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Article(id=1200066404054565413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066398035734581, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230127, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1687276800000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764047726882, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1689350400000, pubDateStr=2023-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764047726882, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764047726881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764047726881, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200066398035734581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2023', volume='', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764047725447, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764048102895, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200067981213532341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066398035734581, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200067981217726646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066398035734581, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=16, endPage=21, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200066404415275591, articleId=1200066404054565413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=A Protection Method for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Inverter, columnId=1200066400665563332, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=Special Issue on Hongqi Electric Drive System for New Energy Vehicle, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to suppress the narrow pulse during the running process of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) module of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) inverter, this paper proposed a narrow pulse suppression method based on Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), analyzed the cause of the narrow pulse theoretically. Based on the premise of full consideration of PWM dead zone and narrow pulse, the paper proposed the segmented full-duty ratio PWM output scheme, and analyzed the PWM duty ratio segment that may generate narrow pulse, and the solution was given. Test results show that the above scheme can effectively suppress the generation of narrow pulse, achieve the effect of protecting the motor inverter, and improve the safety and stability of the control system.

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为最大限度地对永磁同步电机（PMSM）逆变器绝缘栅双极型晶体管（IGBT）模块运行过程中出现的窄脉冲进行抑制，提出一种基于脉冲宽度调制（PWM）的窄脉冲抑制方法，理论分析了产生窄脉冲的原因，在充分考虑PWM死区和窄脉冲的前提下，提出分段式全占空比PWM输出方案，分析可能产生窄脉冲的PWM占空比段，并针对性地进行抑制。试验结果表明，所提出的方案能够有效抑制窄脉冲的产生，达到保护电机逆变器的效果，提高控制系统的安全性和稳定性。

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区间 Dt Db
A 0 1-2Dm
B 0 1-2Dm
C 0 1-Dm-Dd
D Dm-Dd 1-Dm-Dd
E 2Dm-1 0
F 1 0
), ArticleFig(id=1200066421708391053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066404054565413, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各区间上、下桥臂占空比

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区间 Dt Db
A 0 1-2Dm
B 0 1-2Dm
C 0 1-Dm-Dd
D Dm-Dd 1-Dm-Dd
E 2Dm-1 0
F 1 0
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永磁同步电机逆变器保护方法研究
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李芝炳 , 李帅 , 王斯博 , 李伟亮 , 刘亚川
汽车工程师 | 红旗新能源电驱系统专刊 2023,(7): 16-21
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汽车工程师 | 红旗新能源电驱系统专刊 2023, (7): 16-21
永磁同步电机逆变器保护方法研究
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李芝炳, 李帅, 王斯博, 李伟亮, 刘亚川
作者信息
  • 中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院， 长春 130013
A Protection Method for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Inverter
Zhibing Li, Shuai Li, Sibo Wang, Weiliang Li, Yachuan Liu
Affiliations
  • Global R&D Center, China FAW Corporation Limited, Changchun 130013
出版时间: 2023-07-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230127
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摘要
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为最大限度地对永磁同步电机（PMSM）逆变器绝缘栅双极型晶体管（IGBT）模块运行过程中出现的窄脉冲进行抑制，提出一种基于脉冲宽度调制（PWM）的窄脉冲抑制方法，理论分析了产生窄脉冲的原因，在充分考虑PWM死区和窄脉冲的前提下，提出分段式全占空比PWM输出方案，分析可能产生窄脉冲的PWM占空比段，并针对性地进行抑制。试验结果表明，所提出的方案能够有效抑制窄脉冲的产生，达到保护电机逆变器的效果，提高控制系统的安全性和稳定性。

脉冲宽度调制  /  窄脉冲  /  调制比  /  永磁同步电机

In order to suppress the narrow pulse during the running process of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) module of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) inverter, this paper proposed a narrow pulse suppression method based on Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), analyzed the cause of the narrow pulse theoretically. Based on the premise of full consideration of PWM dead zone and narrow pulse, the paper proposed the segmented full-duty ratio PWM output scheme, and analyzed the PWM duty ratio segment that may generate narrow pulse, and the solution was given. Test results show that the above scheme can effectively suppress the generation of narrow pulse, achieve the effect of protecting the motor inverter, and improve the safety and stability of the control system.

