Article(id=1200066400330023212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066394848068499, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1676649600000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764047725993, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1686758400000, pubDateStr=2023-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764047725993, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764047725993, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764047725993, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200066394848068499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2023', volume='', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764047724687, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764048018142, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200067625737879661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066394848068499, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200067625737879662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066394848068499, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=39, endPage=44, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200066401160495493, articleId=1200066400330023212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Analysis of Occupant Injuries with Different Sitting Postures Based on Thor-AV Dummy Finite Element Model, columnId=1200066399931564301, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=Special Topic on Passive Safety Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the injury of occupants in different sitting postures, a simulation model with Thor-AV dummy and vehicle was constructed based on a vehicle. A C-NCAP 100% overlap rigid barrier crash simulation was carried out for three groups of occupant dummies with different sitting postures (seat cushion angle 25°, backrest 42°, 52° and 62°). The results show that, the larger the backrest angle, the higher the head injury risk. Neck shear force and axial tension gradually increase with the backrest angle. There is of great risk with clavicle fracture during crash. Under the influence of the increase of backrest angle, the axial compression force of thoracic T12 poses a great threat to occupant safety, with the maximum compression force reaching 11.6 kN when the backrest angle is 62°. The restraint system could not effectively protect the occupants in the large-angle backrest seat of the vehicle.

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为研究不同坐姿下乘员正面碰撞损伤趋势,基于某车型构建了Thor-AV假人与车辆碰撞仿真模型,对3组不同坐姿(座垫角度25°,座椅靠背角度42°、52°、62°)乘员假人开展中国新车评价规程(C-NCAP)正面100%重叠刚性壁障碰撞仿真。结果表明:座椅靠背角度越大,头部伤害风险越大;颈部剪切力及轴向拉力随靠背角度增大而逐步增大;乘员锁骨在碰撞过程中存在较大的骨折风险;胸椎T12的轴向压缩力对乘员安全产生较大威胁,在座椅靠背角度为62°时最大压缩力达到11.6 kN;该车型在大角度靠背座椅状态下,约束系统不能有效保护乘员。

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工况编号 靠背角度/(°) 座垫角度/(°)
1 42 25
2 52 25
3 62 25
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仿真工况设置

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工况编号 靠背角度/(°) 座垫角度/(°)
1 42 25
2 52 25
3 62 25
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头部损伤指标 极限值 仿真1 仿真2 仿真3
HIC15 700 300.0 307.5 335.5
BrIC 1.06 0.88 1.10 1.12
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头部损伤数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
头部损伤指标 极限值 仿真1 仿真2 仿真3
HIC15 700 300.0 307.5 335.5
BrIC 1.06 0.88 1.10 1.12
), ArticleFig(id=1200066413378502796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066400330023212, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颈部损伤指标 极限值 仿真1 仿真2 仿真3
剪切力Fx/kN 3.1 0.8 1.1 0.9
轴向力Fz/kN 3.3 2.9 4.4 4.6
弯矩My/N·m 57 13.8 0.9 13.3
), ArticleFig(id=1200066413688881309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066400330023212, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

颈部损伤数据

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颈部损伤指标 极限值 仿真1 仿真2 仿真3
剪切力Fx/kN 3.1 0.8 1.1 0.9
轴向力Fz/kN 3.3 2.9 4.4 4.6
弯矩My/N·m 57 13.8 0.9 13.3
), ArticleFig(id=1200066413839876264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066400330023212, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
胸椎损伤指标 仿真1 仿真2 仿真3
剪切力Fx/kN 1.9 1.5 1.7
轴向力Fz/kN 4.8 7.9 11.6
弯矩My/N·m 478 504 484
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胸椎T12损伤数据

