Article(id=1200066408680878841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066405602263729, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220082, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1669910400000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764047727985, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1692028800000, pubDateStr=2023-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764047727985, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764047727985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764047727985, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200066405602263729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2023', volume='', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764047727251, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764048152553, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200068189506859837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066405602263729, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200068189506859838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066405602263729, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=38, endPage=41, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200066409033200420, articleId=1200066408680878841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Vehicle Mass Estimation and Application of Pure Electric Light Truck, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The vehicle mass, which was estimated from longitudinal dynamics formula based on longitudinal acceleration, vehicle speed, motor torque, was used as input parameter to calculate energy recovery feedback torque, to make the vehicle has the same target deceleration under different loads. Test results indicate that the accuracy of vehicle mass falls in the range of ±10% in the real road test, and when vehicle mass is used to calculate energy recovery, the energy consumption is optimized by 5.5% in CRUISE simulation based on China-World Transient Vehicle Cycle (C-WTVC).

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基于纵向加速度、车速、电机扭矩等信号,通过纵向动力学公式估算整车质量,并将其作为输入参数计算能量回收回馈扭矩,使整车在不同载荷工况下具有相同的目标减速度。试验结果表明,在实际道路上测试时整车质量估算误差在±10%范围内,使用整车质量参数进行能量回收计算后,在CRUISE软件中基于中国重型商用车瞬态循环(C-WTVC)工况进行仿真时能耗优化5.5%。

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高速道路 2 723~2 904 0.4~5.7
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空载估算结果

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半载测试 估算结果/kg 误差/%
城市道路 4 238~4 432 1.5~5.8
高速道路 4 167~4 329 3.8~7.4
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半载估算结果

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高速道路 4 167~4 329 3.8~7.4
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满载测试
估算结果/kg 误差/%
城市道路 5 625~5 988 1.6~7.6
高速道路 5 534~5 914 2.8~9.1
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满载估算结果

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车速/km·h-1 请求扭矩
/N·m
车速/km·h-1 请求扭矩
/N·m
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5 0 60 -630
10 0 65 -590
15 -110 70 -510
20 -201 75 -430
25 -310 80 -380
30 -380 85 -310
35 -450 90 -201
40 -510 95 -110
45 -590 100 -93
50 -630
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空载滑行扭矩

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车速/km·h-1 请求扭矩
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车速/km·h-1 请求扭矩
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0 0 55 -650
5 0 60 -630
10 0 65 -590
15 -110 70 -510
20 -201 75 -430
25 -310 80 -380
30 -380 85 -310
35 -450 90 -201
40 -510 95 -110
45 -590 100 -93
50 -630
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工况 能量回收减速度/g 百公里电耗/kW·h
工况1 0.070 32.5
工况2 0.035 34.3
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能耗对比

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工况2 0.035 34.3
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纯电动轻型载货汽车整车质量的估算及应用
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林玉敏 , 魏广杰 , 游道亮 , 陈剑 , 龚俊奇
汽车工程师 | 2023,(8): 38-41
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汽车工程师 | 2023, (8): 38-41
纯电动轻型载货汽车整车质量的估算及应用
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林玉敏, 魏广杰, 游道亮, 陈剑, 龚俊奇
作者信息
  • 江铃汽车股份有限公司, 南昌 330031
Vehicle Mass Estimation and Application of Pure Electric Light Truck
Yumin Lin, Guangjie Wei, Daoliang You, Jian Chen, Junqi Gong
Affiliations
  • Jiangling Motor Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330031
出版时间: 2023-08-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220082
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基于纵向加速度、车速、电机扭矩等信号,通过纵向动力学公式估算整车质量,并将其作为输入参数计算能量回收回馈扭矩,使整车在不同载荷工况下具有相同的目标减速度。试验结果表明,在实际道路上测试时整车质量估算误差在±10%范围内,使用整车质量参数进行能量回收计算后,在CRUISE软件中基于中国重型商用车瞬态循环(C-WTVC)工况进行仿真时能耗优化5.5%。

质量估算  /  能量回收  /  优化  /  电动汽车

The vehicle mass, which was estimated from longitudinal dynamics formula based on longitudinal acceleration, vehicle speed, motor torque, was used as input parameter to calculate energy recovery feedback torque, to make the vehicle has the same target deceleration under different loads. Test results indicate that the accuracy of vehicle mass falls in the range of ±10% in the real road test, and when vehicle mass is used to calculate energy recovery, the energy consumption is optimized by 5.5% in CRUISE simulation based on China-World Transient Vehicle Cycle (C-WTVC).

