Article(id=1200070648878957234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070648174314131, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240082, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1713801600000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764048738926, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1728921600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764048738926, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764048738926, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764048738926, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200070648174314131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2024', volume='', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764048738759, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764049409565, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200073461822488711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070648174314131, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200073461822488712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070648174314131, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=23, endPage=30, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200070649118032579, articleId=1200070648878957234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Electrical System Instability Boundary Prediction of A Pure Electric Vehicle under High-Speed Conditions, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Under high-frequency variable loads, EV electrical system is prone to causing bus voltage oscillations and instability. A small-signal model of the vehicle’s electrical system has been established, obtaining the output impedance of the system source-transformer and the input impedance of the motor load. Based on the traditional impedance ratio criterion and combined with the system’s stability margin, the stability determination principle of the vehicle’s electrical system has been derived. By using a Bode diagram for predicting system instability, research is conducted to explore the instability boundary of pure electric vehicle under high-speed conditions. The simulation verification results show that the vehicle’s maximum speed shall not exceed 188 km/h, and torque variation of hub motor will affect vehicle stability, the torque mutation of single hub motor shall not exceed 220 N·m, which is basically consistent with theoretical analysis results. The results prove that this stability determination principle can predict instability boundary of vehicle electrical system to some extent.

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针对纯电动汽车电力系统在高频变载荷条件下易发生母线电压振荡失稳的问题,建立整车电力系统各部分的小信号模型,获得了系统源-变换器的输出阻抗与电机负载的输入阻抗,在传统阻抗比判据基础上,结合系统的稳定裕度,推导了整车电力系统稳定性判定规则,并利用伯德图进行了系统失稳预测研究,探究高速工况下纯电动汽车的电力系统失稳边界。仿真验证结果表明,轮毂电机在额定转矩下工作时,整车的最高车速不应超过188 km/h,且轮毂电机的转矩变化会影响车辆稳定性,单个轮毂电机转矩突变不应超过220 N·m,与理论分析结果基本一致,证明了该稳定性判定规则可在一定程度上预测整车电力系统失稳边界。

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参数 数值
稳态母线电压Ubus/V 600
DC/DC变换器滤波电感L/H 0.006
DC/DC变换器支撑电容Cs/F 0.005
驱动电机磁链Ψf/Wb 0.1
驱动电机极对数Pn 4
驱动电机转动惯量J 0.003
驱动电机额定转速/r·min-1 1 000
驱动电机额定扭矩/N·m 100
), ArticleFig(id=1200070661369594210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070648878957234, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

某纯电动汽车电力系统部分参数

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参数 数值
稳态母线电压Ubus/V 600
DC/DC变换器滤波电感L/H 0.006
DC/DC变换器支撑电容Cs/F 0.005
驱动电机磁链Ψf/Wb 0.1
驱动电机极对数Pn 4
驱动电机转动惯量J 0.003
驱动电机额定转速/r·min-1 1 000
驱动电机额定扭矩/N·m 100
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高速行驶工况下纯电动汽车电力系统失稳边界预测*
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张国宗 1 , 陈星 2 , 周军超 1
汽车工程师 | 2024,(10): 23-30
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汽车工程师 | 2024, (10): 23-30
高速行驶工况下纯电动汽车电力系统失稳边界预测*
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张国宗1, 陈星2, 周军超1
作者信息
  • 1 四川轻化工大学, 自贡 644002
  • 2 重庆文理学院, 重庆 402160
Electrical System Instability Boundary Prediction of A Pure Electric Vehicle under High-Speed Conditions
Guozong Zhang1, Xing Chen2, Junchao Zhou1
Affiliations
  • 1 Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 644002
  • 2 Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160
出版时间: 2024-10-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240082
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针对纯电动汽车电力系统在高频变载荷条件下易发生母线电压振荡失稳的问题,建立整车电力系统各部分的小信号模型,获得了系统源-变换器的输出阻抗与电机负载的输入阻抗,在传统阻抗比判据基础上,结合系统的稳定裕度,推导了整车电力系统稳定性判定规则,并利用伯德图进行了系统失稳预测研究,探究高速工况下纯电动汽车的电力系统失稳边界。仿真验证结果表明,轮毂电机在额定转矩下工作时,整车的最高车速不应超过188 km/h,且轮毂电机的转矩变化会影响车辆稳定性,单个轮毂电机转矩突变不应超过220 N·m,与理论分析结果基本一致,证明了该稳定性判定规则可在一定程度上预测整车电力系统失稳边界。

整车电力系统  /  小信号模型  /  阻抗比  /  失稳预测  /  失稳边界

Under high-frequency variable loads, EV electrical system is prone to causing bus voltage oscillations and instability. A small-signal model of the vehicle’s electrical system has been established, obtaining the output impedance of the system source-transformer and the input impedance of the motor load. Based on the traditional impedance ratio criterion and combined with the system’s stability margin, the stability determination principle of the vehicle’s electrical system has been derived. By using a Bode diagram for predicting system instability, research is conducted to explore the instability boundary of pure electric vehicle under high-speed conditions. The simulation verification results show that the vehicle’s maximum speed shall not exceed 188 km/h, and torque variation of hub motor will affect vehicle stability, the torque mutation of single hub motor shall not exceed 220 N·m, which is basically consistent with theoretical analysis results. The results prove that this stability determination principle can predict instability boundary of vehicle electrical system to some extent.