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胸椎损伤指标 仿真1 仿真2 仿真3
剪切力Fx/kN 1.9 1.5 1.7
轴向力Fz/kN 4.8 7.9 11.6
弯矩My/N·m 478 504 484
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基于Thor-AV假人有限元模型的不同坐姿乘员损伤分析
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李琨 1 , 刘玉涛 1 , 周大永 1, 2 , 王鹏翔 1 , 祝贺 1 , 吕晓江 1, 2
汽车工程师 | 被动安全技术专题 2023,(6): 39-44
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汽车工程师 | 被动安全技术专题 2023, (6): 39-44
基于Thor-AV假人有限元模型的不同坐姿乘员损伤分析
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李琨1, 刘玉涛1, 周大永1, 2, 王鹏翔1, 祝贺1, 吕晓江1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 吉利汽车研究院(宁波)有限公司, 宁波 315335
  • 2 湖南大学, 汽车车身先进设计制造国家重点实验室, 长沙 410082
Analysis of Occupant Injuries with Different Sitting Postures Based on Thor-AV Dummy Finite Element Model
Kun Li1, Yutao Liu1, DayongE Zhou1, 2, Pengxiang Wang1, He Zhu1, Xiaojiang Lü1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Geely Automobile Research Institute (Ningbo) Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315335
  • 2 State key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha 410082
出版时间: 2023-06-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230017
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为研究不同坐姿下乘员正面碰撞损伤趋势,基于某车型构建了Thor-AV假人与车辆碰撞仿真模型,对3组不同坐姿(座垫角度25°,座椅靠背角度42°、52°、62°)乘员假人开展中国新车评价规程(C-NCAP)正面100%重叠刚性壁障碰撞仿真。结果表明:座椅靠背角度越大,头部伤害风险越大;颈部剪切力及轴向拉力随靠背角度增大而逐步增大;乘员锁骨在碰撞过程中存在较大的骨折风险;胸椎T12的轴向压缩力对乘员安全产生较大威胁,在座椅靠背角度为62°时最大压缩力达到11.6 kN;该车型在大角度靠背座椅状态下,约束系统不能有效保护乘员。

Thor-AV假人  /  正面碰撞  /  乘员保护  /  乘员坐姿  /  脊椎伤害

In order to study the injury of occupants in different sitting postures, a simulation model with Thor-AV dummy and vehicle was constructed based on a vehicle. A C-NCAP 100% overlap rigid barrier crash simulation was carried out for three groups of occupant dummies with different sitting postures (seat cushion angle 25°, backrest 42°, 52° and 62°). The results show that, the larger the backrest angle, the higher the head injury risk. Neck shear force and axial tension gradually increase with the backrest angle. There is of great risk with clavicle fracture during crash. Under the influence of the increase of backrest angle, the axial compression force of thoracic T12 poses a great threat to occupant safety, with the maximum compression force reaching 11.6 kN when the backrest angle is 62°. The restraint system could not effectively protect the occupants in the large-angle backrest seat of the vehicle.

