Article(id=1200070547792032132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070542012280879, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230065, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1678204800000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764048714826, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1707926400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764048714826, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764048714826, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764048714826, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200070542012280879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2024', volume='', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764048713448, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764049098801, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200072158367019868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070542012280879, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200072158367019869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070542012280879, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=44, endPage=48, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200070548098216363, articleId=1200070547792032132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Near-Field Sound Pressure Simulation for Vehicle Trumpet Based on Ray Tracing Method, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For the selection of vehicle trumpet based on vehicle test, there are problems of operation lag and affecting the progress of mass production of models. To address this issue, this paper proposed a trumpet near-field sound pressure simulation method based on Ray Tracing. Firstly, the hard wall panel data on the external surface of a vehicle was extracted, and Ray Tracing model solution model was established in VAOne, then the sound power of the trumpet was obtained by the inverse matrix module that was loaded into the Ray Tracing solution model to calculate the near-field sound pressure. The near-field sound pressure of trumpet simulation was compared with the test results, the result shows that the calculated near-field sound pressure value of trumpet is in good agreement with the experimental value, which can provide basis for vehicle trumpet selection in the early stage of model development.

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为解决基于实车测试的汽车喇叭选型方法存在滞后,影响车型量产进度的问题,提出了一种基于声线跟踪法的汽车喇叭近场声压仿真方法。以某轿车为研究对象,提取车体外表面硬壁板数据,在VAOne软件中建立声线跟踪法求解模型,由逆矩阵模块得到喇叭的声功率,并将喇叭声功率加载到声线跟踪法求解模型计算得到喇叭近场声压。将喇叭近场声压仿真结果与试验结果进行对比,结果表明:应用声线跟踪法计算得到的喇叭近场声压与试验结果吻合度较好,可在车型开发前期为喇叭选型提供依据。

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序号 参数名称
1 声线数量
2 反射次数
3 反射单元法向角度
4 传感器接收半径
5 衍射次数
6 衍射角度
7 衍射点半径
8 几何边沿角度
9 衍射点距
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声线跟踪模块参数

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序号 参数名称
1 声线数量
2 反射次数
3 反射单元法向角度
4 传感器接收半径
5 衍射次数
6 衍射角度
7 衍射点半径
8 几何边沿角度
9 衍射点距
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基于声线跟踪法的汽车喇叭近场声压仿真
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米路
汽车工程师 | 2024,(2): 44-48
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汽车工程师 | 2024, (2): 44-48
基于声线跟踪法的汽车喇叭近场声压仿真
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米路
作者信息
  • 长城汽车股份有限公司保定技术研发分公司, 保定 071003
Near-Field Sound Pressure Simulation for Vehicle Trumpet Based on Ray Tracing Method
Lu Mi
Affiliations
  • Baoding Technology R&D Branch of Great Wall Motor Company Limited, Baoding 071003
出版时间: 2024-02-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230065
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为解决基于实车测试的汽车喇叭选型方法存在滞后,影响车型量产进度的问题,提出了一种基于声线跟踪法的汽车喇叭近场声压仿真方法。以某轿车为研究对象,提取车体外表面硬壁板数据,在VAOne软件中建立声线跟踪法求解模型,由逆矩阵模块得到喇叭的声功率,并将喇叭声功率加载到声线跟踪法求解模型计算得到喇叭近场声压。将喇叭近场声压仿真结果与试验结果进行对比,结果表明:应用声线跟踪法计算得到的喇叭近场声压与试验结果吻合度较好,可在车型开发前期为喇叭选型提供依据。

喇叭  /  声线跟踪法  /  近场声压

For the selection of vehicle trumpet based on vehicle test, there are problems of operation lag and affecting the progress of mass production of models. To address this issue, this paper proposed a trumpet near-field sound pressure simulation method based on Ray Tracing. Firstly, the hard wall panel data on the external surface of a vehicle was extracted, and Ray Tracing model solution model was established in VAOne, then the sound power of the trumpet was obtained by the inverse matrix module that was loaded into the Ray Tracing solution model to calculate the near-field sound pressure. The near-field sound pressure of trumpet simulation was compared with the test results, the result shows that the calculated near-field sound pressure value of trumpet is in good agreement with the experimental value, which can provide basis for vehicle trumpet selection in the early stage of model development.