Vehicle electrical system  /  Small signal model  /  Impedance ratio  /  Instability prediction  /  Instability boundary
张国宗, 陈星, 周军超. 高速行驶工况下纯电动汽车电力系统失稳边界预测*. 汽车工程师, 2024 , (10) : 23 -30 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240082
Guozong Zhang, Xing Chen, Junchao Zhou. Electrical System Instability Boundary Prediction of A Pure Electric Vehicle under High-Speed Conditions[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2024 , (10) : 23 -30 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240082
新能源汽车的整车电力系统正不断向高度电气化的方向发展[1-3],其具有以下特点:变流器绝缘栅双极型晶体管(Insulate-Gate Bipolar Transistor,IGBT)高频通断使得系统呈现强非线性,容易出现发散、震颤、混沌和分岔等不稳定现象,影响母线电流的质量[4-7];由于车载电力系统只能工作在“离网”模式,负荷容量与电源容量具有可比性,其启动和卸载均会对系统的动态特性产生显著影响,使系统呈现出“弱惯性”[3,8-9];系统在启动、变速、负载扰动状态下,能量的瞬变使得母线电压极易发生高频振荡,对电子元件造成冲击,使系统瞬态性能下降、转换效率降低,严重时会引起车载电力系统失稳,进而引发灾难性后果[10-13]
因此,电力系统稳定性研究不可忽视。文献[14]基于系统的大信号模型,采用混合势函数法,分析了部分控制参数对系统稳定性的影响。文献[15]使用数据采样法,通过判断线性矩阵特征根是否在复平面的单位圆内来判断系统的稳定性。文献[16]基于系统的一般表达式,提出了一种电力系统大扰动下暂态电压的时变特征分析方法,利用雅可比(Jacobian)矩阵评价系统的稳定性特征。这些方法均在一定程度上保证了系统的稳定性,但计算较为复杂,缺乏直观性。对于整车电力系统,要提升复杂工况下的稳定性,必须开展系统的稳定性研究,确定其失稳边界。
本文以某纯电动汽车为研究对象,建立系统的线性化模型,求得动力电池-变流器、超级电容的输出阻抗,以及整流器-轮毂电机的输入阻抗,基于扇形禁区[17],结合系统的稳定裕度,推导车载电力系统的稳定性判断规则,并利用伯德图分析车速、驱动电机转矩对系统稳定性的影响,获得系统的理论失稳边界。最后,通过仿真验证理论分析的合理性。
本文所研究的纯电动汽车动力系统拓扑结构如图1所示,主要由动力电池、双向DC/DC变换器、超级电容、直流电网、电机驱动器、4套轮毂电机构成。在进行稳定性分析时,可以将整车视为分布式电源系统,其拓扑结构可等效为“源+变换器+负载”。研究整车电力系统的小信号稳定性,必须建立准确的模型。
在进行整车建模时,合适的变换器模型至关重要。纯电动汽车高速行驶时,双向DC/DC变换器工作在升压模式下。考虑变换器的二极管、电感、电容、开关管等寄生参数对系统的影响,变换器模型采用非理想开环模型,其拓扑结构如图2所示[18]。其中,ubat为动力电池瞬态输出电压,ubus为母线瞬态电压,ibus为母线瞬态电流,G1G2为双向变换器的2个开关管,rds1rds2分别为开关管G1G2的导通电阻,rL为电感L的寄生电阻,rcs为电容Cs的寄生电阻,Vref为母线参考电压。
在阻抗分析法中,常使用二端口网络中的G参数(逆混合参数)表示DC/DC变换器的小信号模型[19]。双向DC/DC变换器可等效为如图3所示的G参数模型,其中,${\widehat{i}}_{in}$为输入电流扰动、${\widehat{u}}_{in}$为输入电压扰动、${\widehat{i}}_{o}$为输出电流扰动、${\widehat{u}}_{o}$为输出电压扰动。由此,变换器的闭环G参数小信号模型可表示为:
$\left[\begin{array}{l}{\widehat{i}}_{in}\\ {\widehat{u}}_{o}\end{array}\right]=G\left[\begin{array}{l}{\widehat{u}}_{in}\\  {\widehat{i}}_{o}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{l}{Y}_{in}\\ {G}_{io}\end{array}\right.\left.\begin{array}{l}{T}_{in}\\ -{Z}_{o}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{l}{\widehat{u}}_{in}\\  {\widehat{i}}_{o}\end{array}\right]$
式中:${Y}_{in}={\left.\frac{{\widehat{i}}_{in}}{{\widehat{u}}_{in}}\right|}_{{\widehat{i}}_{o}=0}$为闭环输入导纳,即闭环输入阻抗的倒数;${T}_{in}={\left.\frac{{\widehat{i}}_{in}}{{\widehat{i}}_{o}}\right|}_{{\widehat{u}}_{in}=0}$为闭环电流反向传递函数,表示输出电流扰动到输入电流扰动的传递函数;${G}_{io}={\left.\frac{{\widehat{u}}_{o}}{{\widehat{u}}_{in}}\right|}_{{\widehat{i}}_{o}=0}$为闭环输入到输出的传递函数,表示输入电压扰动到输出电压扰动的传递函数;${Z}_{o}={\left.\frac{{\widehat{u}}_{o}}{{\widehat{i}}_{o}}\right|}_{{\widehat{u}}_{in}=0}$为闭环输出阻抗。
变流器输入扰动到输出扰动的闭环传递函数如图4所示,其中,G(v)为电压采样传递函数,G(c)为控制器的传递函数,G(a)为脉冲宽度调制(Pulse Width Modulation,PWM)模块的传递函数,G(co)为占空比扰动到输出电压扰动的传递函数,G(ci)为占空比扰动到输入电流扰动的传递函数,设母线参考电压Vref的扰动量${\widehat{V}}_{ref}$=0。
则其闭环输出阻抗为:
${Z}_{o}=\frac{{Z}_{o-o}}{1+{G}_{\left(v\right)}{G}_{\left(c\right)}{G}_{\left(a\right)}{G}_{\left(co\right)}}$
其中:
${Z}_{o-o}=\frac{{\widehat{u}}_{o}}{{\widehat{i}}_{o}}=\frac{\left[{r}_{L}+D{r}_{ds1}+(1-D){r}_{ds2}+D(1-D){r}_{cs}+sL\right]\left(1+s{r}_{cs}{C}_{s}\right)}{L{C}_{s}{s}^{2}+C\left[{r}_{L}+D{r}_{ds1}+(1-D)({r}_{ds2}+{r}_{cs})\right]s+{(1-D)}^{2}}$
${G}_{\left(co\right)}=\frac{{\widehat{u}}_{o}}{\widehat{d}}=\frac{\left[\right(1-D\left)\right({U}_{bus}+{u}_{bat}+{u}_{D})-({r}_{L}+{r}_{ds1}+{(1-D)}^{2}{r}_{cs}){I}_{L}-L{I}_{L}s](1+{r}_{cs}Cs)}{LC{s}^{2}+C({r}_{L}+D{r}_{ds1}+(1-D\left)\right({r}_{ds2}+{r}_{cs}\left)\right)s+{(1-D)}^{2}}$
式中:Zo-o为开环输出阻抗,D为稳态时开关管的占空比,s为频域,IL=Ibus/(1-D)为稳态电感电流,Ubus为稳态母线电压,Ibus为稳态母线电流,$\widehat{d}$为占空比扰动,uD为开关管导通电压。
超级电容在新能源汽车的动力系统中发挥着能量回收、平滑电力的重要作用,其拓扑结构如图5所示[21]。其中,RaRbucuoic分别为超级电容的串联电阻、并联电阻、电容电压、输出电压、输出电流。
图5可得到超级电容的状态方程为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{c}={u}_{o}+{i}_{c}{R}_{a}\\ -\frac{Cd{u}_{c}}{dt}=\frac{{u}_{c}}{{R}_{b}}+{i}_{c}\end{array}\right.$
对式(5)进行拉普拉斯变换,可得到其线性化小信号模型,从而求得超级电容输出阻抗的表达式为:
${Z}_{oc}=\frac{{\widehat{u}}_{o}}{{\widehat{i}}_{c}}=-\left(\frac{{R}_{b}}{{R}_{b}Cs+1}+{R}_{a}\right)$
式中:C为超级电容的电容值,${\widehat{u}}_{o}$为超级电容输出电压扰动,${\widehat{i}}_{c}$为超级电容输出电流扰动。
在电动汽车中,驱动电机普遍采用永磁同步电机。相较于传统感应电机,永磁同步电机不仅具有高功率、高效率的优点,还能起到能量回收的作用。其控制方式采用矢量控制,控制框图如图6所示[21],其中iaibic为三相电流,LdLq分别为dq轴电感,idiq分别为dq轴电流,Ψf为电机磁链,we为电角度,n为电机转速,nref为参考转速,Pn为电机极对数。
假设系统能量守恒,忽略驱动器功率损耗和电机热损耗,有:
ubus(t)ibus(t)=T(t)w(t)
式中:ubus(t)为t时刻瞬态母线电压,ibus(t)为t时刻瞬态母线电流,T(t)、w(t)分别为t时刻电机的瞬态转矩和转速。
在稳态工作点(Ibus,Ubus,Tm,wm)附近加入扰动(Tmwm分别为电机的稳态转矩与转速),去掉高阶项可得驱动器-驱动电机的线性化模型[22]
$\frac{{\widehat{i}}_{bus}}{{\widehat{u}}_{bus}}=\frac{{w}_{m}}{{U}_{bus}}\cdot \frac{\widehat{T}}{{\widehat{u}}_{bus}}-\frac{{T}_{m}{w}_{m}}{{U}_{bus}^{2}}+\frac{{T}_{m}}{{U}_{bus}}\cdot \frac{\widehat{w}}{{\widehat{u}}_{bus}}$
式中:$\widehat{T}$为电机转矩扰动,$\widehat{w}$为电机转速扰动,${\widehat{u}}_{bus}$为母线电压扰动,${\widehat{i}}_{bus}$为母线电流扰动。
设转矩扰动$\widehat{T}=0$,可得电机的输入导纳为:
$Y=\frac{{\widehat{i}}_{bus}}{{\widehat{u}}_{bus}}\approx \frac{{T}_{m}}{{U}_{bus}}\cdot \frac{\widehat{w}}{{\widehat{u}}_{bus}}-\frac{{T}_{m}{w}_{m}}{{U}_{bus}^{2}}$
驱动系统小信号框图如图7所示,其中,K为比例系数,Vf为载波幅值,PnRϕfJL分别为电机的极对数、内阻、反电势、转动惯量、电感,fifv分别为控制器电流环和电压环的传递函数。
根据图7可以求得母线电压与电机转速的传递函数h为:
$h=\frac{\widehat{w}}{{\widehat{u}}_{bus}}=\frac{{P}_{1}}{1-{L}_{1}-{L}_{2}-{L}_{3}}$
式中:${P}_{1}=\frac{K{P}_{n}}{(R+Ls)}$${L}_{1}=-\frac{{U}_{bus}{f}_{v}}{2{V}_{f}(R+Ls)}$${L}_{2}=-\frac{{P}_{n}{U}_{bus}{f}_{v}{f}_{i}}{2{\varphi }_{f}(R+Ls)Js}$${L}_{3}=\frac{{P}_{n}{\varphi }_{f}}{(R+Ls)Js}$
结合式(9)、式(10),驱动系统的输入导纳为:
$Y=\frac{{T}_{m}}{{U}_{bus}}h-\frac{{T}_{m}{w}_{m}}{{U}_{bus}^{2}}$
系统小信号稳定性分析中常采用阻抗法和李雅普诺夫(Lyapunov)间接法。工程上,对于车载电力系统这种变流器较多的系统,常采用阻抗分析法。根据不同的应用场合,研究人员提出了多种阻抗比判据,传统的阻抗比判据,如米氏(Middlebrook)判据、增益裕量和相位裕量(Gain Margin and Phase Margin,GMPM)判据、Opposing Argument判据、最大峰值标准(Maximum Peak Criteria,MPC)判据等,均存在各种局限性。针对负载阻抗设计时圆禁区在伯德图上难以计算的问题,李安寿提出了扇形禁区[17],该判据无保守性,可从任意端口判定系统的稳定性。
在此基础上,结合系统6 dB的幅值裕度需求和30°的相位裕度需求,本文设计的禁区范围在极坐标上的表示如图8所示。图中存在实轴禁区和扇形禁区,扇形禁区包含圆形禁区,由两段圆弧和两条线段组成。圆弧的圆心为原点,半径分别为(1-r)和(1+r)。线段与实轴的夹角分别为(180°-γ)和(180°+γ)。其中,幅值裕度r=0.5,相位裕度γ=30°。