Thor-AV dummy  /  Frontal collision  /  Occupant protection  /  Occupant postures  /  Spine injury
李琨, 刘玉涛, 周大永, 王鹏翔, 祝贺, 吕晓江. 基于Thor-AV假人有限元模型的不同坐姿乘员损伤分析. 汽车工程师, 2023 , (6) : 39 -44 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230017
Kun Li, Yutao Liu, DayongE Zhou, Pengxiang Wang, He Zhu, Xiaojiang Lü. Analysis of Occupant Injuries with Different Sitting Postures Based on Thor-AV Dummy Finite Element Model[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2023 , (6) : 39 -44 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230017
交通事故每年在全球造成近135万人死亡,其中汽车使用者的死亡比例高达29%,正确使用安全带可使驾驶员和前排乘员的死亡风险降低45%~55%,后排乘员死亡和重伤的风险降低25%[1]
现阶段自动驾驶技术汇集了各种新兴技术,智能座舱的研究在不断深入。Martin等[2-3]研究发现,通过增大靠背角可以实现更舒适的姿态,然而随着靠背角度的增大,与常规坐姿相比,乘员腰椎位置遭受更大的损伤风险,并通过在滑轨上加装限力装置有效减轻了乘员腰部损伤。Lin等[4]研究发现,大角度坐姿相较于常规坐姿更易使乘员受伤。Reed等[5]通过志愿者试验建立回归方程预测坐姿改变所需的安全带位置的变化,以达到更好的保护效果。李海岩等[6]研究了不同坐姿下的儿童头部伤害,发现坐姿角度的增大会导致脑组织惯性损伤加剧,但颈部伤害无增大的趋势。在零重力环境下,人体往往表现出放松及没有外力作用的特定的姿态,即中位身体姿态(Neutral Body Posture,NBP),Han等[7]采用多机位的三维测量技术观察太空飞行中机组成员的身体姿态,得到了更为准确的中位身体姿态。研究人员将这种中位姿态引入汽车座椅开发,提高乘员的安全性和舒适性[8]
乘员安全是自动驾驶汽车发展的关键,新的驾驶工况对车内乘员保护提出了新的挑战。然而当前汽车乘员安全保护技术开发主要集中在传统工况下,各国新车评价规程中应用Hybird Ⅲ假人或者Thor假人对正面碰撞工况进行乘员损伤分析,但并未针对智能驾驶工况下躯干角度较大的碰撞工况进行开发。本文应用为大角度躯干设计的Thor-AV假人,调整副驾驶员侧座椅靠背和座垫角度,研究在未来智能驾驶工况下,乘员在不同坐姿角度条件下的伤害情况,以期为智能驾驶工况下的乘员保护提供参考,为零重力座椅的开发提供数据支持。
本文的假人有限元模型采用Thor-AV 50M假人,该假人是基于Thor-50M设计的一种新型拟人试验装置(Anthropomorphic Test Device,ATD),可以更好地表征碰撞场景中的人体形态,尤其是自动驾驶座椅环境中的人体形态。该模型质量为85.1 kg,具有超过150个数据采集通道,包括加速度、力和弯矩等[9]
汽车结构及座椅有限元模型采用开发中的某款车型数据,应用Thor-AV假人模型与汽车座椅有限元模型,根据中国新车评价规程(China New Car Assessment Program,C-NCAP)正面100%重叠刚性壁障碰撞试验要求[10],在有限元前处理软件ANSA中设置仿真参数,假人位于副驾驶员座椅处,碰撞初始速度为50 km/h,安全带采用预紧限力安全带。通过调整座椅座垫、靠背角度以及Thor-AV有限元模型的姿态,共设置3组仿真工况,模型搭建如图1所示,具体参数如表1所示。
图2所示为碰撞过程中假人运动学响应示意,每10 ms截取一帧运动图像,从图2中可以看出:骨盆角度增大后,安全带腰带不能很好地作用到髂骨翼上,在碰撞过程中随着靠背角度的增大,假人的下潜现象更加明显;由于假人初始位置相对靠后,碰撞过程中仅在42°靠背角情况下假人头部可接触到安全气囊,3组仿真中安全气囊均未起到保护作用。
根据C-NCAP碰撞试验要求对头部质心合加速度数据进行CFC 1 000滤波,提取了3组仿真假人头部线性合加速度图像,如图3所示。由图3可知:碰撞过程中乘员头部具有相同的运动趋势,其中62°座椅靠背角度工况下乘员的头部合加速度最大,为61.7 g,此时乘员因线性载荷造成的头部损伤最大;靠背角度为42°时的头部合加速度最小,为53.5 g,此工况下乘员头部线性载荷伤害最小。
