Article(id=1200070543966830913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070538661031941, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230086, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1680624000000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764048713914, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1713110400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764048713914, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764048713914, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764048713914, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200070538661031941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2024', volume='', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764048712649, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764049231629, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200072715479642977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070538661031941, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200072715479642978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070538661031941, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=42, endPage=48, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200070544285598027, articleId=1200070543966830913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Plastic Tailgate Inertia Resistance Analysis and Structural Optimization, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the experimental method and technical requirements of GB 15086—2013, a finite element analysis model was established to analyze inertial force resistance and optimize plastic tailgate structure. Firstly, the plastic tailgate structure failure motion mode and stress of inertial force resistance was predicted and analyzed based on the structural design feasibility of plastic tailgate by using finite element analysis model simulation; secondly, the issue of structural failure and cracking of plastic tailgate under inertial load were solved by adopting the method of structural optimization scheme through increasing the load transmission path of the tailgate inner plate and strengthening the local material thickness. Finally, the reliability of the optimization scheme of the plastic tailgate and the accuracy of the simulation analysis model were verified by the bench test.

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根据GB 15086—2013的试验方法和技术要求,以塑料尾门为研究对象,建立有限元分析模型,进行了耐惯性力分析和结构优化。首先,基于塑料尾门的结构设计可行性,利用尾门结构耐惯性力仿真分析模型对塑料尾门的失效运动模式以及结构应力进行了预测和分析;其次,采用增加尾门内板载荷传力路径和局部料厚的结构优化方案,解决了塑料尾门在惯性载荷下的结构失效和开裂问题;最后,通过台架试验验证了塑料尾门优化方案的可靠性以及仿真分析模型的准确性。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070543966830913, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=台架试验)], refs=[Reference(id=1200070560853098953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070543966830913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=中华人民共和国工业和信息化部, journalName=汽车门锁及车门保持件的性能要求和试验方法: GB 15086—2013, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国工业和信息化部. 汽车门锁及车门保持件的性能要求和试验方法: GB 15086—2013[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2013., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200070560941179346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200070543966830913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People’s Republic 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车型 量产时间 外板 内板
材料 厚度/mm 材料 厚度/mm
A 2015年 PP+EPMD+T20 2.8~3.2 PP-LGF30 2.8~3.5
B 2015年 PP+EPMD+T30 2.8~3.2 PP-LGF40 2.8~3.5