在极坐标上,扇形禁区可描述为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}1-r\le |{Z}_{o}/{Z}_{in}|\le 1+r\\ \left(2\right.k+1)\times 180°-\gamma \le \angle {Z}_{o}-\angle {Z}_{in}\le (2k+1)\times 180°+\gamma \end{array}\right.$
在伯德图上,扇形禁区、实轴禁区可分别描述为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}20lg(1-R)\le \left|{Z}_{o}\right|-\left|{Z}_{in}\right|\le 20lg(1+R)\\ \left(2\right.k+1)\times 180°-\gamma \le \angle {Z}_{o}-\angle {Z}_{in}\le (2k+1)\times 180°+\gamma \end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left|{Z}_{o}\right|\ge \left|{Z}_{in}\right|\\ \angle {Z}_{o}-\angle {Z}_{in}=(2k+1)\times 180°, k=0,\pm 1,...\end{array}\right.$
式中:Zo为微源子系统的输出阻抗,Zin为负载子系统的输入阻抗。
由此可得禁区范围在伯德图上如图9所示。由图9可得,若已知微源子系统的输出阻抗,系统稳定性判定规则可以描述为:
a. 在|Zin|>|Zo|+20lg(1+r)的频率段,对∠Zin无要求;
b. 在|Zin|<|Zo|+20lg(1-r)的频率段,∠Zin不能穿过线∠Zo+(2k+1)×180°(k=0,±1,…);
c. 在|Zo|+20lg(1-r)<|Zin|<|Zo|+20lg(1+r)的频率段,∠Zin不能穿过由∠Zo+(2k+1)×180°±γ围成的禁区。
针对整车电力系统这类“多源多负载”模型,文献[23]给出的阻抗比判据如下:
若阻抗比
${T}_{m,1}=\frac{{Z}_{o,1}}{{Z}_{in,1}^{\text{'}}}$
${T}_{m,2}=\frac{{Z}_{o,2}}{{Z}_{in,2}^{\text{'}}}$
均满足稳定判定规则,整个系统稳定。
式中:Zo,1Zo,2分别为动力电池-双向DC/DC变换器和超级电容的输出阻抗,${Z}_{in,1}^{\text{'}}=1/\left(\frac{1}{{Z}_{o,2}}+\sum _{i=i}^{4}\frac{1}{{Z}_{in,i}}\right)$${Z}_{in,2}^{\text{'}}=1/\left(\frac{1}{{Z}_{o,1}}+\sum _{i=1}^{4}\frac{1}{{Z}_{in,i}}\right)$Zin,i为第i组驱动器-轮毂电机的输入阻抗。
纯电动汽车的负载具有非线性,其电气特性随着工况的变化而变化,对整车电网产生多方面影响。车速和载荷的变化会引起电网瞬时波动,一旦变化过大,可能导致供电电压的波动超出正常范围,引起电网失稳。根据整车电力系统的特点,本文从车速和电机转矩两个方面进行系统失稳预测分析。本文所研究车辆电力系统的部分参数如表1所示。
为分析单个轮毂电机的输出转矩对系统稳定性的影响规律,保持车速不变,以电机转矩作为唯一变量,将电机转矩由80 N·m逐渐增大到220 N·m,增长幅度为20 N·m,结果如图10所示。
图10a中可以看出:动力电池-双向DC/DC变换器输出阻抗的幅值在700 Hz处存在峰值;伴随着T增大,|$\mathrm{ }{Z}_{in,1}^{\text{'}}$|在相同频率下的幅值逐渐减小,在220 N·m时穿过峰值进入(|Zo,1|+20lg(1+0.5),|Zo,1|+20lg(1-0.5))的区域;由于∠${Z}_{in,1}^{\text{'}}$始终穿过∠Zo,1+180°±30°的区域,所以在单个电机的转矩达到220 N·m时,Tm,1失稳。图10b中,随着转矩的逐渐增大,在相同频率下,|$\mathrm{ }{Z}_{in,2}^{\text{'}}$|的幅值逐渐减小,但变化不明显,相应的相位变化也不显著,∠${Z}_{in,2}^{\text{'}}$一直未穿过禁区,表明Tm,2保持稳定。根据前文推导的稳定性判断规则,Tm,1Tm,2同时稳定时系统才稳定,由此可得随着负载转矩的增大,系统稳定性变差。为了保证足够的稳定裕度,单个驱动电机的理论最大允许转矩为220 N·m。