脑组织受到外部力的作用会产生平移或旋转运动,由于线性加速度或者角加速度的存在,可能导致脑组织变形,出现脑组织损伤。关于脑组织损伤的主要因素,当前主流的看法是线性加速度和旋转加速度的共同作用[11]。本文通过对假人提取由线性载荷造成的头部伤害指标(Head Injury Criteria,HIC)及由旋转载荷造成的脑组织损伤标准(Brain Injury Criteria,BrIC)结果综合判断假人在碰撞过程中的头部伤害情况。
HIC被视为与受头部平移加速度影响较大的颅骨骨折和脑挫伤相关联的指标[11],其求解公式基于韦恩州立大学耐受性曲线定义,适用于不同的头部加速度波形:
${C}_{HI}=({t}_{2}-{t}_{1}){\left[\frac{1}{{t}_{2}-{t}_{1}}{\int }_{{t}_{1}}^{{t}_{2}}a\left(t\right)dt\right]}^{2.5}$
式中,t1t2分别为HIC取得最大值区域的起始时刻和终止时刻,在实际应用中选取的时间间隔一般不超过15 ms;a(t)为头部质心合成加速度。
《C-NCAP管理规则》[10]规定乘员HIC15的最大值为700。通过提取假人HIC15,结合碰撞过程中的乘员运动学图像可以发现:在靠背角为42°的仿真中,乘员头部初始位置相对常规姿态与仪表板距离更远,在碰撞过程中乘员头部并未有效接触安全气囊,假人HIC15为300;随着座椅靠背角度的增大,乘员头部在碰撞运动过程中未接触到安全气囊,假人HIC15逐步增大,在靠背角度为62°时HIC15达到3组试验的最大值335.5。
通过对碰撞过程假人运动学图像进行研究,发现在正面碰撞过程中由于惯性作用以及安全带对胸腹部的约束作用,假人头部相对于躯干均出现不同程度的旋转,从而使力从脑的表层向深层传递,伴随脑组织的剪切应变,引起弥漫性脑损伤。为研究座椅靠背初始角度对假人头部旋转载荷损伤的影响,提取了仿真中假人BrIC[11],设头部质心在xyz向的角速度分别为ωxωyωz,则BrIC的表达式为:
${C}_{BrI}=\sqrt{{\left(\frac{{\omega }_{x}}{{\omega }_{xc}}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\frac{{\omega }_{y}}{{\omega }_{yc}}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\frac{{\omega }_{z}}{{\omega }_{zc}}\right)}^{2}} $
式中,ωxcωycωzc分别为xyz向标准角速度,基于与脑的主应变的相关性,分别为66.3 rad/s、53.8 rad/s、41.5 rad/s。
现阶段美国新车评价规程(United States New Car Assessment Progremme,U.S. NCAP)通过提取BrIC对乘员脑组织旋转载荷损伤进行正式评价,欧洲新车评价规程(European New Car Assessment Progremme,Euro NCAP)也在对该值进行监测,预计在2025年进行正式评价[12]。Takhounts等[13]通过研究脑组织最大主应变与简明损伤定级(Abbreviated Injury Scale,AIS)之间的关系,并对BrIC与最大主应变进行拟合,发现当BrIC达到1.06时头部发生AIS 4级损伤的风险为50%。脑组织发生不低于AIS 4级损伤的风险的计算公式为:
${P}_{AIS4}=1-{e}^{-{\left(\frac{{C}_{BrI}}{1.204}\right)}^{2.84}}$
表2所示为提取的3组假人头部损伤仿真数据,由图2可知:在42°靠背角度下,假人的BrIC为0.88,在3组仿真中最小;随着座椅靠背角度的增大,假人头部BrIC逐步变大,最终稳定在1.10附近。
在正面碰撞过程中,安全带无法约束乘员头颈部的相对运动,乘员躯干受到安全带约束作用时,乘员头颈部由于惯性作用继续向前运动。为研究碰撞过程中假人颈部的损伤情况,本文提取仿真中假人颈部剪切力Fx、轴向拉力Fz以及绕Y轴旋转弯矩My,结果如表3所示:在62°靠背角工况下假人Fz最大,为4.6 kN;座椅靠背角度为52°时假人Fx最大,为1.1 kN。