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)  /  Narrow pulse  /  Modulation ratio  /  Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)
李芝炳, 李帅, 王斯博, 李伟亮, 刘亚川. 永磁同步电机逆变器保护方法研究. 汽车工程师, 2023 , (7) : 16 -21 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230127
Zhibing Li, Shuai Li, Sibo Wang, Weiliang Li, Yachuan Liu. A Protection Method for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Inverter[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2023 , (7) : 16 -21 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230127
正文
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1 前言
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永磁同步电机（Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor，PMSM）具有结构简单、运行可靠、体积小、效率高等显著优点，在电动汽车领域中广泛应用[1]。绝缘栅双极型晶体管（Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor，IGBT）模块是永磁同步电机逆变器中电能转换的关键部件，降低IGBT模块的开关损耗，提升其寿命及工作可靠性对电驱系统至关重要。而窄脉冲作为IGBT模块的输入驱动信号，会导致IGBT开关器件在未完全导通的情况下重新关断，此时产生的浪涌电压比完全导通再关断时的电压大幅提高，多次反复会对IGBT模块产生较大的导通或关断电压振荡，降低开关器件的触发可靠性，影响电力电子设备的正常运行[2-7]。因此，为实现IGBT的可靠应用，降低IGBT损耗和导通风险，一般应限制IGBT最小触发和关断脉宽，针对小于最小脉宽的部分，需要进行抑制。
本文提出一种基于脉冲宽度调制（Pulse Width Modulation，PWM）信号的窄脉冲抑制方法，高效全占空比输出PWM信号的同时，在分段进行PWM占空比输出的基础上，充分考虑PWM死区和窄脉冲的前提下，逐段分析存在小脉冲的可能性，针对其中可能产生窄脉冲的占空比输出段，详细分析产生窄脉冲的位置点并针对性地进行抑制，达到保护逆变器的效果。最后，采用由基于Infineon TC277的控制器组成的电驱控制系统对所提出的方案进行试验验证。
2 窄脉冲产生的原因分析
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永磁同步电机在空间矢量调制方式下，不同调制比产生的PWM信号的占空比不同[8-9]。电机输出效率越高，母线电压利用率越高，对应的调制比也越高。调制比对PWM信号的影响如图1所示：当调制比较小时，输出电压较低，调制波的幅值相应较小，载波与调制波通过比较产生的PWM信号的占空比在50%附近波动，IGBT功率开关周期较长，不会出现窄脉冲；当接近满调制时，输出电压较高，调制波的幅值相应较大，载波与调制波通过比较产生的PWM信号的占空比接近0或者100%，而占空比接近0时，输出PWM动力信号容易在本次输出周期产生窄脉冲信号，占空比接近100%时，输出PWM动力信号容易在输出周期切换时，产生窄脉冲信号。总之，输出效率越高，电压利用率相应提高，输出电压调制比也越大，越容易产生窄脉冲信号。抑制窄脉冲，也能侧面提高电驱系统的控制效率。
3 窄脉冲抑制策略
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当前，永磁同步电机的各种控制策略均通过PWM动力输出信号实现IGBT型开关管的控制，从而按照控制指令输出对应电压和扭矩。如图2所示，电驱控制系统IGBT模块一般采用180°导通型，同一桥臂上、下两管交替开关。通过控制三相六路（U、V、W三相上、下桥臂）PWM输出占空比，达到将直流母线电压转换至三相交流电的目的，实现对永磁同步电机的控制。
电驱控制软件通过脉冲宽度调制输出计算模块得到逆变器U、V、W三相桥臂的占空比Du、Dv、Dw，考虑到任一相上、下桥臂必须保证不能直通，因此PWM控制输出时，必须考虑死区的影响。电驱系统的高效率输出要求调制比必须保持在较高的范围，此时PWM占空比输出接近100%，从而不可避免地导致输出的PWM动力信号存在窄脉冲。本文在高效率PWM输出的基础上提出一种窄脉冲抑制方案。
本文以IGBT模块U相桥臂PWM输出为例进行说明，V相和W相桥臂PWM输出策略与之一致。设定U相桥臂占空比输出为Dm、死区时间占比为Dd、窄脉冲时间占比为Dp，本文根据各桥臂Dm与Dd和Dp之间的关系，将PWM输出占空比划分为6个区间段，以保证更加精确地分析窄脉冲易产生的区间段，达到进一步进行窄脉冲抑制的效果，从而实现如图3所示的PWM占空比输出效果。经过推导，A区间~F区间PWM占空比的设置分别为[0,Dp/2]、(Dp/2,Dd]、(Dd,Dd+Dp]、(Dd+Dp,1-Dd]、(1-Dd,1)、1，各区间对应的上、下桥臂占空比如表1所示，相应占空比输出波形如图4所示。