Mass estimation  /  Energy recovery  /  Optimization  /  Electric vehicle
林玉敏, 魏广杰, 游道亮, 陈剑, 龚俊奇. 纯电动轻型载货汽车整车质量的估算及应用. 汽车工程师, 2023 , (8) : 38 -41 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220082
Yumin Lin, Guangjie Wei, Daoliang You, Jian Chen, Junqi Gong. Vehicle Mass Estimation and Application of Pure Electric Light Truck[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2023 , (8) : 38 -41 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220082
商用车整车质量的准确获取对了解实际使用工况、实现制动能量回收、优化剩余里程、监控货物实时质量、超载报警等具有重要意义。加装称重传感器获取整车质量成本高昂,因此有必要通过算法对整车质量进行估算。
苏庆列等[1]使用卡尔曼滤波对整车质量和道路坡度进行估计,但仅在Simulink/CarSim环境中进行了仿真分析,未得到实际整车估算结果。褚文博等[2]利用递归最小二乘法对整车质量进行估算,但忽略了风阻、滚动阻力及道路坡度的影响,估算精度有限。同时,卡尔曼滤波更适用于道路坡度估算,而递推最小二乘法更适用于整车质量估算[3]
本文对纯电动轻型载货汽车的整车质量估算进行研究,使用卡尔曼滤波算法估算坡度,采用递推最小二乘法估算整车质量,通过实车标定和测试进行验证,同时利用估算出的整车质量进行滑行能量回收策略设计,并使用CRUISE基于中国重型商用车瞬时态循环(China-World Transient Vehicle Cycle,C-WTVC)工况进行仿真分析,对比能耗优化贡献度。
根据汽车行驶方程式[4],可得:
${F}_{Acc}= {F}_{DRIVE}-{F}_{Air}-{F}_{Roll}-{F}_{Hill}$
${F}_{Acc}=\left(1+\frac{{f}_{Inertia}}{{m}_{CoG}}\right)\cdot {m}_{CoG}{a}_{CoG}$
${F}_{DRIVE}={T}_{EM}{i}_{gear}{i}_{diff}/{r}_{stat}$
${F}_{Air}={c}_{Air}{A}_{Front}{\rho }_{Air}{v}_{CoG}^{2}/2$
${F}_{Roll}= {f}_{R}{F}_{N}= {f}_{R}{m}_{CoG}gcos\alpha $
${F}_{Hill}={F}_{G}sin\alpha ={m}_{CoG}gsin\alpha $
式中,FAcc为加速阻力;FDRIVE为驱动力;FAir为空气阻力;FRoll为滚动阻力;FHill为坡道阻力;fInertia为整车惯性参数;mCoG为整车质量;aCoG为采集的纵向加速度;TEM为电机扭矩;igear为变速器速比;idiff为主传动比;rstat为轮胎半径;cAir为空气阻力系数;AFront为迎风面积;ρAir为空气密度;α为坡道角度;vCoG为整车车速;fR为滚动阻力系数;FN为地面法向反作用力;FG为车辆重力。
根据上述公式,可以推导得到整车质量mCoG
${m}_{CoG}=\frac{{F}_{DRIVE}-{F}_{Air}-{F}_{Roll}-{f}_{Inertia}{a}_{CoG}}{{f}_{Inertia}{a}_{CoG}+gsin\alpha }$
其中,道路坡度角度α可计算为:
${a}_{CoG}=\dot{\omega }{r}_{stat}-gsin\alpha $
$\alpha =arcsin\frac{\dot{\omega }{r}_{stat}-{a}_{CoG}}{g}$
式中,ω为轮速。
由于该纯电动轻型载货汽车未配置电子稳定程序(Electronic Stability Program,ESP),无法从控制器局域网络(Controller Area Network,CAN)总线获取整车的纵向和横向加速度,因此需要加装加速度传感器,选择某6轴传感器,可实现XYZ方向的加速度及绕XYZ轴的角速度测量,并集成在整车控制器(Vehicle Control Unit,VCU)中。
计算整车质量前需确认计算的边界条件并尽可能排除噪声影响。
车辆转向时,整车姿态发生变化,影响整车质量估算精度,因此,通过加速度传感器获取车辆的横向加速度,在整车横向加速度小于1 m/s2(标定量)时估算整车质量。
车辆制动时,不符合式(1)加速原理,因此,当制动踏板未被踩下时,可以估算整车质量。
车辆静止时,无法进行整车质量估算,车辆极低速条件下,干扰因素较多。因此,需在车速大于15 km/h(标定量)时估算整车质量。
当整车加速度较小时,估算精度较低,因此,需在纵向加速度大于1 m/s2(标定量)时估算整车质量。
车轮打滑时,估算精度较低,因此在滑移率小于8%(标定量)时估算整车质量。
在使用式(7)计算整车质量时,会受到相关输入信号噪声的影响,其中,加速度信号和电机扭矩信号噪声影响较大,因此,式(7)计算的结果偏差较大。该问题可以通过最小二乘法进行优化[3],在线性系统中,相当于寻找参数$\widehat{\theta }$,使得函数$V\left(\widehat{\theta,}n\right)$取得极小值:
$V\left(\widehat{\theta },n\right)=\frac{1}{2}\sum _{i=1}^{n}(y\left(i\right)-{\varphi }^{T}{\left(i\right)\widehat{\theta })}^{2}$