现阶段各国新车评价规程在乘员伤害评价方面均未对锁骨伤害进行评价,但是在智能驾驶技术愈加成熟的今天,乘员在碰撞过程中更加容易出现离位现象。Harnroongroj等[14]通过提取人体志愿者的锁骨进行三点弯曲试验并进行统计分析,发现当截面力达到1.6 kN时锁骨发生骨折现象。本文通过分析运动学图像发现,受座椅角度的影响,靠背角度越大,假人离位现象越严重,并且,由于三点式安全带的自身缺陷,假人的颈部及锁骨受到了较为严重的伤害。提取Thor-AV假人锁骨力数据,如图4所示,可以发现假人的锁骨截面力在62°靠背角度仿真工况下最大,达到5.6 kN,在靠背角42°初始工况下锁骨截面力最小,为2.1 kN。通过3组仿真可以发现,随着靠背角的增大,锁骨截面力逐渐增大。
在正面碰撞过程中,假人由于惯性作用,脱离座椅向前运动,然而由于座垫角度的调整,座垫区域对于假人的运动起到约束作用,并且随着靠背角度的增大,乘员脊椎受到的惯性载荷随之增加。研究人员分析发现,人体腰椎的抗压强度为0.6~15.6 kN,出现骨折的压缩力均值和标准差为4.84±2.5 kN[15]。本文提取假人胸椎T12的截面载荷研究椎骨伤害情况,如表4所示。在T12剪切力及弯矩方面,3组仿真中假人伤害无较大差距,然而,随着靠背角度的增大,Fz逐渐增大,当靠背角度为62°时假人脊椎Fz=11.6 kN,此时假人脊椎受到压缩性骨折损伤风险最大。
通过提取仿真数据发现:当靠背角度为42°、座垫角度为25°时,成员头部并未有效接触安全气囊,但头部并未撞击到前方仪表板,所以HIC15较小;在另外2组仿真中,由于乘员头部位置进一步后移,在碰撞过程中头部并未接触安全气囊。在3组仿真中,假人头部均未撞击到前方仪表板,HIC15均未超出阈值,然而,随着靠背角度的增大,由于旋转载荷造成的损伤风险逐渐增大,在靠背角度为62°时脑组织发生AIS 4级损伤的风险为56%。
随着靠背角度的增大,乘员颈部轴向拉力逐步增大,在靠背角度为62°时达到最大值4.6 kN;可以发现随着靠背角度的增大,碰撞过程中乘员上肢转动造成的颈部轴向拉伸力增大,并且在52°及62°靠背角度工况下伤害值超过C-NCAP规定的极限值3.3 kN。
现阶段,各国新车评价规程中并未对乘员锁骨的伤害情况进行评价,然而在正面碰撞过程中乘员肩部锁骨承担安全带的约束力,其损伤情况影响乘员在碰撞过程中的运动状态,影响头颈部及动脉的伤害情况,因此有必要对乘员的锁骨伤害进行分析。通过查阅相关文献发现,在尸体试验中人体锁骨发生骨折时的截面力为1.6 kN。对比3组仿真的锁骨截面力可以发现,不同工况下锁骨均有较大的骨折风险,随着靠背角度的调整,锁骨截面力增大,当靠背角为最大角度62°时,骨折风险最大。
在脊椎损伤方面,通过仿真数据发现,相对于常规角度的正面碰撞,由于座椅靠背角度的变化,乘员脊椎承受了更多的惯性载荷伤害,通过提取胸椎T12处的截面压缩力发现,靠背角度的变化引起轴向压力的急剧升高,这对于大角度座椅靠背工况下乘员正面保护的开发具有相当大的挑战。
针对本文中所开发车型,在正面碰撞工况下,当座椅靠背角度较大时,传统安全气囊无法对乘员头部起到保护作用,并且随着靠背角度的增大,头部线性载荷伤害增大,BrIC增大到1.1附近,推测与碰撞速度相关,需进一步试验验证。在锁骨及椎骨伤害方面,靠背角度对于乘员骨折风险有较大影响,当靠背角度最大时锁骨截面力及胸椎T12轴向压缩力出现最大值,骨折的风险最大。
随着智能座舱概念以及零重力座椅产品的深入开发,在乘员保护开发及评价方面应考虑非标准工况。在本文车型的开发过程中可以发现,传统的安全气囊并不能很好地保护乘员,并且由于乘员的离位现象更为严重,对于乘员在不同部位的伤害有了新的变化,对座椅的设计以及三点式安全带的保护作用提出了挑战。
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230017
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2023-06-15
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  • 修回日期:2023-02-18
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    1 吉利汽车研究院(宁波)有限公司, 宁波 315335
    2 湖南大学, 汽车车身先进设计制造国家重点实验室, 长沙 410082
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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