通过上述区间计算，单个PWM输出周期内，只有占空比接近0时，对应A区间的PWM输出涉及窄脉冲输出。考虑到Db=1-2Dm，结合A区间Dm范围，可知下桥臂处于低电平的占空比2Dm≤Dp，会产生窄脉冲，需要进行抑制，考虑窄脉冲抑制时A区间占空比的输出波形如图5所示。
通过上述区间计算，当占空比接近100%，PWM占空比周期性切换时，也较易产生窄脉冲。假设本周期PWM占空比为Dm1、上桥臂占空比为Dt1、下桥臂占空比为Db1，下周期PWM占空比为Dm2、上桥臂占空比为Dt2、下桥臂占空比为Db2，当Dm1处于E区间段、Dm2处于E区间段，且2-Dm1-Dm2<Dp时，将该状态切换定义为M1。不考虑窄脉冲抑制的情况下，占空比切换时输出波形如图6所示。考虑到上桥臂进行占空比切换时，处于低电平的占空比2-Dm1-Dm2<Dp，会产生窄脉冲，需要进行抑制，避免无效的开关管动作，考虑窄脉冲抑制时M1状态切换的输出波形如图7所示。
当Dm1处于E区间段、Dm2处于F区间段，且1-Dm1<Dp时，将该状态切换定义为M2。不考虑窄脉冲抑制的情况下，占空比切换时输出波形如图8所示。考虑到上桥臂进行占空比切换时，处于低电平的占空比1-Dm1<Dp，会产生窄脉冲，需要进行抑制，考虑窄脉冲抑制时M2状态切换的输出波形如图9所示。
当Dm1处于F区间段、Dm2处于E区间段，且1-Dm2<Dp时，将该状态切换定义为M3。不考虑窄脉冲抑制的情况下，占空比切换时输出波形如图10所示。考虑到上桥臂进行占空比切换时，处于低电平占空比1-Dm2<Dp，会产生窄脉冲，需要进行抑制，考虑窄脉冲抑制时M3状态切换的输出波形如图11所示。
电驱控制软件通过脉冲宽度调制算法得到PWM输出周期和占空比，通过本文提出的窄脉冲抑制方案可将PWM周期和占空比转换为PWM上升边沿及下降边沿计数值，并赋值给TC277主控芯片PWM输出模块的影子寄存器，当本周期循环结束，开启下周期循环时，将PWM输出影子寄存器的值赋给对应的输出寄存器，从而保证上个周期循环计算得到的PWM周期及占空比按照期望的波形输出。
4 试验验证与分析
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为了对本文的窄脉冲抑制方法进行验证，基于搭载Infineon TC277主控芯片的控制器建立电机试验台架，验证在调制比较高的工况下，占空比接近0或者100%时的窄脉冲抑制情况，以U相占空比为例，为电机驱动系统提供的母线电压为400 V，在常温条件下进行测试。
4.1 测试工况1
设置IGBT模块死区时间为2.3 μs、窄脉冲时间为2 μs、PWM输出频率为8 kHz、输出占空比为0.5%：未执行窄脉冲抑制算法时，PWM输出波形如图12a所示，即使下桥臂PWM输出脉宽为1.25 μs，小于窄脉冲时间，也会进行脉冲输出；执行本文提出的窄脉冲抑制算法时，PWM输出波形如图12b所示，针对PWM输出占空比接近0时产生的窄脉冲实现了良好的抑制效果，避免了无效的开关管动作。
4.2 测试工况2
设置IGBT模块死区时间为2.3 μs、窄脉冲时间为2 μs、PWM输出频率为8 kHz、输出占空比为99.4%：未执行窄脉冲抑制算法时，PWM输出波形如图13a所示，即使上桥臂PWM输出脉宽为1.5 μs，小于窄脉冲时间，也会进行脉冲输出；执行本文提出的窄脉冲抑制算法时，PWM输出波形如图13b所示，针对窄脉冲实现了良好的抑制效果，避免了无效的开关管动作。
4.3 测试工况3
设置IGBT模块栅极驱动电压Vge=15 V、死区时间为2.3 μs、窄脉冲时间为0.8 μs，测试PWM输出存在的窄脉冲对IGBT模块输出集电极电压Vce和集电极电流Ic的影响，具体测试结果如图14所示，当输出PWM存在0.8 μs的窄脉冲时，Vce和Ic会存在短暂的过冲和骤降，Vce会由关管时的接近0 V迅速提高至511 V，Ic会由关管时的接近0 A迅速提高至834 A，在窄脉冲结束时又迅速下降。短暂的浪涌电压输出无益于电机动力输出，但会产生很多热量及电压冲击现象，降低电机输出效率。
由上述对比试验结果可知，基于Infineon TC277多核芯片运行的电驱控制软件，本文所述的窄脉冲抑制方法达到了完全消除PWM输出的窄脉冲信号的效果，从而避免电机逆变器由于输出PWM窄脉冲信号而引起的Vce浪涌电压冲击现象，降低IGBT模块无效导通或者关断对电机逆变器产生的损伤及热损耗，达到保护逆变器IGBT模块和提高电机输出效率的目的。
5 结束语
收起
本文提出了一种窄脉冲抑制方法，在分段式PWM占空比输出的基础上，充分考虑PWM死区和窄脉冲的前提下，根据占空比段的范围详细分析窄脉冲可能产生的位置：占空比较低时，在本次PWM输出周期产生窄脉冲；占空比较高时，在本次PWM输出向下周期PWM输出切换时产生窄脉冲，并结合分析获得的窄脉冲产生的具体位置，针对性抑制该位置产生的窄脉冲。试验结果表明，相对于传统PWM输出方案，本文方案能够有效抑制PWM在过高或过低占空比时输出的过小导通和过小关断的窄脉冲，减少模块集电极浪涌电压冲击，达到保护逆变器IGBT模块和提升电机输出效率的目的。
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2023年第卷第7期
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230127
  • 首发时间：2025-11-25
  • 出版时间：2023-07-15
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  • 修回日期：2023-06-21
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    中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院， 长春 130013
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