Article(id=1200066397654052886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066377643029500, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220106, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1670947200000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764047725356, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1678809600000, pubDateStr=2023-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764047725356, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764047725356, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764047725356, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200066377643029500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2023', volume='', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764047720585, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764047878255, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200067039017661089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066377643029500, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200067039017661090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066377643029500, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=34, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200066398090260536, articleId=1200066397654052886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Research on Ultimate Strength Test of Passenger Vehicle Suspension System, columnId=1200066379169760229, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=Special Topic on 2022 Annual Meeting for Test and Evaluation of Automotive Products Branch of China SAE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This article studied the ultimate strength bench test method of suspension system of passenger vehicle, it firstly compared and analyzed the characteristics of strength test of vehicle, suspension system and parts, and then introduced the test method of suspension ultimate strength test from the working condition and selection of the definition, the loading form of the load, test equipment and test bench design, test data acquisition and processing, and proposed the way to the evaluate test results. Finally, the paper illustrated the application of the combination of suspension system and component strength bench test with an actual case, and explained the role of suspension strength bench test in product development.

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对乘用车悬架系统的极限强度台架试验方法开展了研究:首先对比分析了以悬架为试验对象的整车、系统及零部件强度试验的特点;其次,从工况的定义及选择、载荷的加载形式、试验设备以及试验台架工装的设计、试验数据采集及处理方面介绍了悬架极限强度试验的开展方法,并提出对试验结果的评价方式;最后,以实际案例说明悬架系统台架试验与零部件强度台架试验相结合的应用,说明悬架强度台架试验在产品开发中的作用。

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序号 加载方向 加载点
1 Z向向上 轮心
2 Z向向下 轮心
3 Y向向内 轮胎接地点
4 Y向向外 轮胎接地点
5 X向向前 轮心
6 X向向后 轮心
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悬架系统强度台架试验工况

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序号 加载方向 加载点
1 Z向向上 轮心
2 Z向向下 轮心
3 Y向向内 轮胎接地点
4 Y向向外 轮胎接地点
5 X向向前 轮心
6 X向向后 轮心
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等级 判定描述 载荷要求F
1 零部件无相对滑移 2G
2 无明显屈服 6G
3 无分离或者断裂 8G
4 极限载荷 12G
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悬架系统强度结果的判定

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等级 判定描述 载荷要求F
1 零部件无相对滑移 2G
2 无明显屈服 6G
3 无分离或者断裂 8G
4 极限载荷 12G
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乘用车悬架系统极限强度台架试验研究
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梁焕彬 , 樊愿华 , 吴博龙 , 刘鑫 , 梁天开 , 王高峰
汽车工程师 | 中国汽车工程学会汽车产品分会2022年试验评价年会优秀论文专题 2023,(3): 34-38
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汽车工程师 | 中国汽车工程学会汽车产品分会2022年试验评价年会优秀论文专题 2023, (3): 34-38
乘用车悬架系统极限强度台架试验研究
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梁焕彬, 樊愿华, 吴博龙, 刘鑫, 梁天开, 王高峰
作者信息
  • 广州汽车集团股份有限公司汽车工程研究院, 广州 511434
Research on Ultimate Strength Test of Passenger Vehicle Suspension System
Huanbin Liang, Yuanhua Fan, Bolong Wu, Xin Liu, Tiankai Liang, Gaofeng Wang
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  • Automotive Research & Development Center of Guangzhou Automobile Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 511434
出版时间: 2023-03-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220106
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对乘用车悬架系统的极限强度台架试验方法开展了研究:首先对比分析了以悬架为试验对象的整车、系统及零部件强度试验的特点;其次,从工况的定义及选择、载荷的加载形式、试验设备以及试验台架工装的设计、试验数据采集及处理方面介绍了悬架极限强度试验的开展方法,并提出对试验结果的评价方式;最后,以实际案例说明悬架系统台架试验与零部件强度台架试验相结合的应用,说明悬架强度台架试验在产品开发中的作用。

悬架系统  /  强度  /  台架试验

This article studied the ultimate strength bench test method of suspension system of passenger vehicle, it firstly compared and analyzed the characteristics of strength test of vehicle, suspension system and parts, and then introduced the test method of suspension ultimate strength test from the working condition and selection of the definition, the loading form of the load, test equipment and test bench design, test data acquisition and processing, and proposed the way to the evaluate test results. Finally, the paper illustrated the application of the combination of suspension system and component strength bench test with an actual case, and explained the role of suspension strength bench test in product development.

