Article(id=1200070546663764258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070538661031941, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230081, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1683302400000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764048714557, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1713110400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764048714557, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764048714557, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764048714557, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200070538661031941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2024', volume='', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764048712649, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764049231629, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200072715479642977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070538661031941, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200072715479642978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070538661031941, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=12, endPage=16, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200070547011891522, articleId=1200070546663764258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Research on the Seat Safety of Passenger Cars, columnId=1200066399931564301, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=Special Topic on Passive Safety Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the seat safety of passenger cars in China, this paper analyzed the casualties of each seat in three collision modes based on China In-Depth Accident Study (CIDAS) (2011~2022) statistical data, calculated the fatal risk of passengers in the front and rear seats using the risk model, and used risk weighting model and geometric average model of the risk to calculate risk of each seat. The results show that the fatal risk coefficient of the front row is 1.18 compared with the back row. Taking the risk of 100% of the driver’s seat position as the reference standard, the risk of the passenger seat, the left rear seat, the right rear seat and the middle rear seat was 79.57%, 105.23%, 93.28% and 191.69%, respectively.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jihua Lü, Xiaojiang Lü, Ruyang Pan, Haiyun Sun, Dayong Zhou, Pengxiang Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200070548047884711, articleId=1200070546663764258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=CN, title=乘用车乘坐位置安全性研究, columnId=1200066400258720038, journalTitle=汽车工程师, columnName=被动安全技术专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=为研究中国乘用车乘坐位置安全性,基于中国交通事故深入研究项目(CIDAS)2011~2022年统计数据,分析了3种碰撞形态下各个乘坐位置的伤亡状况,利用危险度模型对前、后排位置乘员进行致命风险计算,并利用危险度加权模型和危险度几何平均模型分别对各个乘坐位置进行危险度计算。结果表明:前排相对于后排的致命风险系数为1.18;以驾驶员位置危险度100%作为参照标准,副驾驶位置危险度为79.57%、左后座危险度为105.23%、右后座危险度为93.82%、中后座危险度为191.69%。, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Eu4QNirNPuMrNqLpaIVgTg==, magXml=OgOnyYIwnf5C1su6VCkPYw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=34wF5Ev6rA5YTPdFK63lkw==, pdfFileSize=621252, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=FSJ4k+wRMFemj3EZ9fOmuQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=I89yyt7MQdv2GAdwEQSmEg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=吕继华, 吕晓江, 潘如杨, 孙海云, 周大永, 王鹏翔)}, authors=[Author(id=1200070548635087341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070546663764258, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1200070548790276606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070546663764258, authorId=1200070548635087341, language=EN, stringName=Jihua Lü, firstName=Jihua, middleName=null, lastName=Lü, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety Technology, Geely Automobile Research Institute (Ningbo) Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315335, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1200070548899328520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070546663764258, authorId=1200070548635087341, language=CN, stringName=吕继华, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 吉利汽车研究院(宁波)有限公司, 浙江省汽车安全技术研究重点实验室, 宁波 315335, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1200070548362457546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070546663764258, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200070548375040460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070546663764258, companyId=1200070548362457546, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety Technology, Geely Automobile Research Institute (Ningbo) Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315335), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200070548391817680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070546663764258, companyId=1200070548362457546, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 吉利汽车研究院(宁波)有限公司, 浙江省汽车安全技术研究重点实验室, 宁波 315335)])]), Author(id=1200070549012574741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070546663764258, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1200070549142598184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070546663764258, authorId=1200070549012574741, language=EN, stringName=Xiaojiang Lü, firstName=Xiaojiang, middleName=null, lastName=Lü, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety Technology, Geely Automobile Research Institute (Ningbo) Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315335
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Beijing: People’s Communications Press, 2019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200070557321490602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070546663764258, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1994, volume=null, issue=2, pageStart=52, pageEnd=54, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=15, authorNames=北京市高级人民法院法医室损伤程度研究Ⅰ组, journalName=法律与医学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=北京市高级人民法院法医室损伤程度研究Ⅰ组. 创伤的AIS评分与损伤程度评定对比分析的研究[J]. 法律与医学杂志, 1994(2): 52-54+96., articleTitle=创伤的AIS评分与损伤程度评定对比分析的研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200070557489262766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070546663764258, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1994, volume=null, issue=2, pageStart=52, pageEnd=54, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Ⅰ Forensic Lab Damage Degree Research Group of the Beijing Municipal Higher People’s Court, journalName=Journal of Law & Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ⅰ Forensic Lab Damage Degree Research Group of the Beijing Municipal Higher People’s Court. 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AIS等级 受伤程度 死亡率/% 分级划分 算数平均法计算危险度/% 几何平均法计算危险度/%
AIS0 未受伤 0 未受伤 0 0
AIS1 轻微受伤 0.6 轻伤 1.9 1.39
AIS2 轻度受伤 3.2
AIS3 重伤,但没有生命危险 9.3 重伤 38.7 27.43
AIS4 重伤,有生命危险,但有存活的可能性 28.3
AIS5 重伤,无法肯定是否能够存活 78.3
AIS6 最大伤害,无法医治,死亡 100.0 死亡 100.0 100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1200070553135575969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070546663764258, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

