Article(id=1200070539256623110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070538661031941, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230039, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1678032000000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764048712791, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1713110400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764048712791, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764048712791, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764048712791, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200070538661031941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2024', volume='', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764048712649, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764049231629, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200072715479642977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070538661031941, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200072715479642978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200070538661031941, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=37, endPage=41, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200070539579584522, articleId=1200070539256623110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Vehicle External Acoustic Load Simulation Based on Ray Tracing Method, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issue of low simulation accuracy, and large test resources investment in the development of acoustic package, this paper proposed a method based on ray tracing to calculate the external sound load of car body. Firstly, the hard wall panel on external surface of vehicle was extracted, and ray tracing solving model was established in VAOne. Secondly, the noise value of the key sound source of the vehicle was tested. Finally, the key noise sources were loaded into the ray tracing model to calculate the external acoustic load of the car body. With an SUV as the research object, the vehicle exterior acoustic load was calculated and compared with the test results. The result shows that the sound load calculated by the ray tracing model is in good agreement with the experimental value, which can improve the simulation accuracy of the acoustic package development.

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为解决用整车统计能量模型进行声学包开发时仿真精度低、试验投入大的问题,提出了一种基于声线跟踪法计算车体表面声载荷的方法。首先,提取车体外表面硬壁板,在VAOne软件中建立声线跟踪法求解模型;其次,测试得到车体关键声源的噪声值;最后,将关键噪声源加载到声线跟踪法求解模型计算得到车体表面声载荷。以某SUV车型为研究对象,进行车体表面声载荷计算,并与试验测试结果进行对比,结果表明:应用声线跟踪法计算得到的车体表面声载荷与试验值一致性较好,可提高声学包开发的仿真精度。

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1.发动机上部 2.前风窗玻璃 3.顶棚前部 4.顶棚中部 5.顶棚后部 6.前翼子板 7.前车窗玻璃 8.后车窗玻璃 9.三角窗玻璃 10.前车门 11.后车门 12.后翼子板 13.后背门玻璃 14.后背门 15.前排乘员腿部下方 16.前排座椅下方 17.后排乘员腿部下方 18.后排座椅下方 19.备胎舱下方 20.前轮舱 21.后轮舱

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基于声线跟踪法的车体表面声载荷仿真
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米路
汽车工程师 | 2024,(4): 37-41
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汽车工程师 | 2024, (4): 37-41
基于声线跟踪法的车体表面声载荷仿真
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米路
作者信息
  • 长城汽车股份有限公司, 保定技术研发分公司, 保定 071003
Vehicle External Acoustic Load Simulation Based on Ray Tracing Method
Lu Mi
Affiliations
  • Baoding Technology R&D Branch, Great Wall Motor Company Limited, Baoding 071003
出版时间: 2024-04-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230039
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为解决用整车统计能量模型进行声学包开发时仿真精度低、试验投入大的问题,提出了一种基于声线跟踪法计算车体表面声载荷的方法。首先,提取车体外表面硬壁板,在VAOne软件中建立声线跟踪法求解模型;其次,测试得到车体关键声源的噪声值;最后,将关键噪声源加载到声线跟踪法求解模型计算得到车体表面声载荷。以某SUV车型为研究对象,进行车体表面声载荷计算,并与试验测试结果进行对比,结果表明:应用声线跟踪法计算得到的车体表面声载荷与试验值一致性较好,可提高声学包开发的仿真精度。

统计能量  /  声线法  /  声载荷  /  声学包

To address the issue of low simulation accuracy, and large test resources investment in the development of acoustic package, this paper proposed a method based on ray tracing to calculate the external sound load of car body. Firstly, the hard wall panel on external surface of vehicle was extracted, and ray tracing solving model was established in VAOne. Secondly, the noise value of the key sound source of the vehicle was tested. Finally, the key noise sources were loaded into the ray tracing model to calculate the external acoustic load of the car body. With an SUV as the research object, the vehicle exterior acoustic load was calculated and compared with the test results. The result shows that the sound load calculated by the ray tracing model is in good agreement with the experimental value, which can improve the simulation accuracy of the acoustic package development.