Trumpet  /  Ray tracing method  /  Near-field sound pressure
米路. 基于声线跟踪法的汽车喇叭近场声压仿真. 汽车工程师, 2024 , (2) : 44 -48 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230065
Lu Mi. Near-Field Sound Pressure Simulation for Vehicle Trumpet Based on Ray Tracing Method[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2024 , (2) : 44 -48 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230065
根据GB 7258—2017《机动车运行安全技术条件》要求,机动车应配置具有连续发声功能的喇叭。在距车前2 m、离地高度为1.2 m处,喇叭声压级应为90~115 dB(A)[1];在距车前7 m、离地高度为0.5~1.5 m处,喇叭声压级应为87~112 dB(A)[2]。一般高、低音喇叭各配置一个,布置于机舱前端两侧,同时发声。
在乘用车喇叭选型研究中,徐中明等[3]基于主观评价开展了喇叭的声品质分析,张志飞等[4]进行了基于客观测试的喇叭声特性研究,梁占飞等[5]进行了汽车喇叭设计、布置经验及常见问题解析。然而,上述研究对于在车型开发前期如何进行喇叭选型鲜有说明。目前,常用的喇叭选型方法为车型开发后期实车测试,即在车辆下线后安装不同品牌和型号的喇叭,在车前方2 m和7 m处用声级计分别测试喇叭的声压级,直到找到满足法规要求的喇叭为止。这种方法无法在车型开发前期确定喇叭的规格型号,不能为喇叭预留准确的空间,后期可能因空间不足无法安装,影响车型量产进度,且实车测试人力和设备成本较高。
本文基于声传递特性,提出在车型开发前期通过仿真计算喇叭近场声压级的方法,为车型开发前期喇叭选型提供依据。在车型开发阶段,提取车体外表面硬壁板数据,在VAOne软件中应用声线跟踪(Ray Tracing)模块建立求解模型;应用LMS Test Lab测试系统中的逆矩阵模块[6]测试得到喇叭的声功率并将其加载到声线跟踪法求解模型中,通过参数设置、模型调校计算得到喇叭近场声压。
声线跟踪法将噪声源定义为一个紧凑型声源,认为所有的声能量都从一点以声波的形式发出。声波有4种传递形式,即直射、反射、散射、衍射,反射遵循斯内尔定律(Snell Law)[7],散射遵循朗伯定律(Lambert’s Law)[8],衍射遵循衍射定律[9]
声波在空气中的传播如图1所示,在Ⅰ-Ⅱ区域,声波的传播有直射、反射、散射3种形式,此区域接收到的声能量为:
${Q}_{Ⅰ-Ⅱ}={Q}_{z}+{Q}_{f}+{Q}_{s}$
式中:QzQfQs分别为声波通过直射、反射、散射方式传递到接收点的声能量。
在Ⅱ-Ⅲ区域,声波的传播有直射、散射2种形式,此区域接收到的声能量为:
${{Q}_{-}}={{Q}_{z}}+{{Q}_{s}}$
在Ⅲ-Ⅳ区域,声波的传递只有衍射一种形式,此区域接收到的声能量为:
${{Q}_{-}}={{Q}_{y}}$
式中:Qy为声波通过衍射方式传递到接收点的声能量。
某轿车的前期外表面(Concept A Surface,CAS)数据如图2所示。对CAS及车轮数据进行几何修整并生成网格,将网格导入VAOne软件,如图3所示。应用VAOne软件中的依据网格自动生成板件(Auto Create Plate from FE)指令生成全车板件[10],在车体上方6 m处创建声线跟踪法模块,并调用车体板件,如图4所示。
在模型中添加紧凑声源和声压检测传感器。由于此车型为新能源车型,无散热格栅,机舱整体为全密封形式,若将紧凑声源按照喇叭设计位置置于机舱内,声线无法传播到车外,故将紧凑型声源置于车外,紧贴前保险杠面罩,X向与前保险杠的距离为10 mm,且Y向、Z向坐标与喇叭安装位置保持一致。声压检测传感器的位置为车前2 m、高度1.2 m和车前7 m、高度分别为0.5 m、0.8 m、1.1 m、1.5 m。
VAOne软件中声线跟踪模块所涉及的参数如表1所示。
测试高、低音喇叭声功率时需要注意的是,测试的位置应为喇叭安装位置的等效位置,即前文中添加紧凑型声源的位置。本文采用LMS Test Lab测试系统中的逆矩阵功能模块获取该车型高、低音喇叭的声功率。