AIS分级标准

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AIS等级 受伤程度 死亡率/% 分级划分 算数平均法计算危险度/% 几何平均法计算危险度/%
AIS0 未受伤 0 未受伤 0 0
AIS1 轻微受伤 0.6 轻伤 1.9 1.39
AIS2 轻度受伤 3.2
AIS3 重伤,但没有生命危险 9.3 重伤 38.7 27.43
AIS4 重伤,有生命危险,但有存活的可能性 28.3
AIS5 重伤,无法肯定是否能够存活 78.3
AIS6 最大伤害,无法医治,死亡 100.0 死亡 100.0 100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1200070553290765226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070546663764258, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乘坐位置编号 碰撞形态 总人数 轻伤
人数
重伤
人数
死亡
人数
1 正面碰撞 120 41 27 2
侧面碰撞 432 106 47 4
尾部碰撞 207 70 29 9
2 正面碰撞 48 24 16 0
侧面碰撞 181 94 27 2
尾部碰撞 94 41 17 2
3 正面碰撞 20 8 7 0
侧面碰撞 78 32 11 2
尾部碰撞 55 20 15 1
4 正面碰撞 22 10 6 0
侧面碰撞 75 34 19 0
尾部碰撞 43 19 9 0
5 正面碰撞 9 3 4 0
侧面碰撞 22 8 9 0
尾部碰撞 13 3 3 2
), ArticleFig(id=1200070553441760180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070546663764258, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

在3种碰撞形态下驾乘人员的伤亡统计 人

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乘坐位置编号 碰撞形态 总人数 轻伤
人数
重伤
人数
死亡
人数
1 正面碰撞 120 41 27 2
侧面碰撞 432 106 47 4
尾部碰撞 207 70 29 9
2 正面碰撞 48 24 16 0
侧面碰撞 181 94 27 2
尾部碰撞 94 41 17 2
3 正面碰撞 20 8 7 0
侧面碰撞 78 32 11 2
尾部碰撞 55 20 15 1
4 正面碰撞 22 10 6 0
侧面碰撞 75 34 19 0
尾部碰撞 43 19 9 0
5 正面碰撞 9 3 4 0
侧面碰撞 22 8 9 0
尾部碰撞 13 3 3 2
), ArticleFig(id=1200070553559200697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070546663764258, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乘坐位置编号 安全带佩戴情况 总人数 未受伤人数 轻伤人数 重伤人数 死亡人数
1 佩戴 495 295 133 61 6
未佩戴 254 122 82 42 8
未知 10 7 2 0 1
2 佩戴 140 52 59 27 2
未佩戴 177 44 98 33 2
未知 6 4 2 0 0
3 佩戴 10 6 3 1 0
未佩戴 134 49 52 30 3
未知 9 2 5 2 0
4 佩戴 8 3 1 4 0
未佩戴 122 38 56 28 0
未知 10 2 6 2 0
5 佩戴 5 4 0 0 1
未佩戴 32 6 12 13 1
未知 7 2 2 3 0
), ArticleFig(id=1200070553693418436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070546663764258, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

