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Article(id=1200070541655769331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070540057739492, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230459, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1697558400000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764048713363, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1718380800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764048713363, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764048713363, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764048713363, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200070540057739492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2024', volume='', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764048712982, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764049289384, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200072957746836327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070540057739492, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200072957746836328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070540057739492, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=29, endPage=34, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200070541873873146, articleId=1200070541655769331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Analysis of Electric Vehicle Charging Port Layout Based on Ergonomics, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the ergonomic comfort of electric vehicle charging ports, this paper analyzed the height, angle, position and other layout factors of the charging ports from the perspectives of ergonomics considering human body size, comfortable range of human activities, charging pile and charging gun parameters, and proposed a charging port layout scheme, which was verified and evaluated. In addition, the paper offered design proposals for charging operational visibility and operation space, which served as reference for charging ports of electric vehicle.

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为提高电动汽车充电口的人机舒适性，从人机工程的角度出发，综合人体尺寸和人体舒适活动范围、充电桩参数、充电枪参数等对充电口的高度、角度、位置等布置因素进行分析，给出了充电口布置推荐方案，并开展了实际验证与评价，同时针对充电操作可视性、操作空间给出了设计建议，为纯电动汽车充电口布置提供参考。

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尺寸 第5百分位女性 第95百分位男性
跟点到R点 776 948
R点到肩点 427 500
肩点到肘点 214 269
肘点到掌心 266 325
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中国2030年人体尺寸预测数据 mm

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尺寸 第5百分位女性 第95百分位男性
跟点到R点 776 948
R点到肩点 427 500
肩点到肘点 214 269
肘点到掌心 266 325
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尺寸 舒适角度 可接受角度
背部弯曲 0 0~45
大臂伸展 0~10 -10~45
小臂伸展 15~90 0~100
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人体各关节角度的舒适范围 (°)

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尺寸 舒适角度 可接受角度
背部弯曲 0 0~45
大臂伸展 0~10 -10~45
小臂伸展 15~90 0~100
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a/(°) Hv/mm
600 700 800 900 1 000 1 100
60 4.5 4.9
50 6.3 5.6
40 5.5 6.7 6.4 5.2
30 5.8 7.3 6.6 5.8 4.8
20 6.8 7.5 6.6 5.6
10 5.5 7 6.9 6.2
0 4.8 5.9 6.1 6.1
-5 5.8
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评分结果 分

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a/(°) Hv/mm
600 700 800 900 1 000 1 100
60 4.5 4.9
50 6.3 5.6
40 5.5 6.7 6.4 5.2
30 5.8 7.3 6.6 5.8 4.8
20 6.8 7.5 6.6 5.6
10 5.5 7 6.9 6.2
0 4.8 5.9 6.1 6.1
-5 5.8
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车型 充电口高度Hv
/mm		 充电口角度a
/(°)
比亚迪秦Plus 2021 902 14.6
比亚迪海豚2021 817 21.6
小鹏G3 2020 868 29.7
小鹏P5 2021 837 26.1
小鹏P7 2020 840 35.8
极氪001 2021 925 22.1
威马EX5 2019 733 1.2
大众ID 4 2022 1 001 31.1
比亚迪唐2018 1 052 12.1
比亚迪元2022 860 16.4
高合X 2021 1 004 20.1
理想ONE 2020 1 027 21.7
特斯拉Model Y 2021 1 039 22.0
蔚来ES6 2020 944 21.0
蔚来ES8 2018 956 9.2
梅赛德斯奔驰EQS 2021 918 23.0
比亚迪宋 1 040 23.0
帝豪EV 940 27.0
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充电口设计标杆信息

