Article(id=1200070546374361490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070538661031941, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230084, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1684771200000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764048714487, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1713110400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764048714487, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764048714487, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764048714487, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200070538661031941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2024', volume='', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764048712649, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764049231629, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200072715479642977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070538661031941, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200072715479642978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070538661031941, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=33, endPage=36, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200070546680545692, articleId=1200070546374361490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Study on Durability Test Method of Three-in-One E-Axle, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the efficiency of reliability verification of the e-Axle under mechanical load and thermal load environment, this paper, taking the three-in-one e-Axle as the research object, analyzed the failure mechanism and influencing factors of each subsystem by comprehensively considering the actual operating environment and working conditions of the e-Axle, and studied the acceleration process and calculated equivalent test time according to the accelerated failure logic under different test conditions. The results show that the accelerated life endurance test method can support the reliability verification of the e-Axle.

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TField,i/℃ 现场温度分布占比pi/% TTest/℃ AT,i
60 3 175 55.837
70 7 175 35.362
80 15 175 22.981
90 15 175 15.294
100 3 175 10.403
110 29 175 7.220
120 21 175 5.104
130 6 175 3.671
140 1 175 2.683
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基础工况中各温度分布下的加速因子

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TField,i/℃ 现场温度分布占比pi/% TTest/℃ AT,i
60 3 175 55.837
70 7 175 35.362
80 15 175 22.981
90 15 175 15.294
100 3 175 10.403
110 29 175 7.220
120 21 175 5.104
130 6 175 3.671
140 1 175 2.683
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温度/℃ 分布占比/%
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23 20
40 65
75 8
80 1
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电驱动总成安装区域温度分布

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温度/℃ 分布占比/%
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23 20
40 65
75 8
80 1
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TField,i/℃ pi/% TTest/℃ AT,i
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23 20 90 25.877
40 65 90 9.935
75 8 90 1.858
80 1 90 1.502
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DUT安装区域各温度分布下的加速因子

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TField,i/℃ pi/% TTest/℃ AT,i
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75 8 90 1.858
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三合一电驱动总成耐久试验方法研究
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刘贵祥 , 张玉龙 , 刘勇敢 , 苏瑞
汽车工程师 | 2024,(4): 33-36
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汽车工程师 | 2024, (4): 33-36
三合一电驱动总成耐久试验方法研究
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刘贵祥, 张玉龙, 刘勇敢, 苏瑞
作者信息
  • 雷达新能源汽车(浙江)有限公司, 杭州 310000
Study on Durability Test Method of Three-in-One E-Axle
Guixiang Liu, Yulong Zhang, Yonggan Liu, Rui Su
Affiliations
  • Radar New Energy Automobile (Zhejiang) Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000
出版时间: 2024-04-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230084
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为提高电驱动总成在机械负荷和热负荷环境下可靠性验证的效率,以三合一电驱动总成为研究对象,综合考虑电驱动总成实际运行工作环境及使用工况,分析了各子系统的失效机理和影响因素,并根据不同试验条件下的加速失效逻辑研究其加速过程及计算等效试验时长。结果表明:加速后的寿命耐久试验方法可以为电驱动总成可靠性验证提供支持。
电驱动总成  /  失效模式  /  耐久可靠性  /  加速寿命试验

In order to improve the efficiency of reliability verification of the e-Axle under mechanical load and thermal load environment, this paper, taking the three-in-one e-Axle as the research object, analyzed the failure mechanism and influencing factors of each subsystem by comprehensively considering the actual operating environment and working conditions of the e-Axle, and studied the acceleration process and calculated equivalent test time according to the accelerated failure logic under different test conditions. The results show that the accelerated life endurance test method can support the reliability verification of the e-Axle.