C 2017年 PP+EPMD+T20 2.5~3.0 PP-LGF30 2.8~3.5
D 2017年 PP+EPMD+T30 2.8 SMC 2.8~3.5
E 2018年 PP+EPMD+T30 2.8 PP-LGF40 2.8~3.2
F 2018年 PP+EPMD+T30 2.8 PP-LGF40 2.8~3.2
G 2020年 PP+EPMD+T30 2.8 PP-LGF40 2.8~3.2
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现有量产车型塑料尾门对标信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车型 量产时间 外板 内板
材料 厚度/mm 材料 厚度/mm
A 2015年 PP+EPMD+T20 2.8~3.2 PP-LGF30 2.8~3.5
B 2015年 PP+EPMD+T30 2.8~3.2 PP-LGF40 2.8~3.5
C 2017年 PP+EPMD+T20 2.5~3.0 PP-LGF30 2.8~3.5
D 2017年 PP+EPMD+T30 2.8 SMC 2.8~3.5
E 2018年 PP+EPMD+T30 2.8 PP-LGF40 2.8~3.2
F 2018年 PP+EPMD+T30 2.8 PP-LGF40 2.8~3.2
G 2020年 PP+EPMD+T30 2.8 PP-LGF40 2.8~3.2
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零件 材料名称 弹性模量
/MPa
泊松比 密度
/g·cm-3
尾门外板 PP+EPDM+TD30 2 550 0.34 1.16
尾门内板 PP-LGF40 4 800 0.40 1.22
加强件 210 000 0.30 7.85
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材料技术参数

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零件 材料名称 弹性模量
/MPa
泊松比 密度
/g·cm-3
尾门外板 PP+EPDM+TD30 2 550 0.34 1.16
尾门内板 PP-LGF40 4 800 0.40 1.22
加强件 210 000 0.30 7.85
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工况 零件 约束条件 载荷方向 载荷
尾门总成 1 g
电撑杆 1 500 N
纵向轴+X 锁和铰链 YZXrYrZr +X 图3b
纵向轴-X 锁和铰链 YZXrYrZr -X 图3b
横向轴+Y 锁和铰链 XZXrYrZr +Y 图3b
垂直轴+Z 锁和铰链 XYXrYrZr +Z 图3b
垂直轴-Z 锁和铰链 XYXrYrZr -Z 图3b
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约束边界和惯性载荷

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工况 零件 约束条件 载荷方向 载荷
尾门总成 1 g
电撑杆 1 500 N
纵向轴+X 锁和铰链 YZXrYrZr +X 图3b
纵向轴-X 锁和铰链 YZXrYrZr -X 图3b
横向轴+Y 锁和铰链 XZXrYrZr +Y 图3b
垂直轴+Z 锁和铰链 XYXrYrZr +Z 图3b
垂直轴-Z 锁和铰链 XYXrYrZr -Z 图3b
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塑料尾门耐惯性力分析及结构优化
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刘胜 , 双元卿 , 吴迪 , 朱界 , 刘在昌 , 黄培培
汽车工程师 | 2024,(4): 42-48
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汽车工程师 | 2024, (4): 42-48
塑料尾门耐惯性力分析及结构优化
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刘胜, 双元卿, 吴迪, 朱界, 刘在昌, 黄培培
作者信息
  • 泛亚汽车技术中心有限公司, 上海 201201
Plastic Tailgate Inertia Resistance Analysis and Structural Optimization
Sheng Liu, Yuanqing Shuang, Di Wu, Jie Zhu, Zaichang Liu, Peipei Huang
Affiliations
  • Pan Asia Technical Automotive Center Company Limited, Shanghai 201201
出版时间: 2024-04-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230086
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根据GB 15086—2013的试验方法和技术要求,以塑料尾门为研究对象,建立有限元分析模型,进行了耐惯性力分析和结构优化。首先,基于塑料尾门的结构设计可行性,利用尾门结构耐惯性力仿真分析模型对塑料尾门的失效运动模式以及结构应力进行了预测和分析;其次,采用增加尾门内板载荷传力路径和局部料厚的结构优化方案,解决了塑料尾门在惯性载荷下的结构失效和开裂问题;最后,通过台架试验验证了塑料尾门优化方案的可靠性以及仿真分析模型的准确性。

塑料尾门  /  耐惯性力  /  仿真分析  /  结构优化  /  台架试验

Based on the experimental method and technical requirements of GB 15086—2013, a finite element analysis model was established to analyze inertial force resistance and optimize plastic tailgate structure. Firstly, the plastic tailgate structure failure motion mode and stress of inertial force resistance was predicted and analyzed based on the structural design feasibility of plastic tailgate by using finite element analysis model simulation; secondly, the issue of structural failure and cracking of plastic tailgate under inertial load were solved by adopting the method of structural optimization scheme through increasing the load transmission path of the tailgate inner plate and strengthening the local material thickness. Finally, the reliability of the optimization scheme of the plastic tailgate and the accuracy of the simulation analysis model were verified by the bench test.

