure and water conductivity of the guiding gutter, improving the form, layout and displacement of the drainage pipe, improving the flanging size and surface quality of the body, optimizing the assembly environment, techniques and tooling positioning.

Sunroof  /  Seal strip  /  Guiding gutter  /  Water leakage
卢超, 周广, 杜宇亮. 汽车天窗漏水原因分析与方案优化. 汽车工程师, 2024 , (7) : 38 -43 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230384
Chao Lu, Guang Zhou, Yuliang Du. Cause Analysis and Scheme Optimization of the Automobile Sunroof Water Leakage[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2024 , (7) : 38 -43 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230384
汽车天窗系统具有快速改善车辆内部空气质量与通风状况、增加车辆内部采光与视野、提供紧急逃生与摄影通道等功能,逐渐成为车辆不可或缺的配置。汽车天窗系统是车辆使用过程中可直接感知的功能件,直接影响车辆的舒适性。据售后市场统计,汽车天窗系统常被抱怨的问题有异响和漏水。其中漏水属于功能缺陷,会造成内饰发霉和电气功能异常等。杜贤贵等从密封和排水2个方面对天窗漏水问题进行了简要分析[1],戴磊对天窗排水管的设计进行了讨论[2],汪梦雪从制造工艺的角度对如何避免天窗漏水进行了介绍[3],上述研究均从某一维度对天窗漏水问题进行了阐述,缺少系统性研究。本文以底装式天窗结构为基础,结合水流路径,对天窗漏水模式、漏水原因以及预防措施进行系统性梳理。
汽车天窗系统由玻璃、导轨、电机等组成,安装于汽车顶盖,通过电机驱动并完成规定动作。汽车天窗系统根据安装路径不同可分为顶装式和底装式,如图1所示。顶装式天窗由车顶上方向下安装,底装式天窗由车内部向上安装,在外部尺寸相同的情况下,底装式天窗采光面积更大、成本更低、安装与拆卸更便捷,但受结构限制,漏水风险更高。受成本因素影响,底装式天窗系统日益受到青睐。为保证车辆使用体验,防漏水是底装式天窗结构设计中的要点之一。
底装式天窗与车身之间通过车顶密封条密封,车顶密封条可以阻挡绝大部分的雨水,少量穿过密封面或者玻璃间隙进入天窗内部的雨水落入导水槽流向落水口,最终通过排水管排出车外。底装式天窗漏水模式主要包括车身与车顶密封条之间漏水、车顶密封条与天窗玻璃之间漏水、水流翻过导水槽漏水,如图2所示。
通过分析车顶密封条的结构及其与车身的配合方式,发现导致车身与车顶密封条之间进水失效的原因主要有3个:
a. 密封条原因。密封条底部带泡棉胶,生产时先将挤出的密封条按长度精切分段,通过聚乙烯(Polyethylene,PE)膜加热头尾对接成一整圈。密封条精切时,由于底部泡棉胶应力释放,端头收缩,使泡棉胶的长度小于泡管长度,泡管对接为整圈后,泡棉胶两端不能完全对接,存在一定空隙,如图3所示。密封条粘接到车身后,该空隙仍然存在,雨水通过空隙进入车身内引起漏水。
b. 车身原因。车身作为密封条的配合件,其翻边高度、角度以及粘接面的表面能、清洁度均需严格要求。如果车身未达到配合要求,会造成密封条粘接不良,粘接面漏水。
c. 装配原因。密封条的装配工艺直接影响粘接质量。以常用的3M丙烯酸泡棉胶为例,要求粘接温度范围为16~43 ℃,粘接压力(滚压力)大于63.7 N,如装配条件不满足要求,会发生粘接不良造成漏水。
车顶密封条与天窗玻璃之间通过密封条泡管的压缩形成密封阻止雨水进入天窗内部。导致车顶密封条与天窗玻璃之间进水失效的原因主要有3个:
a. 密封条的断面、材料、配合间隙设计不合理。密封条的密封性能主要由密封条自身的压缩特征和压缩量决定,压缩特征取决于密封条断面和材料压缩性能,即压缩载荷(Compression Load Deflection,CLD)曲线,密封条的压缩量取决于车身与玻璃之间的配合间隙。密封条的断面、材料、配合间隙设计不合理会导致密封条与玻璃之间的密封性能下降引起漏水。
b. 密封条接头处泡管不对齐。密封条挤出后通过热接将首尾相连,接头处易错位(图3),从而导致漏水。
c. 密封条长度设计不合理。密封条粘接在车身上,其长度会影响粘接后密封条的表面状态,若偏短,密封条安装后会被拉伸,导致压缩载荷和压缩量变小,密封性能减弱,若偏长,密封条安装后会被挤压产生皱褶,皱褶处不能与车门玻璃之间形成有效密封引起漏水。
少量穿过玻璃密封面或者玻璃间隙进入天窗内部的雨水会落入导水槽通过排水管排出,通过分析水流路径发现,水流越过导水槽进水失效的原因主要有:
a. 导水槽位置设计不合理,少量穿过玻璃密封面或者玻璃间隙的雨水不能落入导水槽中;导水槽导水横截面积不足,导水量小于进水量,排水不及时导致水流堆积引起漏水;导水槽内部存在使导水横截面积突然减小的阻碍结构,特别是在车身倾斜状态下,水流冲击阻碍结构时,溅水越过导水槽引起漏水。
b. 排水管与天窗导水槽落水口配合不良,导致水流直接从落水口流向顶棚引起漏水;排水管走向和紧固点设计不合理,排水管需从车顶穿到车底,路径长,配合零件多,装配后走向发生变化存在折弯或者被周围环境件挤压,导致排水不畅,水流堆积引起漏水;排水管被树叶或者泥沙等堵塞,水流堆积引起漏水。
首先,设计密封条断面、材料以及压缩量时,应保证密封条在压缩位置的CLD曲线走势平缓,典型CLD曲线如图4a所示:A区段密封条与钣金接触,压缩载荷随压缩量增加而急剧增加;B区段CLD曲线趋于平缓,压缩载荷随压缩量增加而缓慢增加,理论压缩量一般设置在该区段中间位置,该区段越长,越有利于提高间隙容差性,为此,需要设计合理的断面口型、选取合理的材料、合理适配密封间隙与压缩量、均匀排布孔径适中的排气孔;C区段压缩载荷随压缩量增加而急剧增加,应避免压缩量在极限偏差位置进入此区段。其中,F0F0F1F0F1分别为理想的CLD曲线中中值止口、上限止口、下限止口对应的密封条压缩载荷,F0F2F0F2分别为不理想的CLD曲线中上限止口、下限止口对应的密封条压缩载荷,h0h0hh0h分别为中值止口、上限止口、下限止口对应的密封条压缩量。
其次,密封条与车身之间建议采用粘接(卡接定位)的形式,如图4d所示[4],相比传统的卡接在天窗上的形式,粘接在车身上(卡接定位)的形式具有断面尺寸小、外观匹配好、密封性能好、易于天窗平台化等优点,是目前常用的配合形式。
再次,密封条接头处泡管错位和泡棉胶间隙无法完全消除,通常要求接头处泡管不平整度小于0.3 mm,通过对接定位工装控制,通常要求接头处泡棉胶间隙小于0.5 mm,通过对接前打磨对泡管端面进行控制。
最后,密封条长度公差通常要求为±7 mm。
首先,导水槽应设计在车顶密封条与天窗玻璃配合面的正下方,通常取玻璃边和密封条滴水时的最低点做出±17°包络区域,包络区域必须落在导水槽内,如图5所示,从而确保少量从配合面进入天窗内部的雨水全部落入导水槽。
其次,导水槽应存在一定坡度,落水口处于最低位置,使导水槽的雨水能够顺利流向落水口;水流路径上不应有造成导水面积突然减小的结构,避免水流遇阻产生溅水效应而引起漏水;在靠近落水口的水流路径上,布置若干交错的凸起结构以过滤较大杂物,避免排水管堵塞。
最后,导水槽的最小导水横截面的导水量应大于进水量,导水量可应用水力学连续性方程和曼宁公式进行校核[5]
Qg=1 000vSg
v=(1/n)R2/3I1/2
R=ab/(a+2b)
式中:Qg为导水槽导水量,v为导水槽内水流速度,Sg为导水槽最小导水横截面积,n为导水槽的粗糙系数,R为水力半径,I为导水槽坡度,ab分别为导水槽的最小导水横截面的宽度、有效高度。
由式(1)~式(3)可得:
Qg=1 000(1/n)[ab/(a+2b)]2/3I1/2Sg
进水量计算公式为:
Qr=16.7Kq5Sr
式中:Qr为天窗进水量,K=0.9为径流系数,q5为5 min平均降雨量,Sr为天窗进水面积。