Statistical energy  /  Ray tracing  /  Acoustic load  /  Acoustic package
米路. 基于声线跟踪法的车体表面声载荷仿真. 汽车工程师, 2024 , (4) : 37 -41 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230039
Lu Mi. Vehicle External Acoustic Load Simulation Based on Ray Tracing Method[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2024 , (4) : 37 -41 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230039
在车体上装配具有隔吸声功能的声学包裹是控制及改善车内噪声的重要方法之一,不仅能够有效降低车内噪声水平,还可以调节车内音质,更容易满足乘员对舒适、安静环境的心理需求[1]
目前,大部分汽车制造商使用统计能量分析(Statistical Energy Analysis,SEA)方法进行声学包开发设计,但SEA模型中加载的车体表面声载荷是通过基础车或标杆车测试得到的,与在研车型表面声载荷存在一定差异,将导致SEA模型仿真精度低,由此开发的声学包可能存在性能不足或性能过剩的问题[2],同时对基础车或标杆车进行测试增加了车型开发成本和周期。
基于声传递特性,本文应用声线跟踪法[3]计算车体表面声载荷,从造型外观面(Concept A Surface,CAS)数据中提取车体外表面硬壁板数据,在VAOne软件中采用声线跟踪法(Ray Tracing)模块建立求解模型,利用西门子公司振动噪声试验测试系统(Learning Management System Test Lab,LMS Test Lab)中的逆矩阵模块[4]测试得到车体外关键噪声源的噪声值,并将关键噪声源加载至声线跟踪法求解模型中,通过参数设置、模型调校计算车体表面声载荷。
某SUV车型(该车型无机舱底护板)的前期CAS数据如图1所示,将CAS数据及车轮数据导入VAOne软件中生成整车外壳模型[5],如图2所示。
应用VAOne软件中的声线跟踪法模块调用整车外壳模型,建立声线跟踪法求解模型,并在模型中添加紧凑声源和声压检测传感器,声压检测传感器仅添加部分内容作为示意,如图3所示。
其中,添加紧凑声源的部位为:发动机上、下、前、后、左、右6个面中心点;4个轮胎的前、后沿;左侧排气管口;右侧排气管口。添加声压检测传感器的部位即为进行声学包开发的整车外壳模型中加载车体表面声载荷的部位[5],如图4所示,左右对称。
VAOne软件中声线跟踪法模块涉及的参数如图5所示。
各参数的意义如下:
①声线数量:每个紧凑型声源所发射的声线根数。
②反射次数:每根声线经过若干次反射后仅存在直射和衍射2种传播形式,在密闭空间内,反射次数应足够多,以使声能分布反映几何特征。
③反射单元法向角度:该值越小,反射面划分越细,模型计算量越大,设置原则是在能反映整体几何轮廓的前提下,尽量减少反射面的数量。
④传感器接收半径:计算响应仿真值时,需要使用传感器接收半径为R的球体内的能量,R越大,响应值越大。
⑤衍射阶次:每根声线能够衍射的次数,该值越大,模型计算量越大。
⑥衍射角度:从一个衍射点发出的相邻两根射线之间的角度,该值越小,模型计算量越大。
⑦衍射点半径:衍射边界的包络半径。
⑧边沿角度:几何边界不同几何线之间最小区分角度,若两根几何线之间的角度小于此值,则模型会自动认为其为一根几何线。边沿角度越小,边界划分越密,模型计算量越大。
⑨衍射点距:同一衍射路径上不同衍射点之间的平均距离,默认为1 mm,增大该值会减少声线数量,从而减小模型计算量。
测试实际工况下车体外关键声源的声功率,需测试的位置与2.1节中添加的紧凑声源位置一致。本文采用LMS Test Lab中的逆矩阵功能模块获取某款燃油车的关键声源,以左前轮胎为例说明具体操作过程。
左前轮胎前、后沿声源测试原理如图6所示。在车辆静止状态下,分别测试轮胎前、后沿声源到4个麦克风的传递函数TF-1TF-2TF-3TF-4TR-1TR-2TR-3TR-4,其中TF-iTR-i分别为轮胎前、后沿到麦克风i的传递函数。测试现场如图7所示。