Plastic tailgate  /  Inertial force resistance  /  Finite element analysis  /  Structural optimization  /  Bench test
刘胜, 双元卿, 吴迪, 朱界, 刘在昌, 黄培培. 塑料尾门耐惯性力分析及结构优化. 汽车工程师, 2024 , (4) : 42 -48 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230086
Sheng Liu, Yuanqing Shuang, Di Wu, Jie Zhu, Zaichang Liu, Peipei Huang. Plastic Tailgate Inertia Resistance Analysis and Structural Optimization[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2024 , (4) : 42 -48 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230086
为了防止在车辆正面碰撞、侧面碰撞、追尾或者翻转事故中车门意外打开,GB 15086—2013《汽车门锁及车门保持件的性能要求和试验方法》规定了车辆的惯性载荷技术要求,相应试验不仅考核门锁和车门保持件的强度性能,也同步考核车门结构的耐惯性力和强度性能,要求在试验过程中,门锁和车门铰链不能出现拉脱失效导致车门打开,车门结构自身也不能出现失效开裂等问题,进而导致门锁和车门铰链拉脱使得车门自行打开[1]
目前,汽车侧门、尾门基本采用金属材质,由于钣金的强度高、延展性能好且钣金车门结构设计开发技术成熟,GB 15086—2013惯性载荷试验强度考核较易通过。因此,在钣金车门前期设计过程中,重点考虑车门其他方面的刚度、强度性能要求。随着汽车轻量化和新材料的研究日趋深入,复合材料开始在尾门中应用,而复合材料的弹性模量只有钣金的1/25[2]。在前期设计时,需要对塑料尾门结构性能强度进行预测和分析,确保满足GB 15086—2013惯性载荷技术要求。张绍伟等人采用CAE虚拟分析工具解决了塑料尾门的惯性载荷试验失效问题,但其尾门分析模型集成了车身端,模型总网格数量相对较多,分析时间较长、效率较低[3]
本文以某车型的塑料尾门为研究对象,根据GB 15086—2013动态载荷试验工况下的耐惯性力性能要求,利用有限元分析方法建立尾门耐惯性力分析模型,分析尾门结构应力状态及内板开裂、失效原因,并通过结构优化设计提升尾门结构刚度、强度,解决尾门耐惯性力失效问题,最后通过台架试验验证结构优化方案的可靠性。
本文研究的塑料尾门结构由尾门内板、尾门外板及金属加强板3个部分组成,如图1所示。总成尺寸为919 mm×1 348 mm×907 mm,尾门内、外板通过注塑工艺成型,其中,冲压成型的金属加强板采用嵌件注塑工艺与尾门内板注塑在一起,尾门内、外板通过涂胶(Bonding)工艺组装在一起。
该车型塑料尾门上集成了各种功能附件,如采用交互式系统控制(Interactive System Control,ISC)的智能贯穿式尾灯、夹层隔音后风窗玻璃等。塑料尾门对称中心线处的断面图及不同车型尾门质量和尾灯黑箱深度如图2所示,由图2可以看出,本文尾门质量在对标车型尾门中相对较大,同时,贯穿式尾灯的黑箱尺寸较大,严重影响尾门腰部腔体尺寸和刚度性能,而塑料尾门与钣金尾门的刚度、强度及耐久性能要求相同,因此,这些附件不仅影响塑料尾门系统的质量和布置空间,而且给塑料尾门的结构性能开发带来了极大挑战。
通过调查现有量产车型的塑料尾门,梳理了采用塑料尾门的主要车型相关信息,如表1所示[4]。从表1中可以看出,尾门外板均采用聚丙烯(Polypropylene,PP)热塑性材料添加三元乙丙橡胶(Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer,EPDM)增韧以及不同配比的滑石粉的抗冲击改性塑料PP+EPMD+T20或者PP+EPMD+T30[5]。由于30%滑石粉填充的尾门外板PP+EPMD+T30更具成本优势,且强度与韧性平衡,尺寸稳定性好,大部分尾门外板逐渐改为采用PP+EPMD+T30材料。