式中,$\widehat{\theta }$为待估计的参数向量;φ为数据向量;y为实际输出;n为计算步长。
当式(10)取得极小值时,可得:
$\widehat{\theta }=\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}\varphi \left(i\right){\varphi }^{T}{\left(i\right))}^{-1}\right(\sum _{i=1}^{n}y\left(i\right){y}^{T}\left(i\right))$
在实际使用中,整车质量的估算是实时的,因此采用递归最小二乘法,即利用当前时刻的测量值对上一时刻的估计值进行修正。
每一时刻估计值的更新过程为:
$\widehat{\theta }\left(k\right)=\widehat{\theta }\left(k-1\right)+L\left(k\right)(y\left(k\right)-{\varphi }^{T}(k\left)\widehat{\theta }\right(k-1\left)\right)$
增益的更新过程为:
$L\left(k\right)=P(k-1) \varphi \left(k\right)(1+{\varphi }^{T}(k\left)P\right(k)\varphi {\left(k\right))}^{-1}$
协方差矩阵为:
$P\left(k\right)=\left(1-L\left(k\right)\varphi {\left(k\right)}^{T}\right)P(k-1)$
式中,k为当前采样时刻;(k-1)为上一采样时刻。
卡尔曼滤波估计器可以基于纵向加速度和车轮速度的噪声信号估算道路坡度,卡尔曼滤波特别适用于状态变量和输出噪声较大的过程,是基于输入信号的测量数据、系统状态方程、观测方程实时获得系统状态变量和输入信号的最优估计的一种方法[6-7]
根据配置不同,该纯电动轻型载货汽车空载设计质量约为2 600~3 100 kg,半载设计质量约为4 500 kg,满载设计质量约为6 000 kg,在实际道路测试中分别在空载、半载、满载条件下进行测试。
试验前,对车辆和驾驶员称重,然后进行实车测试,对比估算结果与实际结果的偏差。
车辆和驾驶员总质量为2 890 kg,车辆估算结果如表1所示。
车辆和驾驶员总质量为4 500 kg,整车质量估算结果如表2所示。
车辆和驾驶员总质量为6 090 kg,车辆估算结果如表3所示。
综上,空载质量估算误差为0.4%~5.7%,半载质量估算误差为1.5%~7.4%,满载质量估算误差为1.6%~9.1%,总体整车质量估算误差小于10%。
纯电动轻型载货汽车在未获得整车质量的情况下,滑行能量回收均基于空载质量进行设计和验证,若基于整车满载质量进行设计和验证,则在空载低附着系数路面行驶时,整车的滑行回馈扭矩很大,易发生打滑和甩尾。整车质量可以作为滑行能量回收的输入参数,若估算算法未激活,默认使用初始值3 000 kg,纯电动轻型载货汽车在无滑行能量回收等级选择的情况下,基于空载设计和验证的滑行最大减速度一般为0.07 g,而整车在满载工况下能够产生的最大减速度约为0.035 g。在不同载荷工况下,利用整车质量参数,可以设计具有与空载条件下相同的目标减速度,整车可回收更多能量,从而降低能耗,提升续驶里程。
考虑到整车质量计算模块输出值的精度及波动情况,将整车质量分为若干个连续区间,区间长度为[αMmin,αMmax]范围内的任意值,其中,Mmin为车辆的空载质量,Mmax为车辆的满载质量,α为整车质量计算精度。
滑行减速度与整车质量有关,滑行时减速度aj计算为:
${a}_{j}=\left({F}_{d}+{F}_{z}\right)/{m}_{CoG}$
式中,Fd为电机回馈制动力;Fz为整车阻力。
在不考虑车辆自身阻力的情况下,电机制动力与整车质量成正比,即能量回收扭矩与整车质量成正比。为提高计算效率,滑行车速相同时,认为在同一质量区间内的整车质量对应的滑行减速度保持一致。滑行能量回收扭矩校正系数K为:
K=M/Mmin
式中,M为所述目标质量区间中的任一整车质量,为避免K频繁变化,M选取为目标质量区间的最小值。
将扭矩校正系数K乘以基于空载设计的滑行扭矩得到的不同载荷工况下滑行回馈扭矩经滤波处理后发送到电机控制器,基于空载设计的滑行扭矩如表4所示。
基于满载质量6 000 kg进行仿真测试,设计2种工况:工况1利用基于整车质量参数进行滑行能量回收设计的最大减速度,约为0.07 g;工况2采用未引用质量参数的滑行最大减速度,约为0.035 g。基于CRUISE在C-WTVC工况下进行能耗仿真对比,最大减速度条件下的能量均回收,超过最大减速度时按最大减速度回收能量,能耗对比结果如表5所示,满载工况下,能耗优化5.5%。
本文首先利用最小二乘法和卡尔曼滤波算法分别估计整车质量和实际道路坡度,并基于整车质量参数设计滑行能量回收策略,实际道路测试和仿真验证结果表明,所提出的纯电动轻型载货汽车质量估算误差不超过±10%,在车辆满载工况下基于C-WTVC工况进行仿真对比,能耗优化5.5%,显著降低了整车能耗。
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2023年第卷第8期
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220082
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2023-08-15
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    江铃汽车股份有限公司, 南昌 330031
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