E-Axle  /  Failure mode  /  Durability and reliability  /  Accelerated life test
刘贵祥, 张玉龙, 刘勇敢, 苏瑞. 三合一电驱动总成耐久试验方法研究. 汽车工程师, 2024 , (4) : 33 -36 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230084
Guixiang Liu, Yulong Zhang, Yonggan Liu, Rui Su. Study on Durability Test Method of Three-in-One E-Axle[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2024 , (4) : 33 -36 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230084
电驱动总成作为电动汽车的核心零部件之一,其可靠性直接决定了电动汽车的整车可靠性及用户驾驶感受[1]。因此,在电驱动总成集成化过程中,需经历前期概念规划、方案设计、测试验证等多个阶段,高温运行耐久(High Temperature Operating Endurance,HTOE)、带载温度循环耐久(Power Thermal Cycle Endurance,PTCE)、机械疲劳耐久是电驱动总成测试验证阶段3个重要的寿命耐久试验,试验结果对电驱动总成承受热应力及机械应力损伤验证具有重要的参考价值。
纯电动汽车电驱动总成按照布置形式可分为分布式驱动和集中式驱动。分布式驱动主要体现为轮毂驱动,通过轮毂电机实现矢量控制,驱动车辆行驶,该驱动形式不需要变速器、传动轴等传动部件,效率及轻量化优势明显。
集中式驱动系统结构主要由驱动电机、电机控制器、减速器三合一共壳体集成,与传统分体结构形式相比,更易于实现小型化,提升总成功率密度,如图1所示:电机控制器将动力电池中的直流电调制成正弦交流电,通过改变电压、电流幅值控制电机扭矩和转速,电机端的扭矩通过转子轴和减速器二级减速传递至差速器端并将扭矩分配给左、右车轮,以实现降速增扭,同时,电驱动总成通过控制器局域网(Controller Area Network,CAN)模块与整车控制单元通信,交互扭矩指令、旋转方向和电桥状态信息[2]。目前,主流纯电动乘用车动力系统以集中式驱动为主,故本文以三合一集成式电驱动总成为研究对象,系统控制逻辑如图2所示。
随着功率电子器件应用范围不断扩大,在其整个寿命周期内,三合一电驱动总成失效模式分为电力电子器件、机械件的热失效及机械应力失效,具体包括[3]
a. 因长时间高温热暴露,电机耐温耐压性能衰退,导致电机绝缘退磁失效;
b. 电机、电控系统在热应力和机械应力作用下会引起功率及电子器件老化失效,如焊接接头开裂及温度变化过程中壳体材料因膨胀系数不同而引起的壳体开裂及密封失效;
c. 电机、减速器在长周期机械应力作用下会引起疲劳失效,如轴承点蚀疲劳、轴类弯曲疲劳及齿轮点蚀/断裂疲劳等。
目前,各整车制造商对电驱动总成的耐久试验方法不尽相同,本文基于上述对电驱动总成各子系统失效模式的分析,制定了电驱动总成各系统的耐久试验方法。
电机高温耐久试验是为了模拟车辆使用过程中因高温热暴露造成的电器件绝缘老化及高温退磁失效风险,其失效模式主要为HTOE[4]
HTOE的失效机理为阿伦尼乌斯模型(Arrhenius Model),通常基于整车基础工况和电驱动总成设计寿命要求,仿真得到基础工况下不同时刻转速-转矩工况点对应的电机定子绕组温升曲线,如图3所示,再根据该温升曲线计算得到不同温度下对应的温度分布情况,如图4所示。
根据阿伦尼乌斯模型加速到目标试验温度及对应的试验时长,以某车型单个循环工况为例,其加速过程为:
${A}_{T,i}=exp\left[-\left(\frac{{E}_{A}}{k}\right)\times \left(\frac{1}{{T}_{Test}+273.15}-\frac{1}{{T}_{Field,i}+273.15}\right)\right]$
式中:AT,i为阿伦尼乌斯模型中对应现场温度TField,i的加速因子,表征加速应力下产品寿命特征值与正常应力下产品寿命特征值的比值,数值越大,加速过程越严苛;EA=0.45 eV为活化能;k=8.617×10-5 eV/K为玻尔兹曼常数;TTest为测试温度,通常为定子过温降功率阈值TmaxTField,i为现场温度,基于产品工作的温度分布曲线取值。
利用式(1),根据基础工况下定子温度分布情况,通常将定子试验温度加速至过温降功率阈值175 ℃,计算出产品各工作温度下的加速因子AT,i,如表1所示。
根据式(1)得到的产品各工作温度下的加速因子,计算电机高温耐久试验总的测试持续时间tTest
${t}_{Test}={t}_{ope}\times \sum _{i}\frac{{p}_{i}}{{A}_{T,i}}$
式中:tope为现场工作持续时间,pi为该温度下部件在现场的工作持续时间的百分比。
经计算,tTest=980 h。
根据定子过温降功率温度限值分解出不同时刻电机台架对应的转速-转矩工况点,生成如图5所示的电机高温耐久台架试验谱,耐久试验过程中,台架散热模块按照冷却液温度为65 ℃、流量为8 L/min的冷却边界持续对电驱动总成进行散热,使电机定子绕组始终在175 ℃环境中并持续运行980 h,试验过程中通过电机耐久台架监控待测试件(Device Under Test,DUT)振动有无异常,试验结束后对DUT进行功能检查,复测电机绝缘性能、腔体及水道气密性,同时根据下线(End of Line,EOL)测试工况点复测电机持续及峰值性能,确认性能衰退偏差是否低于5%。