根据成型工艺不同,尾门内板通常选择热塑性材料PP+长玻璃纤维(Long Glass Fiber,LGF)或热固性材料片状模塑料(Sheet Molding Compound,SMC)。但SMC密度相对较高,成型性也相对较差,轻量化效果和造型自由度不如热塑性材料PP,故SMC不是塑料尾门内板的首选材料。而LGF增强改性PP材料具有高刚性、高模量和尺寸稳定性好等特征,是汽车行业研究和应用的热点[6]。目前PP-LGF40(聚丙烯+40%长玻璃纤维)和PP-LGF30(聚丙烯+30%长玻璃纤维)均在内板应用[7]。对于金属加强板,各整车制造商有相应的应用策略。
综上,本文尾门内板采用PP-LGF40材料,外板采用PP+EPMD+T30材料,金属加强板采用冷轧深冲高强钢HC260Y。
塑料尾门内、外板的厚度尺寸设定需考虑注塑模具压力、浇口布置等工艺因素,并兼顾内板承力结构的力学性能需求和外板抗凹/零件美观需求。从表1中可以看出,内板厚度在特定区间范围内,主要考虑尾门锁、铰链、空气弹簧等附件在尾门内板上的安装刚度以及整体刚度需求,对内板局部进行了加厚处理。同时,在内板关键结构位置采用嵌件注塑工艺镶嵌了不同厚度的金属加强板。尾门外板更多关注外观质量,厚度应相对统一,通常在2.8~3.0 mm范围内。
综上,本文塑料尾门内、外板主料厚均设为2.8 mm。根据加强作用和布置位置不同,金属加强件的厚度主要有1.0 mm、1.4 mm和2.0 mm等[8]
根据GB 15086—2013的试验要求,需将尾门装配到车身上,且尾门需安装锁、撑杆和铰链等保持件,确保与车辆的设计状态一致,如图3a所示。试验车身需固定在试验台架上,试验台架按照标准中的动态要求,在对应的纵向轴X、横向轴Y、垂直轴Z平行方向施加30~36 g范围内的惯性载荷,载荷曲线如图3b所示。
为了精简分析模型的网格节点数量并缩短求解时间,需对尾门惯性载荷分析模型进行简化。尾门与车身端的连接主要包括铰链、尾门锁、缓冲块和密封条,该连接关系在建模时可以简化成刚性力学属性,不需要考虑接触力(Contact Force)。因此,分析模型可以不附带车身,通过对尾门结构与车身端连接属性进行简化建模模拟尾门安装在车身上,并赋予相关刚度力学属性。尾门的自接触采用*AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE模拟,胶连接采用*CONTACT_NODE_TO_SURFACE模拟。约束相关边界,并将惯性载荷根据不同方向分别加载在铰链和尾门锁上,近似等效模拟尾门安装在车身上及车身传递到尾门上的惯性载荷,如图4所示。
将塑料尾门三维几何模型导入HyperMesh软件,几何模型包含尾门外板、内板、金属加强件、尾门锁、铰链和胶等。在HyperMesh中对几何模型进行抽取中面、几何清理和网格划分等前处理操作后,进行网格单元划分。为了提高模型分析结果的准确性,网格划分尽量采用四边形单元和大小为5 mm的壳单元,且三角形数量不超过总单元数量的5%。
塑料尾门有限元模型中,胶用六面体实体单元模拟,金属加强板与内板间的连接采用rb2单元模拟。尾门锁内部子零件较为复杂,因此只对锁金属外壳进行简化建模,通过rb2单元模拟尾门锁与尾门的螺栓连接,如图5所示。
内板与外板胶采用六面体单元模拟,铰链与尾门的螺栓连接也采用rb2单元模拟,电撑杆采用Beam单元模拟,密封条与缓冲块采用CBUSH1D单元模拟,并定义相应力学属性。各材料参数如表2所示。
仿真分析采用DYNA动态显式求解器,结合物理试验方法和要求设置模型的约束边界和惯性载荷。考虑尾门自身重力和撑杆力,根据试验惯性载荷加载方向的不同,将载荷分别直接加载在铰链和尾门锁上,近似等效模拟尾门安装在车身上及车身传递到尾门上的惯性载荷,具体约束和载荷如图6所示。
根据GB 15086—2013的试验要求,需要分别在纵向轴、横向轴、垂直轴平行方向施加36 g的上限惯性载荷进行分析。各工况定义和零件约束边界、惯性载荷及方向定义如表3所示,其中,XrYrZr分别为沿X轴、Y轴、Z轴的转动自由度。