3种碰撞形态下驾乘人员安全带佩戴情况统计 人

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乘坐位置编号 安全带佩戴情况 总人数 未受伤人数 轻伤人数 重伤人数 死亡人数
1 佩戴 495 295 133 61 6
未佩戴 254 122 82 42 8
未知 10 7 2 0 1
2 佩戴 140 52 59 27 2
未佩戴 177 44 98 33 2
未知 6 4 2 0 0
3 佩戴 10 6 3 1 0
未佩戴 134 49 52 30 3
未知 9 2 5 2 0
4 佩戴 8 3 1 4 0
未佩戴 122 38 56 28 0
未知 10 2 6 2 0
5 佩戴 5 4 0 0 1
未佩戴 32 6 12 13 1
未知 7 2 2 3 0
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正面碰撞 0.110 2 0.138 5 0.143 1 0.114 2 0.178 3
侧面碰撞 0.056 0 0.078 6 0.088 0 0.106 7 0.165 2
尾部碰撞 0.104 1 0.099 6 0.130 6 0.089 4 0.247 5
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3种碰撞形态下各乘坐位置危险度

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乘坐位置编号 1 2 3 4 5
正面碰撞 0.110 2 0.138 5 0.143 1 0.114 2 0.178 3
侧面碰撞 0.056 0 0.078 6 0.088 0 0.106 7 0.165 2
尾部碰撞 0.104 1 0.099 6 0.130 6 0.089 4 0.247 5
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乘坐位置 受伤人数 死亡人数 总人数
前排位置 539 19 1 082
后排位置 220 5 337
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乘员在前、后排位置的伤亡统计 人

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后排位置 220 5 337
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1 217 103 15
2 159 60 4
3 60 33 3
4 63 34 0
5 14 16 2
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乘员在各个乘坐位置的伤亡统计 人

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5 14 16 2
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乘坐位置编号 1 2 3 4 5
危险度加权平均值 0.077 7 0.093 6 0.110 5 0.102 5 0.192 2
数据归一化 100% 120.46% 142.21% 131.92% 247.36%
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乘员在各个乘坐位置的危险度加权平均值

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乘坐位置编号 1 2 3 4 5
危险度加权平均值 0.077 7 0.093 6 0.110 5 0.102 5 0.192 2
数据归一化 100% 120.46% 142.21% 131.92% 247.36%
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乘坐位置编号 1 2 3 4 5
危险度几何平均值 0.042 1 0.033 5 0.044 3 0.039 5 0.080 7
数据归一化 100% 79.57% 105.23% 93.82% 191.69%
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乘员在各个乘坐位置的危险度几何平均值

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乘坐位置编号 1 2 3 4 5
危险度几何平均值 0.042 1 0.033 5 0.044 3 0.039 5 0.080 7
数据归一化 100% 79.57% 105.23% 93.82% 191.69%
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乘用车乘坐位置安全性研究
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吕继华 1 , 吕晓江 1, 2 , 潘如杨 1 , 孙海云 1 , 周大永 1, 2 , 王鹏翔 1
汽车工程师 | 被动安全技术专题 2024,(4): 12-16
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汽车工程师 | 被动安全技术专题 2024, (4): 12-16
乘用车乘坐位置安全性研究
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吕继华1, 吕晓江1, 2, 潘如杨1, 孙海云1, 周大永1, 2, 王鹏翔1
作者信息
  • 1 吉利汽车研究院(宁波)有限公司, 浙江省汽车安全技术研究重点实验室, 宁波 315335
  • 2 湖南大学, 汽车车身先进设计制造国家重点实验室, 长沙 410082
Research on the Seat Safety of Passenger Cars
Jihua Lü1, Xiaojiang Lü1, 2, Ruyang Pan1, Haiyun Sun1, Dayong Zhou1, 2, Pengxiang Wang1
Affiliations
  • 1 Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety Technology, Geely Automobile Research Institute (Ningbo) Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315335
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha 410082
出版时间: 2024-04-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230081
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为研究中国乘用车乘坐位置安全性,基于中国交通事故深入研究项目(CIDAS)2011~2022年统计数据,分析了3种碰撞形态下各个乘坐位置的伤亡状况,利用危险度模型对前、后排位置乘员进行致命风险计算,并利用危险度加权模型和危险度几何平均模型分别对各个乘坐位置进行危险度计算。结果表明:前排相对于后排的致命风险系数为1.18;以驾驶员位置危险度100%作为参照标准,副驾驶位置危险度为79.57%、左后座危险度为105.23%、右后座危险度为93.82%、中后座危险度为191.69%。
交通事故  /  乘坐位置  /  危险度模型  /  安全性

