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Article(id=1200070549490729578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070540057739492, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230080, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1694448000000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764048715231, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1718380800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764048715231, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764048715231, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764048715231, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200070540057739492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2024', volume='', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764048712982, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764049289384, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200072957746836327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070540057739492, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200072957746836328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070540057739492, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=42, endPage=48, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200070549704639097, articleId=1200070549490729578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Analysis of NOx Emission Characteristics of Heavy-Duty Commercial Vehicles in Transient Conditions, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To analyze the influence of transient conditions on NOx emission of heavy duty commercial vehicles, by classifying the transient operating conditions of heavy-duty commercial vehicles, the NOx emission characteristics were tested under four typical operating conditions, including cold car start, stop and start while driving, driving through highway toll gates, and overtaking acceleration. The test results show that the transient condition will cause the NOx emission to rise, and increase the consumption of urea solution, which is about 0.86~4 times of the steady condition.

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为分析瞬态工况对重型商用车NOx排放的影响，通过对重型商用车瞬态运行工况进行分类，在冷车起步、行驶中停车起步、通过高速公路收费口、超越加速4个典型工况下针对NOx排放特征开展试验研究，结果表明：瞬态工况会引起NOx排放量升高，尿素溶液的消耗量相对于稳态工况增加了约0.86~4倍。

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参数 取值
车辆类型 自卸车
发动机排量/L 12
整备质量/kg 17 200
变速器型号 12TA
后桥速比 5.92
轮胎型号 12.00R20
后处理系统型式 柴油机氧化催化器（DOC）+
柴油机颗粒捕集器（DPF）+
选择性催化还原（SCR）
), ArticleFig(id=1200070560551109052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070549490729578, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

车辆参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 取值
车辆类型 自卸车
发动机排量/L 12
整备质量/kg 17 200
变速器型号 12TA
后桥速比 5.92
轮胎型号 12.00R20
后处理系统型式 柴油机氧化催化器（DOC）+
柴油机颗粒捕集器（DPF）+
选择性催化还原（SCR）
), ArticleFig(id=1200070560693715398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070549490729578, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 取值
环境温度/℃ 1.8
初始水温/℃ 2.2
水温升至70 ℃所需时间/s 1 047
初始排气温度/℃ 4.3
排气温度升至200 ℃所需时间/s 378
下游NOx排放峰值/mL·m-3 2 121
下游NOx排放量降至50 mL/m3所需时间/s 384
怠速条件下下游NOx排放量/mL·m-3 5.8
怠速运行时间/s 117
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冷车起步工况试验结果

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参数 取值
环境温度/℃ 1.8
初始水温/℃ 2.2
水温升至70 ℃所需时间/s 1 047
初始排气温度/℃ 4.3
排气温度升至200 ℃所需时间/s 378
下游NOx排放峰值/mL·m-3 2 121
下游NOx排放量降至50 mL/m3所需时间/s 384
怠速条件下下游NOx排放量/mL·m-3 5.8
怠速运行时间/s 117
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参数 工况1 工况2 工况3
原始排气温度/℃ 211 234 290
排气温度下降幅值/℃ 3 45 51
起步时排气温度/℃ 208 189 239
上游NOx排放量原始值/mL·m-3 250 174 312
上游NOx排放量峰值/mL·m-3 1 488 1 300 1 621
下游NOx排放量原始值/mL·m-3 1.22 0.78 0.5
下游NOx排放量峰值/mL·m-3 65.46 103.59 18
稳态行驶工况尿素溶液消耗量/g·km-1 23.86 9.57 12.28
行驶中停车起步工况尿素溶液消耗量/g·km-1 84.44 53.75 61.97
), ArticleFig(id=1200070561368998369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070549490729578, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

行驶中停车起步工况试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 工况1 工况2 工况3
原始排气温度/℃ 211 234 290
排气温度下降幅值/℃ 3 45 51
起步时排气温度/℃ 208 189 239
上游NOx排放量原始值/mL·m-3 250 174 312
上游NOx排放量峰值/mL·m-3 1 488 1 300 1 621
下游NOx排放量原始值/mL·m-3 1.22 0.78 0.5
下游NOx排放量峰值/mL·m-3 65.46 103.59 18
稳态行驶工况尿素溶液消耗量/g·km-1 23.86 9.57 12.28
行驶中停车起步工况尿素溶液消耗量/g·km-1 84.44 53.75 61.97
), ArticleFig(id=1200070561494827498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070549490729578, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 取值
原始排气温度/℃ 230
排气温度下降/℃ 80
排气温度变化率/% 34.78
下游NOx排放量原始值/mL·m-3 2.3
下游NOx排放量峰值/mL·m-3 704
稳态行驶工况尿素溶液消耗量/g·km-1 21.00
通过高速公路收费口工况尿素溶液消耗量/g·km-1 30.12
), ArticleFig(id=1200070561587102196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070549490729578, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