保持4个麦克风的位置不变,测量实际工况下4个麦克风的有效声压p1p2p3p4。传递函数、有效声压及轮胎前、后沿的体积加速度SFSR的关系可表示为:
$\left[\begin{array}{l}{p}_{1}\\ {p}_{2}\\ {p}_{3}\\ {p}_{4}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{T}_{F-1}& {T}_{R-1}\\ {T}_{F-2}& {T}_{R-2}\\ {T}_{F-3}& {T}_{R-3}\\ {T}_{F-4}& {T}_{R-4}\end{array}\right]\times \left[\begin{array}{c}{S}_{F}\\ {S}_{R}\end{array}\right]$
式(2)可改写为:
$\left[\begin{array}{c}{S}_{F}\\ {S}_{R}\end{array}\right]={\left[\begin{array}{cc}{T}_{F-1}& {T}_{R-1}\\ {T}_{F-2}& {T}_{R-2}\\ {T}_{F-3}& {T}_{R-3}\\ {T}_{F-4}& {T}_{R-4}\end{array}\right]}^{-1}\times \left[\begin{array}{l}{p}_{1}\\ {p}_{2}\\ {p}_{3}\\ {p}_{4}\end{array}\right]$
由式(2)可知,获得传递函数和麦克风的有效声压后可计算出轮胎前、后沿的体积加速度。声功率计算公式为:
${S}_{W}=1.293\times {\left|S\right|}^{2}/\left(4\pi c\right)$
式中:SW为声源的声功率,S为轮胎体积加速度,c为声速。
声源声功率的频率范围为0.1~10 kHz,频率间隔为1 Hz,半消声室两驱转鼓试验台上测得的车辆在匀速100 km/h工况下左前轮胎前、后沿的声功率如图8所示,为方便显示,只列出800~900 Hz频段的数据。采用相同方法可得到所有关键声源的声功率。
在半消声室内测试整车实际工况下车体表面声载荷,此测试结果作为模型调校时的参照,所需测试的区域如图4所示,图中仅对车身左侧测试区域进行了标注,实际测试过程中右侧也需对称布置,每个区域布置3个麦克风,取各麦克风测试值的平均值作为测试结果,麦克风与车体表面的距离约为100 mm,测试现场如图9所示。
将整车实际工况下测试计算得到的车体外关键声源声功率加载至图3所示的声线跟踪法求解模型中,计算得到车体表面声载荷的仿真值,并与测试值进行对比,通过调节声线跟踪法模块的参数,使各工况1/3倍频程中85%以上频点的车体表面声载荷仿真值和测试值误差在±3 dB范围内。以车辆100 km/h匀速行驶工况为例,车体表面各区域声载荷的仿真和测试结果如图10所示。
图10可知,应用声线跟踪法计算得到的车体表面声载荷仿真值与测试值一致性较好。
a. 应用声线跟踪法计算得到的车体表面声载荷仿真值与测试值一致性较好,证明了此方法的可行性。
b. 应用此方法可得到在研车型的车体表面声载荷,可有效规避使用基础车或标杆车车体表面声载荷进行声学包开发而导致的仿真精度低、性能不足或性能过剩问题[6]
c. 应用此方法,对于搭载相同动力总成的多款车型,仅需测试一次关键声源即可通过仿真手段计算得到各车型车体表面声载荷,可大幅减小试验资源投入。
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230039
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-04-15
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    长城汽车股份有限公司, 保定技术研发分公司, 保定 071003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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