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车型 充电口高度Hv
/mm		 充电口角度a
/(°)
比亚迪秦Plus 2021 902 14.6
比亚迪海豚2021 817 21.6
小鹏G3 2020 868 29.7
小鹏P5 2021 837 26.1
小鹏P7 2020 840 35.8
极氪001 2021 925 22.1
威马EX5 2019 733 1.2
大众ID 4 2022 1 001 31.1
比亚迪唐2018 1 052 12.1
比亚迪元2022 860 16.4
高合X 2021 1 004 20.1
理想ONE 2020 1 027 21.7
特斯拉Model Y 2021 1 039 22.0
蔚来ES6 2020 944 21.0
蔚来ES8 2018 956 9.2
梅赛德斯奔驰EQS 2021 918 23.0
比亚迪宋 1 040 23.0
帝豪EV 940 27.0
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车型 L3 位置
小鹏P7 2020 776 左、右后轮上方翼子板
比亚迪秦Plus 2021 814 右后轮上方翼子板
梅赛德斯奔驰EQS 2021 832 右后轮上方翼子板
极氪001 2021 840 左后轮上方翼子板
比亚迪海豚 2021 878 右前轮上方翼子板
小鹏P5 2021 897 左、右前轮上方翼子板
大众ID 4 2022 917 右后轮上方翼子板
比亚迪元2022 923 右前轮上方翼子板
小鹏G3 2020 940 右前轮上方
理想ONE 2020 944 右后轮上方翼子板
推荐范围 ≤950
高合Hiphi X 2021 958 右后轮上方翼子板
比亚迪唐2018 968 右后轮上方翼子板
极氪001 2021 969 左前轮上方翼子板
蔚来ES6 2020 1 087 左、右前轮上方翼子板
蔚来ES8 2018 1 094 左、右前轮上方翼子板
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充电口位置对标信息 mm

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车型 L3 位置
小鹏P7 2020 776 左、右后轮上方翼子板
比亚迪秦Plus 2021 814 右后轮上方翼子板
梅赛德斯奔驰EQS 2021 832 右后轮上方翼子板
极氪001 2021 840 左后轮上方翼子板
比亚迪海豚 2021 878 右前轮上方翼子板
小鹏P5 2021 897 左、右前轮上方翼子板
大众ID 4 2022 917 右后轮上方翼子板
比亚迪元2022 923 右前轮上方翼子板
小鹏G3 2020 940 右前轮上方
理想ONE 2020 944 右后轮上方翼子板
推荐范围 ≤950
高合Hiphi X 2021 958 右后轮上方翼子板
比亚迪唐2018 968 右后轮上方翼子板
极氪001 2021 969 左前轮上方翼子板
蔚来ES6 2020 1 087 左、右前轮上方翼子板
蔚来ES8 2018 1 094 左、右前轮上方翼子板
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基于人机工程的电动汽车充电口布置分析
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赵建航 , 鲁居印
汽车工程师 | 2024,(6): 29-34
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汽车工程师 | 2024, (6): 29-34
基于人机工程的电动汽车充电口布置分析
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赵建航, 鲁居印
作者信息
  • 一汽-大众汽车有限公司， 长春 130013
Analysis of Electric Vehicle Charging Port Layout Based on Ergonomics
Jianhang Zhao, Juyin Lu
Affiliations
  • FAW-Volkswagen Automotive Co., Ltd., Changchun 130013
出版时间: 2024-06-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230459
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摘要
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为提高电动汽车充电口的人机舒适性，从人机工程的角度出发，综合人体尺寸和人体舒适活动范围、充电桩参数、充电枪参数等对充电口的高度、角度、位置等布置因素进行分析，给出了充电口布置推荐方案，并开展了实际验证与评价，同时针对充电操作可视性、操作空间给出了设计建议，为纯电动汽车充电口布置提供参考。

纯电动汽车  /  充电口  /  人机工程  /  充电桩

To improve the ergonomic comfort of electric vehicle charging ports, this paper analyzed the height, angle, position and other layout factors of the charging ports from the perspectives of ergonomics considering human body size, comfortable range of human activities, charging pile and charging gun parameters, and proposed a charging port layout scheme, which was verified and evaluated. In addition, the paper offered design proposals for charging operational visibility and operation space, which served as reference for charging ports of electric vehicle.