模型中需要设置应力应变失效准则来模拟开裂失效问题,推荐最大应力不超过0.9倍破坏应力,否则网格单元将会失效。设置网格单元的失效后,可以通过分析动画结果快速判断尾门内板等结构件是否存在开裂、失效风险。
X向加载结果如图7所示。由图7可知,铰链和尾门锁安装区域附近尾门结构无失效开裂问题,应力结果在设计要求范围内,满足耐惯性试验要求。
尾门结构相对于车辆纵向中心平面对称,因此仿真中可以只分析+Y或者-Y加载方向,结果如图8所示。从图8中可以看出,安装铰链处尾门结构无失效开裂问题,但是尾门锁附近的尾门结构出现开裂和失效问题,存在尾门锁脱离尾门的风险。
垂向加载结果如图9所示。从+Z方向加载结果来看,尾门结构无开裂失效问题。但-Z方向加载分析结果表明,尾门内板腰部位置撕开,导致大面积开裂,同时尾门锁安装面的尾门结构开裂失效,尾门锁连同金属加强件脱离内板,不满足耐惯性试验要求。
从分析动画结果可以看出,尾门内板腰部位置刚度、强度差,受载时变形较大,容易引起开裂问题。其主要原因是贯穿尾灯黑箱尺寸过大,极大地削弱了尾门腰部腔体截面刚度。从应力分析结果来看,尾门锁附近的内板应力较大,需要优化和加强此处结构强度。常用的优化方案有:优化或增加传力路径,减少薄弱处载荷输入;在薄弱处进行结构优化,提高结构刚度、强度。
主要通过横梁加宽提升截面惯性矩,从而增强内板结构刚度,如图10所示。同时,加强尾门内板与尾门外板的胶粘连接,通过增加内板传力路径降低对内板的惯性载荷冲击,在内板上延伸出涂胶结构到外板背面,在内板左、右对称位置增加2条与外板的胶路连接,如图11所示。
在尾门内板背面腰部位置增加多条竖向加强筋支撑,提升此处的结构刚度,如图12所示。
优化安装尾门锁附近的内板厚度,并进行局部加厚,从原3.0 mm过渡到2.8 mm的方案调整为3.5 mm过渡到2.8 mm。同时,尾门锁附近增加四面合围的加强筋,提升尾门锁附近结构刚度,如图13所示。
对结构优化后的方案进行有限元仿真分析,对塑料尾门纵向、横向和垂向进行惯性载荷分析,各分析工况下仿真结果应力云图如图14~图16所示。
与优化前设计方案相比较,优化后尾门结构方案最大变形量和塑性应变得到大幅改善,尾门结构无开裂、失效等问题。从分析结果可以得出,塑料尾门结构在横向和垂向的惯性加载下的塑性应变满足要求,开裂风险较低。
台架试验以尾门安装到白车身上的形式开展,并将白车身固定在试验台架上,在横向和垂向上进行惯性载荷测试,完成后,将白车身尾端切割,并倒扣于试验台架上,进行纵向惯性载荷测试。根据GB 15086—2013的要求,尾门需要安装锁、撑杆和铰链等保持件,确保与实车一致。在惯性载荷加载试验过程中,塑料尾门未发现开裂失效等问题,尾门一直锁止在关门位置未打开,满足标准要求,如图17~图19所示,同时侧面说明了耐惯性力分析模型的准确性以及优化方案的可靠性。
本文以塑料尾门满足GB 15086—2013耐惯性力试验要求为设计目标,建立了塑料尾门的耐惯性力仿真分析模型,并对失效准则进行安全设置。基于仿真分析模型及其分析结果,对内板的主干横梁进行了加宽设计,增加了连接胶路设计等传力路径的加强方案,对腰部强度薄弱处增加加强筋以提升结构刚度,对尾门锁安装区域附近的结构进行了局部加厚及增加加强框的设计,并通过台架试验验证了分析模型的准确性以及优化方案的可靠性。
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230086
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-04-15
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  • 修回日期:2023-04-05
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    泛亚汽车技术中心有限公司, 上海 201201
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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