In order to study the seat safety of passenger cars in China, this paper analyzed the casualties of each seat in three collision modes based on China In-Depth Accident Study (CIDAS) (2011~2022) statistical data, calculated the fatal risk of passengers in the front and rear seats using the risk model, and used risk weighting model and geometric average model of the risk to calculate risk of each seat. The results show that the fatal risk coefficient of the front row is 1.18 compared with the back row. Taking the risk of 100% of the driver’s seat position as the reference standard, the risk of the passenger seat, the left rear seat, the right rear seat and the middle rear seat was 79.57%, 105.23%, 93.28% and 191.69%, respectively.

Traffic accident  /  Seating position  /  Risk model  /  Safety
吕继华, 吕晓江, 潘如杨, 孙海云, 周大永, 王鹏翔. 乘用车乘坐位置安全性研究. 汽车工程师, 2024 , (4) : 12 -16 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230081
Jihua Lü, Xiaojiang Lü, Ruyang Pan, Haiyun Sun, Dayong Zhou, Pengxiang Wang. Research on the Seat Safety of Passenger Cars[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2024 , (4) : 12 -16 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230081
随着汽车保有量、通车里程和交通流量的不断增加,道路交通事故问题日趋严重。为降低事故造成的人员伤害程度,更好地保障乘员乘车安全,研究汽车乘坐位置安全性是十分必要的[1]
国外学者通过交通事故构建的数据库对汽车乘坐位置安全性进行了研究。Evans等[2]在限制相同性别和年龄的前提下评估了乘员在不同乘坐位置的死亡风险,即后排座位中间位置的死亡率最低,后排比前排座位的死亡率低24%~28%。Smith 等[3]通过对比事故中前、后排乘员死亡与重伤风险系数,给出了后排乘坐位置比前排座位死亡风险低39%、死亡或重伤风险低33%的结论,同时,利用匹配阵列的方法[4]得到了后排乘员伤亡率低于前排的结论。
目前,国内相关研究大多基于国外交通事故数据[5]开展,与中国实际驾乘情况差别较大。研究中国乘坐位置与乘员伤害之间的关系需要根据中国实际道路交通事故伤害数据进行验证和统计分析。本文利用中国交通事故深入研究项目(China In-Depth Accident Study,CIDAS)[6-8]2011~2022年的统计数据,建立了乘用车前后排危险度模型、危险度加权平均模型和危险度几何平均模型,研究前、后排危险度及各个乘坐位置危险度。
危险度是描述一个技术过程或状态的危险程度大于其代表值(造成危险的极限值)的度量。由于国内受伤程度标准的细化程度低于国际标准,对收集和记录的道路交通事故中乘员受伤程度(轻伤、重伤、死亡)的判定标准不一致,本文将简明损伤定级(Abbreviated Injury Scale,AIS)分级标准对应的死亡率[9]与我国道路交通事故受伤程度标准[10]相结合。
据此,利用算数平均法计算受伤程度标准对应的危险度,表示为:
$\overline{x}=\frac{\sum _{i=1}^{n}{x}_{i}}{n}$