为避免导水槽导水不及时导致漏水,要求导水槽导水量与天窗进水量满足如下关系:
QgK1Q
式中:K1为安全系数,取值为1.5~2.0。
首先,排水管与天窗落水口的配合形式建议采用卡接式,如图6所示,相比于直插式,安装方便、配合牢固,不易脱落。
其次,排水管进水口角度与水平面的夹角应大于5°,且走向平滑,弯曲半径不小于60 mm,在适当位置设置紧固点并设置标志,避免装配后因位置发生偏移被其他零件挤压导致排水不畅引起漏水。
再次,排水管出水口避免采用缩口设计,缩口处易被泥沙堵塞引起漏水,出水口与环境件之间的间隙大于15 mm,避免受排水管长度公差或位置公差影响造成排水管出口与环境件干涉导致排水不畅。
最后,排水管内径应满足排水管的排水量大于导水槽的导水量,根据经验,排水管内径不应小于8 mm。排水管排水量可借鉴液压传动学的小孔流量公式进行校核[2]
Qt=1 000CqSt[2(gHp/ρ)]1/2
式中:Qt为排水管排水量,Cq=0.82为长孔及管嘴流量系数,St为排水管内截面积,g为重力加速度,H为天窗落水口到排水管出口的垂直高度,Δp为天窗落水口到排水管出口的压强差,ρ为雨水密度。
为避免排水管排水不及时导致漏水,排水管排水量与天窗进水量应满足:
QtK2Qr
式中:K2为安全系数,取值为1.5~2.0。
首先,车身翻边断面应满足密封条的安装与定位要求,特别是翻边的角度与高度,既要满足密封条的定位需求,又要满足辊压工装的空间要求,典型车身翻边断面如图7所示。
其次,建议车身X向与Y向边交汇处的转角半径R≥75 mm,便于安装密封条。
最后,为保证密封条泡棉胶的粘接性能良好,要求车身粘接面不应存在焊渣、流挂等缺陷,粘接面表面能大于40 mJ/m2,如车身表面能不满足要求,可通过在车身表面增加底涂解决。
首先,为获得良好的粘接性能,密封条泡棉胶安装过程对环境有一定要求,以常用的3M丙烯酸泡棉胶为例,其要求粘接面清洁、干燥,粘接温度为16~43 ℃,粘接滚压力大于63.7 N,粘接至少20 min后进行淋雨检查。
其次,建议将密封条的起始安装点与结束安装点设计在直边上,如图8所示。由于密封条为整圈安装,如果起始安装点与结束安装点处于转角处,易出现皱褶,影响密封。
最后,天窗安装机械手上的导向销与定位销的位置度、尺寸需保证天窗的顺利安装与准确定位,避免安装后天窗位置发生移动和偏转,导致和密封条配合不良引起漏水。
某车型上市后出现天窗漏水抱怨,通过整车多角度淋雨试验,锁定漏水点为:导水槽排水不及时导致水流越过导水槽从挡风网装配孔漏下;车顶密封条粘接不良导致雨水沿着钣金粘接面漏下。通过优化天窗前、后玻璃角部配合处的“老鼠洞”,将进水量由13.5 mL/s减少为8.4 mL/s,如图9a所示;通过扩大导水槽最小导水横截面积,将排水量由13.6 mL/s增大为17.6 mL/s,如图9b所示;通过优化密封条辊压工装和安装面表面状态,提高密封条的粘接质量。对应措施实施后,售后12MIS故障率由0.044%降低为0%,该措施同样适用于售后天窗漏水车辆的原因排查与维修。
本文针对天窗系统漏水问题进行了研究,得到以下结论:改善车顶密封条的形式、压缩载荷性能、与环境件之间的配合以及接头质量,改进导水槽的布置、结构与导水量,改进排水管的形式、布置、排水量,改善车身的翻边尺寸与表面质量,优化装配环境、手法与工装定位,可有效解决天窗漏水问题。
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230384
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-07-15
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  • 修回日期:2023-10-23
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    神龙汽车有限公司, 武汉 430056
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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