Pure electric vehicles  /  Charging port  /  Ergonomics  /  Charging pile
赵建航, 鲁居印. 基于人机工程的电动汽车充电口布置分析. 汽车工程师, 2024 , (6) : 29 -34 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230459
Jianhang Zhao, Juyin Lu. Analysis of Electric Vehicle Charging Port Layout Based on Ergonomics[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2024 , (6) : 29 -34 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230459
正文
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1 前言
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纯电动汽车充电需由用户自行操作，因此充电口的合理设计在很大程度上影响用户的使用感受。目前，充电口的相关文献多基于布置空间、与周边件的关系、造型需求[1-4]等对充电口在整车中的布置位置进行研究，本文从人机工程的角度出发，研究充电口的合理设计，以期提升用户的充电操作体验。
2 充电口高度与角度分析
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经充电操作习惯调研发现，影响充电口高度舒适性与易操作性的因素主要有人手伸及高度、充电枪长度、充电口布置角度，如图1所示，三者间的关系可表述为：
Hv=Hh-L·sina
式中：Hh为人手握点到地面的距离；Hv为充电枪头部中心到地面的距离；L为充电枪的长度，本文按照一种常见且较长的快充电枪模型取L=240 mm；a为充电枪与水平面的角度。
2.1 手伸及高度
人的身体尺寸和关节活动角度影响人手的伸及高度，本文使用Ramsis软件对中国2030年人体预测的尺寸数据，重点分析第5百分位女性和第95百分位男性人体，如表1所示。
理论分析时参考人体各关节角度的舒适范围[5]，并根据实际调研情况进行调整，如图2、表2所示。
手伸及位置的上边界需要考虑第5百分位女性手臂的抬升高度，下边界需要考虑第95百分位男性弯腰工况下的手伸及高度。
第5百分位女性直立状态下大、小臂最大伸展角度分别为10°、90°，此时手掌高度为994 mm，大、小臂可接受舒展角度分别为45°、100°，此时手掌高度为1 100 mm。第95百分位男性直立状态下大、小臂舒适伸展角度分别为0°、15°，此时手掌高度为865 mm，45°弯腰状态下大、小臂可接受的伸展角度均为0°，此时手掌高度为707 mm。
综上，手伸及高度舒适范围为865~994 mm，可接受范围为707~1 100 mm。
2.2 充电口高度与角度的关系
在充电口操作习惯调研过程中，充电口高度及其布置角度是相互影响的，故在充电口布置高度范围内，需考虑a与Hv的关系。
使用Ramsis软件进行充电口高度与角度的分析，选用第5百分位女性、第50百分位男性和第95百分位男性3种人体模型，将充电口高度和角度设为变量，在人体站立姿态下约束小臂与充电枪轴线方向一致进行分析评价，利用Ramsis舒适性分析和关节使用率分析模块共同判定假人操作姿势的舒适性，结果如图3所示。
通过对上、下边界取均值，得到充电口高度与角度的关系如图4所示。
2.3 充电口高度和角度推荐
由于手的高度在一定范围内，且充电口高度和角度存在近似的线性关系，利用式（1）可得充电口高度和角度的推荐区域，舒适区域如图5所示。
考虑到当前车型充电口角度无负角度出现，负角度区域当前未计算在内，故可接受区域如图6所示。
2.4 人机台架验证与优化
在人机台架上验证充电口高度与角度推荐区域，邀请50位评价者进行评价，评价者身高范围为1 530~1 820 mm，整体样本呈现正态分布。试验过程中采用调整不同充电口高度、角度后被试人员评价打分的评价方法，验证过程中需要保证移动快充电枪的力与在充电桩中实际操作时一致。试验结果如表3所示。
6分及以上代表可接受状态，可接受状态的拟合结果如图7所示。
实际调研结果与理论分析的结果基本保持一致，不同的是，调研中充电口高度在800~1 000 mm区间时，充电口可接受角度可以更小，如图8所示。所以在充电口布置中，可以将实际调研所增加的区域作为第三优先级选择方案，并在方案实施后进行实际评估。
3 充电口布置位置分析
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纯电动汽车充电行为的难易程度除与充电口本身的高度和角度有关，还与充电枪和充电桩的相关参数有关。
3.1 充电习惯调研
与在家充电相比，在充电站充电的困难程度更高，本文以在充电站充电为例进行充电习惯调研，如图9所示。在充电站为汽车充电的操作步骤主要分为停车、取下充电枪头、抬升并移动充电枪头以及插入充电枪等。
在抬升充电枪头的过程中，充电枪抬升力与抬升距离相关，实际测量结果如图10所示。
此时充电枪抬升力对人体造成的负担较小，双手搬运物体时最大安全承受力为G=160~180 N，设计中较合适的承受力为G/4，即约40 N。但在实际调研中发现，如果汽车充电口与充电桩距离较远，在抬升充电枪头的过程中，连接枪头与充电桩的充电线缆会出现离开地面的情况，此时人手握持充电枪的重力显著增大，即使对成年男性也较为吃力，因而汽车充电口与充电桩的距离也是充电操作的重要影响因素。