式中:$\stackrel{-}{x}$为算数平均法计算的危险度,xi(i=0,1,2,…,6)为AIS等级i对应的危险度,n=7为AIS等级的数量。
同样,利用几何平均法计算受伤程度分级标准对应的危险度,表示为:
$x=\sqrt[n]{\prod _{i=1}^{n}{x}_{i}}$
式中:x为几何平均法计算的危险度。
经计算后重新划分伤害等级的危险度,如表1所示。
以5座乘用车为研究对象,对乘坐位置进行定义并编号,编号1~5分别为驾驶员位置、副驾驶位置、左后座、右后座、中后座,如图1所示。
通过前、后排乘坐位置乘员受伤程度之比来评估乘用车乘坐位置与道路交通事故中乘员的伤亡风险。其中,只考虑乘坐位置一个自变量,不考虑性别及安全带等因素,则前、后排致命风险关系式[11]为:
$\lambda =\frac{{N}_{fd}/{N}_{fa}}{{N}_{rd}/{N}_{ra}}$
式中:λ为前排相对于后排的致命危险系数,Nfd为前排位置乘员死亡人数,Nfa为前排位置总乘员人数,Nrd为后排位置乘员死亡人数,Nra为后排位置总乘员人数。
为直观地衡量乘用车各乘坐位置的安全性,利用加权平均法分析各乘坐位置与不同受伤程度的相关性。建立乘用车乘坐位置与受伤程度的函数关系式:
${W}_{i}=\frac{{\overline{x}}_{1}\cdot {F}_{i1}+{\overline{x}}_{2}\cdot {F}_{i2}+{\overline{x}}_{3}\cdot {F}_{i3}+{\overline{x}}_{4}\cdot {F}_{i4}}{{F}_{i1}+{F}_{i2}+{F}_{i3}+{F}_{i4}}$
式中:Wi为编号为i的乘坐位置上危险度加权平均值;${\overline{x}}_{1}$为未受伤的危险度,取值为0;${\overline{x}}_{2}$为轻伤的危险度,取值为1.9%;${\overline{x}}_{3}$为重伤的危险度,取值为38.7%;${\overline{x}}_{4}$为死亡的危险度,取值为100%;Fi1~Fi4为编号为i的乘坐位置上未受伤的人数、轻伤的人数、重伤的人数、死亡的人数。
危险度加权平均值Wi的值域为0.00~1.00,Wi越大,危险度越大。
基于几何平均法对各乘坐位置与不同受伤程度建立乘坐位置危险度函数,定量分析乘用车乘坐位置安全性:
${\overline{R}}_{i}=\sqrt[({y}_{i1}+{y}_{i2}+{y}_{i3})]{{x}_{1}^{{y}_{i1}}\cdot {x}_{2}^{{y}_{i2}}\cdot {x}_{3}^{{y}_{i3}}}$
式中:${\overline{R}}_{i}$为编号为i的乘坐位置上危险度几何平均值;x1为轻伤的危险度,取值为1.39%;x2为重伤的危险度,取值为27.43%;x3为死亡的危险度,取值为100%;yi1~yi3分别为编号为i的乘坐位置上受轻伤、受重伤、死亡的人数。
危险度几何平均值${\overline{R}}_{i}$的值域为0.00~1.00,${\overline{R}}_{i}$越大,危险度越大。
CIDAS是由中国汽车技术研究中心于2011年7月发起,联合国内外20多家整车和零部件企业共同参与的研究项目,旨在通过对中国道路交通事故的调查分析,为汽车行业提供基础数据支持和技术服务。CIDAS调查覆盖中国全境,道路特征包含乡村道路、城市道路、快速道路和高速道路等各种道路类型。其中事故调查城市包括北京、长春、宁波、威海等,如图2所示。
为更好地研究碰撞形态对乘坐位置安全性的影响,本文从CIDAS的道路交通事故数据库8 047起总事故案例中筛选出了5 655起涉及乘用车的事故案例,进一步筛选出482起5座乘用车型参与的碰撞事故作为研究主体。碰撞事故形态分为正面碰撞、侧面碰撞和尾部碰撞,分别统计了5个座位的伤亡情况以及乘员安全带使用情况,如表2表3所示。
表2可知:驾驶员位置在3种碰撞形态下的轻伤率均高于重伤率和死亡率,正面碰撞形态下重伤率最高,为15.9%,尾部碰撞形态下死亡率最高,为4.3%;副驾驶位置乘员在3种碰撞形态下的轻伤率均高于重伤率和死亡率,其中,侧面碰撞形态下轻伤率最高,为51.9%,正面碰撞形态下重伤率最高,为33.3%,尾部碰撞形态下死亡率最高,为2.1%;左后座乘员在侧面碰撞形态下的轻伤率和死亡率最高,轻伤率为41.0%,死亡率为2.6%,正面碰撞形态下重伤率最高,为35.0%;右后座乘员在3种碰撞形态下的轻伤率相差无几,在正面碰撞形态下重伤率最高,为27.3%,同时,3种碰撞形态下死亡率均为零;中后座乘员在3种碰撞形态下的重伤率均高于同碰撞形态下的轻伤率和死亡率,其中正面碰撞形态下的重伤率最高,为44.4%,侧面碰撞形态下的轻伤率最高,为36.4%,尾部碰撞形态下死亡率最高,为15.4%。