电驱动总成高温耐久试验是为了模拟车辆寿命周期内电机、电控系统的热暴露和机械应力情况,验证因热暴露(如扩散、迁移和氧化)和机械应力而发生的失效形式,其失效机理为阿伦尼乌斯模型,按照电驱动总成在整车安装区域的温度分布状态计算其加速过程,如表2所示。
根据表2中电驱动总成安装区域的温度分布占比,将电驱动总成工作环境温度加速至恒温90 ℃,根据式(1)计算出DUT安装区域不同温度下的加速因子,如表3所示。
根据表3计算出的各温度下的加速因子及DUT产品寿命周期内应服役的工作时间(10 000 h),由式(2)得到电驱动总成高温耐久等效试验时长为1 228.8 h,整个试验过程按照冷却液温度为65 ℃、流量为8 L/min的冷却边界,基于1 h无负载和47 h额定负载工作模式交替运行1 228.8 h,试验过程中,通过电机耐久台架监控DUT振动有无异常,试验结束后,对DUT进行功能检查,复测电机绝缘性能、腔体及水道气密性,同时根据EOL测试工况点复测电机持续及峰值性能,确认性能衰退偏差是否低于5%。
电驱动总成带载温度循环耐久试验旨在验证DUT在温度变化过程中因热机械暴露及材料的不同膨胀系数而引起的壳体开裂、密封失效及焊接接头老化和开裂,通过耐久试验保证部件在带载运行过程中的质量和可靠性,其失效模式主要为绝缘老化和疲劳开裂。
PTCE的失效机理为科芬-曼森(Coffin-Manson)模型,通常基于测试循环内的温差及零部件安装区域的平均温差计算出加速因子,随后依据加速因子及整个生命周期内温度循环次数计算得到总的试验循环数,并根据试验温箱温度变化率及样件热平衡时间得到试验总时长,其加速过程为:
${A}_{CM}={\left\{\frac{\Delta {T}_{Test}}{\Delta {T}_{Field}}\right\}}^{C}$
式中:ACM为科芬-曼森模型的加速因子,表征温度交变应力下产品寿命特征值与正常整车位置的温度应力下产品寿命特征值的比值,温度交变工况下温差范围越大,加速因子越大,加速过程越严苛;ΔTTest为单个测试循环期间的温差;ΔTField为车辆使用寿命周期内,部件安装区域环境温度的平均温差(机舱区域按照35 ℃计算);C为科芬-曼森模型的参数,为固定值2.5。
电驱动总成正常工作环境温度一般为-40~85 ℃,分别定义正常工作最低环境温度Tmin=-40 ℃、正常工作最高环境温度Tmax=85 ℃,并代入式(3),经计算,ACM=24.1。
所需测试循环总数NTest为:
${N}_{Test}=\frac{{N}_{TCF}}{{A}_{CM}}$
式中:NTCF为现场车辆使用寿命期间的温度循环次数(按照设计寿命15年,每天2个温度循环等效)。
经计算,NTest=454.3次。
单次测试循环的持续时间为:
${t}_{Cycle}=2\times \left\{\frac{{T}_{max}-{T}_{min}}{\lambda }+{t}_{d}\right\}$
式中:td为按照DUT在35 min达到热平衡后并额外保持15 min得到的持续时间,λ=4 ℃/min为温度变化速率。
经计算,tCycle=162.5 min,故带载温度循环耐久试验总时长可按照等效1 230.4 h持续运行,试验过程中,通过电机耐久台架监控DUT振动有无异常,试验结束后对DUT进行功能检查,复测电机绝缘性能、腔体及水道气密性,同时根据EOL测试工况点复测电机持续及峰值性能,确认性能衰退偏差是否小于5%。
电驱动总成机械耐久试验旨在考核整个传动链上电机及减速器等机械件在整个寿命周期内的机械应力作用下引起的疲劳失效,其失效形式表现为高周疲劳作用下的齿根断裂及齿面磨损/胶合、轴类零件剪切及弯曲应力效应,以及轴承磨损引起的疲劳断裂。基于上述失效形式,制定电驱动总成机械耐久台架试验谱及等效试验时长。
根据整车销售区域及温度分布占比,定义数据库中不同的载荷谱权重并进行排序,得到可覆盖90%用户使用需求的参考工况及电驱动总成设计使用寿命周期内的轴承、轴齿累积损伤指标需求。根据参考工况下的转矩、转速、运行时间列表,基于疲劳损伤等效累积理论,提高基础工况谱扭矩,浓缩成电驱动总成无降功率工况下的台架试验谱及试验周期内对应的循环数,以保证电机及减速器的机械结构设计能够满足90%用户对轴承运转寿命及机械运转疲劳的使用需求,试验过程中持续监控DUT运行状态,试验结束后对DUT进行功能检查,复测电机绝缘性能、腔体及水道气密性,同时根据EOL测试工况点复测电机持续及峰值性能,确认性能衰退偏差小于5%,功能检查完成后拆解DUT,确认轴齿、轴承是否有疲劳点蚀失效。
本文以某三合一集成式电驱动总成为研究对象,基于对电子/电气原件热负荷失效模式分析,针对电机绕组和永磁体长时间过温引起的绝缘和退磁失效风险,选定电机高温耐久试验作为可靠性验证方法,并给出了加速寿命试验计算过程,针对电驱动总成寿命周期内因机械应力和热应力累加产生的失效风险,提出了电驱动总成相应失效模式下的高温运行耐久及带载温度循环验证方法,同时给出了加速寿命试验计算过程,定义了试验过程中台架温度要求及试验结果判定标准。针对电驱动总成运行过程中不同的失效形式,综合使用4种耐久试验方法能够保证电驱动总成试验验证更加充分、有效。
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230084
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-04-15
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    雷达新能源汽车(浙江)有限公司, 杭州 310000
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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