Suspension system  /  Strength  /  Bench test
梁焕彬, 樊愿华, 吴博龙, 刘鑫, 梁天开, 王高峰. 乘用车悬架系统极限强度台架试验研究. 汽车工程师, 2023 , (3) : 34 -38 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220106
Huanbin Liang, Yuanhua Fan, Bolong Wu, Xin Liu, Tiankai Liang, Gaofeng Wang. Research on Ultimate Strength Test of Passenger Vehicle Suspension System[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2023 , (3) : 34 -38 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220106
悬架系统的极限强度直接影响整车的安全性,其强度性能开发主要遵循V字型研发流程。在试验验证阶段,主要开展零部件、系统、整车3个级别的试验。其中:零部件类极限强度试验用于快速验证零部件的失效部位及失效形式;悬架系统极限强度试验用于验证系统的极限受载能力及失效模式;整车类极限强度试验一般在试验场进行,以坑洼路冲击、路肩冲击为典型极限工况,从不同级别冲击载荷、不同判定等级等方面对车辆结构强度进行考核。
以上各类试验中,零部件类试验的技术条件较为单一,而整车试验费用高、周期长,受环境及操作人员因素影响较大,且精度低、重复度低。系统类试验可以在零部件装配后,复原各零部件连接状态及整车受力状态,验证所有零部件及其连接处的强度,从而研究其结构失效链,故本文针对悬架系统级的台架强度试验方法展开研究,主要针对工况的选择、试验设备与台架工装设计、试验数据的测量与处理、试验结果的判定以及实际台架应用案例方面进行分析。
工况的选择主要是指确定悬架的初始装配状态、加载点位置、加载方向及载荷加载的形式[1]
悬架的初始状态是指装配后的悬架处于满载、设计载荷、空载等状态。加载点及加载方向如图1所示,其中:加载点位置5个,包括轮心及轮缘的前方、后方、上方、下方4个点;加载方向为整车坐标系的X向、Y向、Z向。
在理想状态下,台架试验应能关联整车实际受力工况,特别是需要调查整车状态下的失效模式。但整车工况通常受多个方向力的同时作用,如急减速通过减速带同时承受X向和Z向的冲击,受不同角度的路肩撞击时承受X向和Y向的冲击,而台架只能对某个方向进行其极限强度的验证。常见的加载方向工况如表1所示。
载荷加载的速度也是重要参数。静强度试验要求的加载速度较低,一般可设置100 N/s或规定2 min内完成试验,方便试验过程的观察及评价;冲击强度试验要求的加载速度较高,例如,为了更接近实车撞击工况,需要在几十毫秒内完成整个车轮侧向变形位移的加载过程。
静强度试验通常采用伺服作动器,一般为液压伺服作动器或电动伺服作动器。冲击强度试验采用的设备有多种,如摆锤、台车、伺服作动器等。
试验台架的工装必须保证悬架系统各零件按照实车状态装配,且具有比试验样件更高的强度和刚度,确保工装在试验过程中不发生失效及变形,主要设计步骤为:
a. 根据已设计完成的零件数模装配整个悬架系统,关注各零件的约束形式,确认各硬点间的相对距离;
b. 在悬架系统与车身连接的位置设计安装夹具;
c. 将整个悬架系统装配至台架框架内,调整施载作动器的高度,并将施载作动器装配在系统中;
d. 根据不同的加载方向调整作动器的位置,并确保装配完成的加载作用点满足空间布置要求;
e. 在作动器与轮胎替代件之间增加高度可调的导向机构,根据不同车型轮心或轮毂边缘位置高度的不同加以调节,保证加载过程中方向一致,有效消除施载作动器的径向力;
f. 对所设计的夹具做强度校核,优化夹具结构,特别是冲击强度反力装置,进行反力架受冲击作用力时的强度校核。
g. 依据试验加载行程的要求,在数模上模拟复现,以检查夹具与悬架系统各零件是否存在动态干涉。