为分析车速v对系统稳定性的影响,保持整车载荷不变,以车速v为唯一变量,由50 km/h逐渐提高到188 km/h,结果如图11所示。
对比图11图10可知,电机转矩和车速对系统稳定性的影响在伯德图上的变化规律大致相同。图11a中,随着车速v的提高,在相同频率下,|$\mathrm{ }{Z}_{in,1}^{\text{'}}$|的幅值逐渐减小,当车速提高到188 km/h时,|$\mathrm{ }{Z}_{in,1}^{\text{'}}$|进入(|Zo,1|+20lg(1+0.5),|Zo,1|+20lg(1-0.5))的幅值区域,∠${Z}_{in,1}^{\text{'}}$穿过∠Zo,1+180°±30°相位禁区,Tm,1失稳。图11b中,随着车速v的提高,在相同频率下,|$\mathrm{ }{Z}_{in,2}^{\text{'}}$|的幅值减小,除700 Hz处峰值变化较为明显,其他频率段变化不突出,相应的相位禁区变化也不大,∠${Z}_{in,2}^{\text{'}}$一直未穿过相位禁区,表明Tm,2稳定。综上可得:随着车速的提高,系统稳定性变差,为了保证足够的稳定裕度,车速不能超过188 km/h。
为验证预测分析结果的正确性,搭建整车动力学模型及其控制系统模型,模拟车辆在高速行驶工况以及不同载荷下的行驶状态。
图12所示为将驱动电机转矩T分别增大至70 N·m、140 N·m、210 N·m、230 N·m时母线电压的波形图。从图12中可以看出:随着电机转矩T的增大,母线电压的振荡幅度也增大;电机转矩小于210 N·m时,母线电压均能稳定维持在600 V;扭矩T增大到230 N·m时,母线电压急剧增大,系统失稳。仿真结果与前文理论分析结果基本相同。
图13所示为系统稳定时,将车速v分别提升至50 km/h、100 km/h、188 km/h、200 km/h时母线电压仿真波形图。从图13中可知:当车速由50 km/h逐渐提高到188 km/h时,母线电压在跌落后均能迅速回升稳定;当车速提高到200 km/h时,母线电压跌落至500 V,虽然能够回升至600 V稳态母线电压,但系统稳定性变差。仿真结果与理论分析结果基本一致。
本文以某纯电动汽车为例,基于阻抗分析法,建立了整车电力系统各部分的小信号模型,通过伯德图直观分析了驱动电机转矩、车速对系统稳定性的影响,确定了理论失稳边界,并通过仿真验证了理论分析的合理性,研究结果表明:
a. 车辆行驶时,驱动电机转矩的变化会影响整车电力系统的稳定性,导致母线电压出现波动,一旦超过系统的限度,将会导致系统失稳。针对本文研究的驱动电机,转矩突变不能超过220 N·m。
b. 车速的变化会影响整车电力系统的稳定性,车速提高会导致母线电压波动,速度变化幅度过大会引起母线电压跌落,难以维持稳定。针对在本文研究的驱动电机,车辆的最高速度不应超过188 km/h。
c. 提出的整车电力系统稳定性判定规则合理,能够有效确定系统的失稳边界。
  • *重庆市教委科学研究重点项目(R2021SZZ01)
  • 四川轻化工大学研究生创新基金项目(Y2023028)
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2024年第卷第10期
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240082
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-10-15
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  • 修回日期:2024-04-23
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*重庆市教委科学研究重点项目(R2021SZZ01)
四川轻化工大学研究生创新基金项目(Y2023028)
作者信息
    1 四川轻化工大学, 自贡 644002
    2 重庆文理学院, 重庆 402160
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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