表3可知:在3种碰撞形态下,后排乘员未佩戴安全带的比例高于前排驾乘人员,驾驶员佩戴安全带占比最高,为65.2%,其次是副驾驶座乘员,佩戴比例为43.3%。
不同位置乘员佩戴安全带的轻伤率均小于未佩戴安全带乘员的轻伤率;后排未佩戴安全带乘员的重伤率均大于前排未佩戴安全带乘员的重伤率;中后座乘员死亡率均大于其他位置乘员死亡率。
根据以上碰撞形态下各乘坐位置乘员的伤亡统计结果,利用加权平均模型计算出各乘坐位置的危险度,结果如表4所示。
对比分析可知:3种碰撞形态下中后座乘员位置的危险度均高于其他位置,说明需要加强针对后排中间位置乘员的安全系统开发;正面碰撞形态下各乘坐位置上乘员的危险度相对高于其他2种碰撞形态下各乘坐位置上乘员的危险度,说明正面碰撞形态下乘员受到的伤害更大、更直接;侧面碰撞形态下各乘坐位置上乘员危险度与事故中车辆的碰撞左、右侧位置有关,危险度最高的是右后座,其次是左后座。
在只考虑碰撞形态的条件下,本文筛选出的乘用车事故前、后排伤亡情况如表5所示。
由式(3)计算可知,前排乘员死亡率是后排乘员死亡率的1.18倍。
为研究乘用车各个乘坐位置的危险度,统计事故中各个乘坐位置的伤亡人数,如表6所示。
由式(4)计算每个乘坐位置的危险度,结果如表7所示。以驾驶员位置危险度为标准(危险度100%)进行归一化换算,结果由小到大依次为:驾驶员位置、副驾驶位置、左后座、右后座、中后座。
同样,采用式(5)计算各个乘坐位置的危险度,结果如表8所示。以驾驶员位置危险度为标准(危险度100%)进行归一化换算,结果由小到大依次为:副驾驶座椅、右后座、驾驶员位置、左后座、中后座。
由前、后排危险度模型计算可知:前排危险度是后排危险度的1.18倍,当发生交通事故时,乘坐于后排位置的乘员比乘坐于前排位置的乘员相对安全;加权平均模型与几何平均模型计算得到的驾驶员位置危险度排名不一致,考虑到几何平均模型方法未统计未受伤情况,实际发生车辆碰撞事故时,未受伤的情况基本不会发生,该模型计算比较复杂,得到的危险度相对可靠;模型计算最不安全的乘坐位置是中后座,这与表7中中后座乘员死亡率均大于其他乘员位置死亡率一致,与国外文献所得结论中后座是最安全的乘坐位置相反,原因是国内后排乘员佩戴安全带的比例远低于国外后座乘员。
本文基于CIDAS事故数据,在只考虑事故碰撞形态的条件下,根据伤亡统计数据,分析了正面碰撞、侧面碰撞和尾部碰撞3种碰撞形态下各乘员乘坐位置的伤害率,并采用相应的危险度模型计算得到了我国当前5座乘用车乘坐位置与伤亡风险之间的关系,结论如下:
a. 驾驶员、副驾驶、左后座和右后座位置乘员在3种碰撞形态下的轻伤率均高于重伤率和死亡率;中后座位置乘员重伤率高于轻伤率和死亡率。因此,应针对不同乘坐位置伤害进行不同形式的乘员安全系统开发,如安全气囊功能优化、预紧限力式安全带的应用以及后排中间位置乘员安全保护开发。
b. 后排乘员未佩戴安全带的比例较前排驾乘人员高;后排乘员未佩戴安全带的重伤率均大于前排乘员未佩戴安全带的重伤率。
c. 前排乘员致命风险是后排乘员的1.18倍。
d. 乘用车乘员在各个乘坐位置上的危险度从小到大依次为:副驾驶座、右后座、驾驶员座、左后座、中后座。以乘用车驾驶员的危险度100%作为参照标准,副驾驶座的危险度为79.57%、左后座的危险度为105.23%、右后座的危险度为93.82%、中后座的危险度为191.69%,即乘员乘坐副驾驶位置最安全,其次是右后座。
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230081
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-04-15
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    1 吉利汽车研究院(宁波)有限公司, 浙江省汽车安全技术研究重点实验室, 宁波 315335
    2 湖南大学, 汽车车身先进设计制造国家重点实验室, 长沙 410082
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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