通过高速公路收费口工况试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 取值
原始排气温度/℃ 230
排气温度下降/℃ 80
排气温度变化率/% 34.78
下游NOx排放量原始值/mL·m-3 2.3
下游NOx排放量峰值/mL·m-3 704
稳态行驶工况尿素溶液消耗量/g·km-1 21.00
通过高速公路收费口工况尿素溶液消耗量/g·km-1 30.12
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重型商用车瞬态工况NOx排放特征分析
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刘刚 1, 2 , 李静静 1, 2 , 王兴元 1, 2 , 李建东 1, 2
汽车工程师 | 2024,(6): 42-48
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汽车工程师 | 2024, (6): 42-48
重型商用车瞬态工况NOx排放特征分析
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刘刚1, 2, 李静静1, 2, 王兴元1, 2, 李建东1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 内燃机可靠性国家重点实验室， 潍坊 261061
  • 2 潍柴动力股份有限公司发动机研究院， 潍坊 261061
Analysis of NOx Emission Characteristics of Heavy-Duty Commercial Vehicles in Transient Conditions
Gang Liu1, 2, Jingjing Li1, 2, Xingyuan Wang1, 2, Jiandong Li1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Engine Reliability, Weifang 261061
  • 2 R&D Center, Weichai Power Co., Ltd., Weifang 261061
出版时间: 2024-06-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230080
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摘要
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为分析瞬态工况对重型商用车NOx排放的影响，通过对重型商用车瞬态运行工况进行分类，在冷车起步、行驶中停车起步、通过高速公路收费口、超越加速4个典型工况下针对NOx排放特征开展试验研究，结果表明：瞬态工况会引起NOx排放量升高，尿素溶液的消耗量相对于稳态工况增加了约0.86~4倍。

重型商用车  /  瞬态工况  /  NOx排放  /  超越加速

To analyze the influence of transient conditions on NOx emission of heavy duty commercial vehicles, by classifying the transient operating conditions of heavy-duty commercial vehicles, the NOx emission characteristics were tested under four typical operating conditions, including cold car start, stop and start while driving, driving through highway toll gates, and overtaking acceleration. The test results show that the transient condition will cause the NOx emission to rise, and increase the consumption of urea solution, which is about 0.86~4 times of the steady condition.