根据以上步骤,本文设计了一种台架方案,如图2所示,约束部位采取框架式结构,更改少量工装即可实现多种不同悬架规格的装配,提高了通用性及利用率。
悬架系统强度台架试验一般需要测量加载载荷和加载的位移,可利用位移-载荷曲线测算屈服极限及峰值载荷。
图3所示,针对拟合的位移-载荷曲线提取斜率,发生明显变化(25%)的拐点L1为屈服极限[2],曲线中的峰值点L2为峰值载荷。
除位移-载荷曲线外,可以根据试验需求对试验过程中的一些变化量进行测量,如关键点的应力应变、零部件的相对位移变化、四轮定位参数中外倾角的变化。根据不同的测试需求制定不同的方案,本文以外倾角的测量为例开展说明。
外倾角测量所需设备为100 mm顶杆式位移传感器2个、数据采集设备1套。在车轮替代工装上安装测试用的位移传感器,传感器1通过轮心,传感器2位于竖直向上距离为L处,如图4所示。
外倾角的计算公式为:
$\alpha =arcta{n}^{}\left(\frac{{L}_{B}-{L}_{A}}{L}\right)$
式中,$\alpha $为外倾角;LA为传感器1位移;LB为传感器2位移。
实际试验过程中,采集并计算获得的外倾角与加载载荷的关系如图5所示。可结合加载曲线分析判断悬架系统的变形趋势及屈服点等特征。
进行极限强度试验时,悬架系统的薄弱部件将发生失效,失效模式一般为屈服、断裂、松脱,如图6所示。
强度试验的结果一般依据载荷及悬架零部件的失效情况综合判定。悬架系统结构比较复杂,可以分多个层级描述不同的失效状态,并给定对应的载荷要求。结果判定示例如表2所示,分为4个层级,失效程度逐级递增。其中,G为单轮满载轮荷。
载荷要求可以通过整车试验或根据经验获取。由整车试验获取时,先进行整车极限载荷工况(如冲坑、路沿冲击、紧急制动等)试验,采集车轮处受力数据,并通过应力-强度干涉模型解算出载荷系数Ks,载荷要求F=KsG[3]
另外,对比试验前、后悬架系统各连接点的紧固力矩也是一种评价试验结果的方法,如要求试验后力矩变化小于20%。
零部件台架具有快速验证的优势,当系统构件出现强度缺陷时,可以通过零部件台架快速验证优化。零部件试验与系统台架试验相结合,可以快速调查、验证质量问题,如图7所示。
以某车型的后悬架系统强度验证为例,其在侧向力工况下,失效模式为后上摆臂定位孔处断裂,如图8所示。其余工况也出现屈曲的失效现象,可以判断为典型的最薄弱部件,需要进行针对性改善。
经过初步分析,失效原因为其是单板冲焊件,板厚不足,屈曲强度低,大载荷作用下易出现断裂或屈曲失效。进一步分析,摆臂改进为中空盒状钣金冲焊结构,增大横向断面,并以此类型结构进行优化。后上摆臂优化方案如图9所示。
设计优化后,先进行零部件台架验证,如果零部件的屈曲强度存在明显提高,则装配到系统进行验证。反之,则需继续改进。后上摆臂优化后零部件强度试验结果如图10所示,由图10可以看出,优化后的屈曲强度为原方案屈曲强度的1.5倍,优化效果较好。
零部件台架试验验证通过后,在悬架系统台架上对原失效工况及其他相关工况进行验证,得出系统极限强度的载荷峰值比优化前提高了25%,表明优化有效,如图11所示。
悬架系统极限强度试验需要选定合适的工况、设计合理的试验台架以及完善试验数据测量的手段,以保证试验的精度和有效性。后续可通过试验量的累积,完善试验结果的评价指标,获得更有指导性的试验结果,为悬架结构设计及仿真提供有效参考,并为悬架结构进一步轻量化提供方法支持,同时提升对售后零件失效形式的风险评估能力。
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220106
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2023-03-15
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    广州汽车集团股份有限公司汽车工程研究院, 广州 511434
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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