3.2 充电口位置
充电桩与充电口的距离主要影响因素有基站线缆长度L1、充电线缆距离地面的高度H、停车位与充电桩的距离L2，如图11所示。
充电站实际调研结果表明，通常H=1 800 mm、L1=4 500~4 800 mm、L2=1 040~1 600 mm。要保证在绝大多数充电桩充电过程中可以实现线缆贴地，通过建立的软件模型模拟充电线状态可以得到，充电口的中心位置在以轮胎与停止杆接触点为中心，950 mm为半径的扇形区域范围内较为合适，如图12所示。将轮胎和停止杆的接触点与充电口中心的距离定义为L3，即应保证L3≤950 mm。对于充电口布置在翼子板或后侧围的情况，上述条件同样适用。考虑到各项参数均存在一定变化范围，且模型设计较为理想，充电口位置仅作为设计参考。
3.3 平台设计对充电口位置的影响
充电口在整车中的位置与平台前期设计的相关性较强，优先推荐快、慢充电口集成布置，此时高、低压线束可以同时固定和避让，布置较为方便且线束整体占用空间较小。
高、低压充电口的常见布置位置有前保险杠面罩、前翼子板和后侧围等。其中，布置在前保险杠面罩时，前端的轻微碰撞也可能导致充电端口损坏，故此位置已逐渐被舍弃。对前翼子板和后侧围的选择与三电系统的设计存在很大关系，如图13所示。
当电驱系统为三合一时，推荐充电口与电池高压接口布置在同侧，如高压充电口在车后部，建议充电口布置在后侧围，以缩短线束长度，降低碰撞带来的风险等。
当电驱系统为六合一或八合一时，推荐充电口与电驱系统布置在同侧，如集成电驱系统在车头位置，建议充电口布置在翼子板。
3.4 充电口外盖板方向
实地调研中发现，快充枪体远重于慢充枪体，快充操作可作为舒适性评价的主要影响因素，因而针对快充侧充电口盖板打开方向提出人机舒适性要求。
分析中需考虑的因素包括：为方便操作，推荐充电口与充电桩枪体同侧；充电口盖开启方向为远离充电桩方向，防止插拔过程对枪体与缆线造成干扰。
经调查，快充充电桩枪体方向共有两种形式，如图14所示：单枪形式，多位于充电桩自身左侧；双枪形式，位于充电桩双侧。
综合上述分析，针对整车快充充电口侧向布置情况，推荐的布置方案如图15所示：当充电口位于前侧围时，推荐充电口布置在整车右侧，充电口盖板开启方向为车尾方向；当充电口位于后侧围时，推荐充电口布置在整车左侧，充电口盖板开启方向为车头方向。
4 充电枪操作方便性
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除充电口位置的限制因素，影响充电枪操作方便性的主要因素还有很多，如操作可视性、操作空间等。
4.1 可视性
可视性指充电操作时视野是否足够，主要体现在充电口外钣金、充电口壳体在操作时对视野的遮挡。习惯调研发现，操作者对视野有较为严格的需求，一般需求为：在打开充电口外盖板时，即可看到充电口的内盖板或者充电口本体。调研结果表明，用户打开充电口盖时与车辆的距离一般为600 mm，所以推荐第95百分位人体眼点在车侧600 mm远处对充电口可视。
4.2 操作空间
从实际项目经验来看，一般在使用慢充电枪时易引起抱怨，主要是慢充电枪与充电口处侧围钣金的间隙在前期校核时易出现疏漏。市场上慢充电枪的种类有很多，本文选用枪头和手柄距离近的充电枪模型进行校核，如图16所示。
为保证操作充电枪时，手部有足够的操作空间，约束极限位置手部空间应满足人手尺寸W（如图17所示）加5 mm的安全余量，即人手距离车侧钣金35 mm以上。
5 充电口布置对标验证
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5.1 高度与角度验证
对市场上的电动车型的充电口布置参数进行实际调研，测量条件为整车整备状态，结果如表4所示。
相关车型与本文推荐的高度与角度区域对比结果如图18所示。
对标车型充电口高度与角度多数在可接受区域范围内，部分处于实际测评可接受的区域内，极少数突破推荐范围。
5.2 充电口布置位置验证
对市场上的电动车型的充电口在整车中的布置参数进行实际调研，模拟汽车在充电桩的停车状态，测量轮胎和停止杆的接触点与充电口中心的距离L3，结果如表5所示。结果表明，对标车型中充电口布置位置多数处于推荐区域内。
6 结束语
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汽车充电口的布置直接影响汽车三电系统的布置优劣和用户的操作舒适性，本文从人机工程的角度重点研究了充电口的高度、角度要求，进一步明确了充电口可视性、操作空间等，并从平台的角度出发给出充电口的布置建议，可为后续车型充电口的人机布置提供参考。
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230459
  • 首发时间：2025-11-25
  • 出版时间：2024-06-15
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  • 修回日期：2023-10-18
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    一汽-大众汽车有限公司， 长春 130013
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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