Heavy-duty Commercial Vehicles  /  Transient conditions  /  NOx emissions  /  Overtaking acceleration
刘刚, 李静静, 王兴元, 李建东. 重型商用车瞬态工况NOx排放特征分析. 汽车工程师, 2024 , (6) : 42 -48 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230080
Gang Liu, Jingjing Li, Xingyuan Wang, Jiandong Li. Analysis of NOx Emission Characteristics of Heavy-Duty Commercial Vehicles in Transient Conditions[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2024 , (6) : 42 -48 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230080
正文
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1 前言
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车辆行驶过程中，受车型、地形、路况、驾驶行为等的影响，动力系统经常处于瞬态运行工况，其性能、污染物排放量等与稳态工况差异较大[1]。本文基于GB 17691—2018《重型柴油车污染物排放限值及测量方法（中国第六阶段）》分析冷车起步、行驶中停车起步、通过高速公路收费口、超越加速4种瞬时工况对整车NOx排放的影响。
2 试验测试
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2.1 试验条件
试验设备采用奥地利AVL李斯特公司的便携式排放测试系统（Portable Emission Measurement System，PEMS），如图1所示[2]。
试验车辆为某自卸车，车辆主要参数如表1所示，车辆载荷为装载质量的100%。
试验行驶路线与整车道路排放试验相同。试验方法、数据计算处理方法采用整车道路排放试验中的功基窗口法[3]。
2.2 试验方案
研究表明，急加速等瞬态工况对NOx排放的影响较大[4]，故本文从整车动力学理论出发，结合行程动力学的应用，分析起步加速和超越加速两类工况对NOx排放的影响。试验方案如下：
a. 整车瞬态工况识别。整车瞬态工况最直观的表现为车速、发动机转速、油门开度、加速度等参数的突然变化[5]，首先进行瞬态工况类型识别，包括冷车起步、行驶中停车起步、通过高速公路收费口、超越加速、上坡下坡等，本文主要研究除坡度影响外的其他工况类型。
b. 相关因素分析。从排气温度、上游NOx排放量、下游NOx排放量、尿素喷射量等方面分析瞬态工况下的变化趋势。
c. 产生影响分析。分析瞬态工况对NOx排放量、尿素消耗量等方面的影响。
3 试验分析
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3.1 起步加速
3.1.1 冷车起步加速
冷车起步是存在较多复杂工况的阶段，受油门、挡位、驾驶习惯等多方面的影响。研究表明，在整车道路排放试验中，冷车起动时间占试验全程时间的4.27%，但产生的NOx质量占全部排放物质量的9.59%[6]。
根据国六排放标准，整车排放试验应在发动机起动前开始采集排放和测量数据，图2所示为试验车型的冷车起步运行工况数据。
车辆电源接通23 s后起动发动机，发动机怠速运转117 s后起步，电源接通后第378 s时排气温度升至200 ℃（排气后处理装置起作用的温度），第1 047 s时水温升至70 ℃。相关测试结果如表2所示。
通常认为瞬态NOx排放量在50 mL/m3以下时不存在排放结果超标风险。从表2中可以看出，NOx排放峰值在第384 s降至50 mL/m3以下，即水温在升至70 ℃之前排气后处理装置已发挥作用。从图2中NOx瞬态排放量曲线也可看出，在水温升至70 ℃时NOx排放量已降至正常水平。
为防止车辆冷态条件下的恶劣排放，在冷车起步阶段应增加热管理措施，且驾驶行为应趋于缓和，以减少冷态和瞬态同时作用对NOx排放造成的影响。
3.1.2 行驶中停车起步
行驶中停车起步工况具体包括车速下降、停车等待、起步加速、车速稳定4个阶段，加速特征曲线如图3所示。
车辆行驶过程中在松开油门的瞬间，车速下降，发动机水温、排气温度均下降，直至重新起步加速一段时间后，相应温度开始上升，同时，NOx排放量等参数也发生变化。
图4所示为初始车速为32 km/h、停车时间为20 s（工况1）和40 s（工况2），以及初始车速为55 km/h、停车时间为40 s（工况3）的3种工况下排气温度、发动机水温、上游NOx排放量和下游NOx排放量等参数的变化情况，主要参数变化过程如表3所示。
此外，从图4中可以看出，起步时上游NOx排放量和下游NOx排放量均存在高位波动，上游NOx排放量变化远大于下游NOx排放量变化，这将导致尿素溶液消耗量增加，将该工况与稳态工况进行对比，这3种情况下的尿素溶液消耗量较稳态行驶工况提高约2.53~4倍。
总体来看，行驶中停车起步工况排气温度变化约在20%以内，对下游NOx排放造成一定的影响，但持续时间较短，相对于车辆试验全程排放量，该部分影响可忽略，但对上游NOx排放的影响相对较大。
3.1.3 通过高速公路收费口
重型商用车在经过高速公路收费站时可能存在减速并多次停车起步加速的过程[7]，典型的工况曲线如图5所示。
从图5中可以看出，从第一次停车至正常行驶经历了多次起步过程，上游NOx排放和下游NOx排放均相应呈现不同程度的波动，排气温度呈现先下降再上升的趋势。NOx排放量的瞬时变化较大，但时间较短，按照国六标准功基窗口法计算，影响较小。图6所示为一次完整的PEMS运行工况，其中高速段包含一段通过高速公路收费口的工况。图7所示为按照功基窗口法计算得到的NOx窗口比排放结果。
由图7可以看出，车辆通过高速公路收费口时NOx瞬态排放量较大，且采用功基窗口法计算时NOx有效窗口比排放升高，但相对于瞬态变化，窗口比排放变化较小。
通过高速公路收费口过程中，排放相关的主要参数变化情况如表4所示。
由表4可知，通过高速公路收费口工况下游NOx排放量峰值较大，但持续时间较短，较稳态行驶工况增加了约50%的尿素溶液消耗量，对整体排放结果影响较小。
3.2 超越加速
超越加速会引起发动机进气量和供油量的突变，对NOx的排放也会产生影响[8]。本文针对车速由30 km/h提高至50 km/h和由50 km/h提高至70 km/h 2种急加速工况进行分析。超越加速工况下工况点分布和关键参数曲线如图8、图9所示。
从图9中可以看出：初始车速为50 km/h的工况相比于初始车速为30 km/h的急加速工况，扭矩和下游NOx排放量变化均较大，且持续时间较长；每次加速过程中排气温度均呈现先下降再上升的趋势，该现象由急加速时瞬时排气流量突然增大导致，如图10所示。
此外，在超越加速工况下，尿素喷射迟于进气流量的变化，如图11所示。液体的惯性远大于气体的惯性[9]，因此，类似急加速的强瞬态工况下，尿素溶液喷射量的增长滞后于进气流量的增长，由此造成上游NOx排放量升高而尿素溶液喷射量增加滞后的现象，这也是导致下游NOx排放量较高的因素之一[10]。此时，如遇前期后处理氨存储不足，可能会导致短时下游NOx排放量较大的现象。
根据图9的结果，超越加速过程中，相对于上游NOx排放量，下游NOx排放量的变化较小，这必然导致尿素用量的增加，通过试验得到超越加速工况下的尿素溶液消耗量较稳态行驶工况提高约0.86~1.43倍。
4 结束语
收起
本文针对起步加速、超越加速等常见的瞬态工况对重型商用车NOx排放量的影响进行了系统性试验研究，结果表明，此类工况会在一定程度上增大车辆的NOx排放量，并相应增加尿素溶液的消耗量，其中行驶中停车起步工况下尿素溶液消耗量最多，尿素溶液消耗量较稳态行驶工况提高约2.53~4倍。
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230080
  • 首发时间：2025-11-25
  • 出版时间：2024-06-15
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  • 修回日期：2023-09-12
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    1 内燃机可靠性国家重点实验室， 潍坊 261061
    2 潍柴动力股份有限公司发动机研究院， 潍坊 261061
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