测试原理如图5所示,车辆静止状态下,分别测试高、低音喇叭到6个麦克风的传递函数TH-iTL-i,其中TH-iTL-i分别为高、低音喇叭到麦克风ii=1,2,3,4,5,6)的传递函数。所使用的麦克风数量越多,测试结果越准确,测试过程如图6所示。
保持6个麦克风的位置不变,按响喇叭,测试6个麦克风的有效声压p1~p6。传递函数与有效声压的关系可表示为:
$\left[\begin{array}{l}{p}_{1}\\ {p}_{2}\\ {p}_{3}\\ {p}_{4}\\ {p}_{5}\\ {p}_{6}\end{array}\right] = \left[\begin{array}{cc}{T}_{H-1}& {T}_{L-1}\\ {T}_{H-2}& {T}_{L-2}\\ {T}_{H-3}& {T}_{L-3}\\ {T}_{H-4}& {T}_{L-4}\\ {T}_{H-5}& {T}_{L-5}\\ {T}_{H-6}& {T}_{L-6}\end{array}\right] \times  \left[\begin{array}{c}{S}_{H}\\ {S}_{L}\end{array}\right]$
式中,SHSL分别为高、低音声源体积加速度。
式(4)可改写为:
$\left[\begin{array}{c}{S}_{H}\\ {S}_{L}\end{array}\right] = {\left[\begin{array}{cc}{T}_{H-1}& {T}_{L-1}\\ {T}_{H-2}& {T}_{L-2}\\ {T}_{H-3}& {T}_{L-3}\\ {T}_{H-4}& {T}_{L-4}\\ {T}_{H-5}& {T}_{L-5}\\ {T}_{H-6}& {T}_{L-6}\end{array}\right]}^{-1}\times  \left[\begin{array}{l}{p}_{1}\\ {p}_{2}\\ {p}_{3}\\ {p}_{4}\\ {p}_{5}\\ {p}_{6}\end{array}\right]$
由式(5)可知,测得传递函数和麦克风的有效声压后即可计算出高、低音喇叭的声源体积加速度,需将其转换为声功率:
${S}_{W}=1.293\times {\left|S\right|}^{2}/\left(4\pi c\right)$
式中:SW为声源的声功率,S为体积加速度,c为声速。
声源声功率的频率范围为0.1~10 kHz,频率间隔为1 Hz,半消声室测得的高、低音喇叭的声功率如图7所示,为方便展示,仅列出800~900 Hz频段的数据,间隔为5 Hz。
在半消声室内测试喇叭发声,如图8所示,测量车前2 m、高1.2 m和车前7 m、高度分别为0.5 m、0.8 m、1.1 m、1.5 m处的声压,用于模型调校时参照。
将扬声器发声时测试计算得到的声功率加载到声线跟踪法求解模型中,得到近场响应的仿真结果,并与测试结果对比,通过调节声线跟踪模块的参数使各位置85%以上频点近场响应仿真结果与测试结果的误差在±3 dB(A)范围内。以车前2 m、高度为1.2 m和车前7 m、高度为1.5 m 2个位置为例,喇叭发声时的仿真和测试结果如图9所示。
图9可知,应用声线跟踪法计算得到的喇叭近场响应仿真结果与测试结果一致性较好。
本文以某轿车为研究对象,通过提取车体外表面硬壁板数据,在VAOne软件中建立声线跟踪法求解模型,利用逆矩阵模块得到喇叭的声功率并加载到声线跟踪法求解模型计算喇叭近场声压,仿真与测试对比结果表明,应用声线跟踪法计算得到的喇叭近场声压与测试结果一致性较好。该方法可在车型开发前期为扬声器选型提供数据支持。
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230065
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-02-15
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    长城汽车股份有限公司保定技术研发分公司, 保定 071003
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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